Supercapacitors: materials, systems, and applications
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| Language: | English |
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Wiley-VCH
2013
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| Series: | Materials for sustainable energy and development
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| Subjects: | |
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| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 539 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527328833 9783527646661 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Supercapacitors |b materials, systems, and applications |c ed. by François Béguin ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 539 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Materials for sustainable energy and development | |
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VII
CONTENTS
SERIES EDITOR PREFACE XVII
PREFACE XIX
ABOUT THE
SERIES EDITOR XXI
ABOUT THE
VOLUME EDITORS XXIII
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXV
1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 1
SCOTT W. DONNE
1.1 EQUILIBRIUM ELECTROCHEMISTRY 1
1.1.1 SPONTANEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS 1
1.1.2 THE GIBBS ENERGY MINIMUM 1
1.1.3 BRIDGING THE
GAP BETWEEN
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND
ELECTROCHEMICAL
POTENTIAL 3
1.1.4 THE RELATION BETWEEN
E AND AG
R
3
1.1.5 THE NERNST
EQUATION 4
1.1.6 CELLS AT EQUILIBRIUM 5
1.1.7 STANDARD POTENTIALS 5
1.1.8 USING THE
NERNST EQUATION
- EH-PH
DIAGRAMS 6
1.2 IONICS 6
1.2.1 IONS IN SOLUTION 6
1.2.1.1 ION-SOLVENT
INTERACTIONS 7
1.2.1.2 THERMODYNAMICS 8
1.2.2 THE BORN OR SIMPLE CONTINUUM MODEL
8
1.2.2.1 TESTING THE
BORN EQUATION 9
1.2.3 THE STRUCTURE OF WATER 9
1.2.3.1 WATER STRUCTURE NEAR
AN ION 11
1.2.3.2 THE ION-DIPOLE
MODEL 11
1.2.3.3 CAVITY FORMATION 12
1.2.3.4 BREAKING UP THE
CLUSTER 12
1.2.3.5 ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION 12
1.2.3.6 THE BORN ENERGY 13
1.2.3.7 ORIENTING THE
SOLVATED ION IN THE
CAVITY 13
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1025272005
VIII
CONTENTS
1.2.3.8 THE LEFTOVER WATER
MOLECULES 14
1.2.3.9 COMPARISON WITH
EXPERIMENT 14
1.2.3.10 THE ION-QUADRUPOLE
MODEL 14
1.2.3.11 THE INDUCED
DIPOLE INTERACTION 14
1.2.3.12 THE RESULTS 15
1.2.3.13 ENTHALPY OF HYDRATION OF THE PROTON 15
1.2.4 THE SOLVATION NUMBER 16
1.2.4.1 COORDINATION NUMBER 16
1.2.4.2 THE PRIMARY
SOLVATION NUMBER 16
1.2.5 ACTIVITY AND
ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS 16
1.2.5.1 FUGACITY (/"') 16
1.2.5.2 DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF NONELECTROLYTES 16
1.2.5.3 ACTIVITY (A) 17
1.2.5.4 STANDARD STATES 17
1.2.5.5 INFINITE DILUTION 18
1.2.5.6 MEASUREMENT
OF SOLVENT ACTIVITY 18
1.2.5.7 MEASUREMENT
OF SOLUTE ACTIVITY 18
1.2.5.8 ELECTROLYTE ACTIVITY 18
1.2.5.9 MEAN ION
QUANTITIES 19
1.2.5.10 RELATION BETWEEN/, Y, AND
Y 19
1.2.6 ION-ION
INTERACTIONS 20
1.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION 20
1.2.6.2 DEBYE-HUCKEL MODEL
FOR CALCULATING I/R
2
21
1.2.6.3 POISSON-BOLTZMANN EQUATION 22
1.2.6.4 CHARGE DENSITY 22
1.2.6.5 SOLVING THE POISSON-BOLTZMANN EQUATION 23
1.2.6.6 CALCULATION OF A/XJ_I 24
1.2.6.7 DEBYE LENGTH, JC
-1
OR I
D
24
1.2.6.8 THE ACTIVITY
COEFFICIENT 24
1.2.6.9 COMPARISON WITH
EXPERIMENT 26
1.2.6.10 APPROXIMATIONS OF THE DEBYE-HUCKEL
LIMITING LAW 26
1.2.6.11 THE DISTANCE
OF CLOSEST APPROACH 27
1.2.6.12 PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE
ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT 27
1.2.7 CONCENTRATED ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS 27
1.2.7.1 THE STOKES-ROBINSON
TREATMENT 27
1.2.7.2 THE ION-HYDRATION
CORRECTION 28
1.2.7.3 THE CONCENTRATION
CORRECTION 28
1.2.7.4 THE STOKES-ROBINSON EQUATION 29
1.2.7.5 EVALUATION OF THE
STOKES-ROBINSON EQUATION 29
1.2.8 ION PAIR
FORMATION 29
1.2.8.1 ION PAIRS 29
1.2.8.2 THE FUOSS
TREATMENT 30
1.2.9 ION DYNAMICS 32
1.2.9.1 IONIC MOBILITY AND
TRANSPORT NUMBERS 32
1.2.9.2 DIFFUSION 33
CONTENTS IX
1.2.9.3 FICK'S SECOND LAW 33
1.2.9.4 DIFFUSION STATISTICS 35
1.3 DYNAMIC ELECTROCHEMISTRY 36
1.3.1 REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS 36
1.3.1.1 POTENTIAL 36
1.3.1.2 POTENTIAL INSIDE
A GOOD CONDUCTOR 37
1.3.1.3 CHARGE ON A GOOD CONDUCTOR 37
1.3.1.4 FORCE BETWEEN
CHARGES 37
1.3.1.5 POTENTIAL DUE
TO AN
ASSEMBLY OF CHARGES 37
1.3.1.6 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TWO PHASES
IN CONTACT (A$) 38
1.3.1.7 THE ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL (/I) 39
1.3.2 THE ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
INTERFACE OR DOUBLE LAYER 39
1.3.2.1 THE INTERFACE 39
1.3.2.2 IDEALLY POLARIZED ELECTRODE 40
1.3.2.3 THE HELMHOLTZ MODEL 40
1.3.2.4 GOUY-CHAPMAN
OR DIFFUSE MODEL 42
1.3.2.5 THE STERN MODEL 43
1.3.2.6 THE BOCKRIS, DEVANATHAN, AND MULLER
MODEL 45
1.3.2.7 CALCULATION OF THE CAPACITANCE 48
1.3.3 CHARGE TRANSFER
AT THE INTERFACE 49
1.3.3.1 TRANSITION STATE THEORY 49
1.3.3.2 REDOX CHARGE-TRANSFER REACTIONS 50
1.3.3.3 THE ACT
OF CHARGE TRANSFER 53
1.3.3.4 THE BUTLER-VOLMER
EQUATION 55
1.3.3.5 I IN TERMS
OF THE
STANDARD RATE CONSTANT (FC) 56
1.3.3.6 RELATION BETWEEN
FC
AND
JO 56
1.3.4 MULTISTEP PROCESSES 57
1.3.4.1 THE MULTISTEP BUTLER-VOLMER
EQUATION 57
1.3.4.2 RULES FOR MECHANISMS 58
1.3.4.3 CONCENTRATION DEPENDENCE
OF JO 59
1.3.4.4 CHARGE-TRANSFER RESISTANCE (J?CT) 60
1.3.4.5 WHOLE CELL VOLTAGES 60
1.3.5 MASS TRANSPORT
CONTROL 61
1.3.5.1 DIFFUSION AND
MIGRATION 61
1.3.5.2 THE LIMITING
CURRENT DENSITY
(I
L
) 62
1.3.5.3 ROTATING DISK ELECTRODE 64
FURTHER READING 64
2 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS 69
TONY PANDOLFO, VANESSA RUIZ, SEEPALAKOTTAI SIVAKKUMAR, AND
JAWAHR NERKAR
2.1 INTRODUCTION 69
2.2 CAPACITOR PRINCIPLES 70
2.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS 71
2.3.1 ELECTRIC DOUBLE-LAYER CAPACITORS 75
X CONTENTS
2.3.1.1 DOUBLE-LAYER AND
POROUS MATERIALS MODELS 75
2.3.1.2 EDLC CONSTRUCTION 77
2.3.2 PSEUDOCAPACITIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS 86
2.3.2.1 ELECTRONICALLY CONDUCTING POLYMERS 87
2.3.2.2 TRANSITION METAL OXIDES 93
2.3.2.3 LITHIUM-ION CAPACITORS 98
2.4 SUMMARY 100
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 101
REFERENCES 101
3 ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 111
PIERRE-LOUIS TABERNA AND PATRICE SIMON
3.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL APPARATUS 111
3.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL 111
3.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERFACE: SUPERCAPACITORS 114
3.4 MOST USED
ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 115
3.4.1 TRANSIENT
TECHNIQUES 115
3.4.1.1 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY 115
3.4.1.2 GALVANOSTATIC CYCLING 117
3.4.2 STATIONARY TECHNIQUE 119
3.4.2.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY 119
3.4.2.2 SUPERCAPACITOR IMPEDANCE 124
REFERENCES 129
4 ELECTRICAL DOUBLE-LAYER CAPACITORS AND CARBONS
FOR EDLCS 131
PATRICE SIMON, PIERRE-LOUIS TABERNA, AND FRANGOIS BEGUIN
4.1 INTRODUCTION 131
4.2 THE ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER 132
4.3 TYPES OF CARBONS USED
FOR EDLCS 135
4.3.1 ACTIVATED CARBON POWDERS 135
4.3.2 ACTIVATED CARBON FABRICS 137
4.3.3 CARBON NANOTUBES 138
4.3.4 CARBON AEROGELS 138
4.4 CAPACITANCE VERSUS PORE
SIZE 138
4.5 EVIDENCE OF DESOLVATION OF IONS 141
4.6 PERFORMANCE LIMITATION: PORE ACCESSIBILITY OR SATURATION
OF POROSITY 148
4.6.1 LIMITATION BY PORE
ACCESSIBILITY 148
4.6.2 LIMITATION OF CAPACITOR PERFORMANCE BY POROSITY
SATURATION 150
4.7 BEYOND THE
DOUBLE-LAYER CAPACITANCE IN MICROPOROUS CARBONS 153
4.7.1 MICROPOROUS CARBONS IN NEAT IONIC LIQUID ELECTROLYTE 153
4.7.2 EXTRA CAPACITANCE WITH IONIC LIQUIDS
IN SOLUTION 157
4.7.3 IONS TRAPPING
IN PORES 159
4.7.4 INTERCALATION/INSERTION OF IONS 161
4.8 CONCLUSIONS 162
REFERENCES 163
CONTENTS XI
5 MODERN THEORIES OF CARBON-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS 167
JINGSONG HUANG, RUI QIAO, GUANG FENG, BOBBY G. SUMPTER, AND
VINCENT MEUNIER
5.1 INTRODUCTION 167
5.1.1 CARBON-BASED ELECTROCHEMIAL CAPACITORS 167
5.1.2 ELEMENTS OF EDLCS 169
5.2 CLASSICAL THEORIES 172
5.2.1 COMPACT LAYER AT THE INTERFACE 172
5.2.2 DIFFUSE LAYER IN THE ELECTROLYTE 173
5.2.3 SPACE CHARGE LAYER IN THE
ELECTRODES 175
5.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 176
5.3.1 POST-HELMHOLTZ MODELS WITH SURFACE CURVATURE EFFECTS 176
5.3.1.1 MODELS FOR ENDOHEDRAL CAPACITORS 176
5.3.1.2 MODELS FOR HIERARCHICALLY POROUS CARBON MATERIALS 185
5.3.1.3 MODELS FOR EXOHEDRAL CAPACITORS 187
5.3.2 EDL THEORIES BEYOND THE
GCS MODEL 189
5.3.3 QUANTUM
CAPACITANCE OF GRAPHITIC CARBONS 191
5.3.4 MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS 192
5.3.4.1 EDLS IN AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES 193
5.3.4.2 EDLS IN ORGANIC ELECTROLYTES 196
5.3.4.3 EDLS IN ROOM-TEMPERATURE ILS 197
5.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 201
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 202
REFERENCES 203
6 ELECTRODE MATERIALS WITH PSEUDOCAPACITIVE PROPERTIES 207
ELZBIETA FRQCKOWIAK
6.1 INTRODUCTION 207
6.2 CONDUCTING POLYMERS IN SUPERCAPACITOR APPLICATION 208
6.3 METAL OXIDE/CARBON COMPOSITES 212
6.4 PSEUDOCAPACITIVE EFFECT OF HETEROATOMS PRESENT
IN THE
CARBON
NETWORK 214
6.4.1 OXYGEN-ENRICHED CARBONS 215
6.4.2 NITROGEN-ENRICHED CARBONS 216
6.5 NANOPOROUS CARBONS
WITH ELECTROSORBED HYDROGEN 222
6.6 ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTIONS - A SOURCE OF FARADAIC REACTIONS 226
6.7 CONCLUSIONS - PROFITS AND
DISADVANTAGES OF PSEUDOCAPACITIVE
EFFECTS 231
REFERENCES 233
7 LI-ION-BASED HYBRID SUPERCAPACITORS IN ORGANIC MEDIUM 239
KATSUHIKO NAOI AND YUKI NAGANO
7.1 INTRODUCTION 239
7.2 VOLTAGE LIMITATION OF CONVENTIONAL EDLCS 239
7.3 HYBRID CAPACITOR SYSTEMS 242
XII CONTENTS
7.3.1 LITHIUM-ION CAPACITOR (LIC) 243
7.3.2 NANOHYBRID
CAPACITOR (NHC) 247
7.4 MATERIAL DESIGN FOR NHC 248
7.5 CONCLUSION 254
ABBREVIATIONS 255
REFERENCES 255
8 ASYMMETRIC AND HYBRID DEVICES IN AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES 257
THIERRY BROUSSE, DANIEL BDANGER, AND DANIEL GUAY
8.1 INTRODUCTION 257
8.2 AQUEOUS HYBRID (ASYMMETRIC) DEVICES 259
8.2.1 PRINCIPLES, REQUIREMENTS, AND
LIMITATIONS 259
8.2.2 ACTIVATED
CARBON/PBC 2
DEVICES 262
8.2.3 ACTIVATED
CARBON/NI(OH)2
HYBRID DEVICES 267
8.2.4 AQUEOUS-BASED HYBRID DEVICES BASED ON ACTIVATED CARBON
AND
CONDUCTING POLYMERS 269
8.3 AQUEOUS ASYMMETRIC ELECTROCHEMICAL
CAPACITORS 272
8.3.1 PRINCIPLES, REQUIREMENTS, AND
LIMITATIONS 272
8.3.2 ACTIVATED
CARBON/MNC 2
DEVICES 274
8.3.3 OTHER MN0
2
-BASED
ASYMMETRIC OR HYBRID DEVICES 278
8.3.4 CARBON/CARBON AQUEOUS
ASYMMETRIC DEVICES 279
8.3.5 CARBON/RU02 DEVICES 280
8.4 TANTALUM
OXIDE-RUTHENIUM OXIDE HYBRID
CAPACITORS 282
8.5 PERSPECTIVES 282
REFERENCES 283
9 EDLCS BASED ON SOLVENT-FREE IONIC LIQUIDS 289
MARIACHIARA LAZZARI, CATIA ARBIZZANI, FRANCESCA SOAVI, AND
MARINA MASTRAGOSTINO
9.1 INTRODUCTION 289
9.2 CARBON ELECTRODE/IONIC LIQUID INTERFACE 291
9.3 IONIC LIQUIDS 292
9.4 CARBON ELECTRODES 297
9.5 SUPERCAPACITORS 298
9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 302
IONIC LIQUID CODES 303
GLOSSARY 304
REFERENCES 305
10 MANUFACTURING OF INDUSTRIAL SUPERCAPACITORS 307
PHILIPPE AZAIS
10.1 INTRODUCTION 307
10.2 CELL COMPONENTS 309
10.2.1 ELECTRODE DESIGN AND ITS COMPONENTS 309
10.2.1.1 CURRENT COLLECTOR 309
CONTENTS
10.2.1.2 ACTIVATED CARBONS FOR SUPERCAPACITORS 312
10.2.1.3 INDUSTRIAL ACTIVATED CARBONS
FOR INDUSTRIAL SUPERCAPACITORS 317
10.2.1.4 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVATED CARBONS AND
ITS
OPTIMIZATION 320
10.2.1.5 BINDERS 322
10.2.1.6 CONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES 325
10.2.2 ELECTROLYTE 326
10.2.2.1 ELECTROLYTE IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE 327
10.2.2.2 LIQUID-STATE ELECTROLYTE AND REMAINING
PROBLEMS 340
10.2.2.3 IONIC LIQUID ELECTROLYTE 341
10.2.2.4 SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE 343
10.2.3 SEPARATOR 343
10.2.3.1 SEPARATOR REQUIREMENTS 343
10.2.3.2 CELLULOSIC SEPARATORS AND POLYMERIC
SEPARATORS 343
10.3 CELL DESIGN 345
10.3.1 SMALL-SIZE COMPONENTS 347
10.3.2 LARGE CELLS 347
10.3.2.1 HIGH-POWER CELLS 348
10.3.2.2 ENERGY CELLS 350
10.3.2.3 POUCH CELL DESIGN 351
10.3.2.4 DEBATE ON CELL DESIGN: PRISMATIC VERSUS CYLINDRICAL CELLS 351
10.3.2.5 AQUEOUS MEDIUM
CELLS 351
10.4 MODULE DESIGN 352
10.4.1 LARGE MODULES BASED ON HARD-TYPE CELLS 353
10.4.1.1 METALLIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CELLS 354
10.4.1.2 ELECTRIC TERMINAL
FOR MODULE 354
10.4.1.3 INSULATOR FOR MODULE 354
10.4.1.4 CELL BALANCING AND
OTHER INFORMATION
DETECTION 356
10.4.1.5 MODULE ENCLOSURE 357
10.4.2 LARGE MODULES BASED ON POUCH-TYPE CELLS 357
10.4.3 LARGE MODULES WORKING
IN AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES 359
10.4.4 OTHER MODULES BASED ON ASYMMETRIC
TECHNOLOGIES 360
10.5 CONCLUSIONS AND
PERSPECTIVES 362
REFERENCES 363
11 SUPERCAPACITOR MODULE SIZING AND HEAT MANAGEMENT UNDER
ELECTRIC,
THERMAL, AND AGING CONSTRAINTS 373
HAMID
GUALOUS AND ROLAND GALLAY
11.1 INTRODUCTION 373
11.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION 374
11.2.1 C AND ESR MEASUREMENT 374
11.2.1.1 CAPACITANCE AND
SERIES RESISTANCE CHARACTERIZATION IN THE
TIME
DOMAIN 374
11.2.1.2 CAPACITANCE AND
SERIES RESISTANCE CHARACTERIZATION IN THE FREQUENCY
DOMAIN 375
XIV
CONTENTS
11.2.2 SUPERCAPACITOR PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCES, AND
CHARACTERIZATION 376
11.2.2.1 CAPACITANCE AND
ESR AS A FUNCTION OF THE
VOLTAGE 376
11.2.2.2 CAPACITANCE AND
ESR AS A FUNCTION OF THE
TEMPERATURE 378
11.2.2.3 SELF-DISCHARGE AND LEAKAGE CURRENT 378
11.2.3 "RAGONE PLOT" THEORY 381
11.2.3.1 MATCH IMPEDANCE 383
11.2.3.2 POWER AVAILABLE FOR
THE LOAD, RAGONE EQUATION 384
11.2.4 ENERGETIC PERFORMANCE AND
DISCHARGING AT CONSTANT
CURRENT 387
11.2.5 ENERGETIC PERFORMANCE AND
DISCHARGING AT CONSTANT
POWER 389
11.2.6 ENERGETIC PERFORMANCE
AND DISCHARGING
AT CONSTANT LOAD 394
11.2.7 EFFICIENCY 394
11.3 THERMAL MODELING 395
11.3.1 THERMAL MODELING
OF SUPERCAPACITORS 397
11.3.2 CONDUCTION HEAT
TRANSFER 397
11.3.3 THERMAL BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS 399
11.3.4 CONVECTION HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 401
11.3.5 SOLUTION PROCEDURE 402
11.3.6 BCAP0350 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 404
11.4 SUPERCAPACITOR LIFETIME 410
11.4.1 FAILURE MODES 411
11.4.2 TEMPERATURE AND
VOLTAGE AS AN
AGING ACCELERATION FACTOR 411
11.4.3 PHYSICAL ORIGIN OF AGING 413
11.4.4 TESTING 415
11.4.5 DC VOLTAGE TEST 415
11.4.6 VOLTAGE CYCLING TEST 417
11.5 SUPERCAPACITOR MODULE SIZING METHODS 418
11.6 APPLICATIONS 420
11.6.1 POWER MANAGEMENT
OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES 421
11.6.1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 421
11.6.1.2 FUEL CELL MODELING 421
11.6.1.3 SUPERCAPACITORS MODELING 422
11.6.2 THE POWER MANAGEMENT
OF A FUEL CELL VEHICLE BY OPTIMAL
CONTROL 422
11.6.2.1 OPTIMAL CONTROL
WITHOUT
CONSTRAINT 423
11.6.2.2 THE HAMILTON-JACOBI-BELLMAN
EQUATION 423
11.6.3 OPTIMAL CONTROL WITH INEQUALITY
CONSTRAINTS ON THE FUEL
CELL POWER
AND
ON THE FUEL CELL POWER RATE 427
11.6.3.1 CONSTRAINTS ON THE FUEL CELL POWER 427
11.6.3.2 CONSTRAINTS ON THE FUEL CELL POWER RATE 427
11.6.4 POWER MANAGEMENT
OF FUEL CELL VEHICLE BY OPTIMAL
CONTROL
ASSOCIATED TO SLIDING MODE CONTROL 429
11.6.5 CONCLUSION 433
REFERENCES 434
CONTENTS | XV
12 TESTING
OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS 437
ANDREW BURKE
12.1 INTRODUCTION 437
12.2 SUMMARIES OF DC TEST PROCEDURES 437
12.2.1 USABC TEST PROCEDURES 439
12.2.2 IEC TEST PROCEDURES 440
12.2.3 UC DAVIS TEST PROCEDURES 441
12.3 APPLICATION OF THE
TEST PROCEDURES TO CARBON/CARBON DEVICES 443
12.3.1 CAPACITANCE 443
12.3.2 RESISTANCE 443
12.3.3 ENERGY DENSITY 448
12.3.4 POWER CAPABILITY 449
12.3.5 PULSE CYCLE TESTING 453
12.4 TESTING OF HYBRID, PSEUDOCAPACITIVE DEVICES 456
12.4.1 CAPACITANCE 456
12.4.2 RESISTANCE 456
12.4.3 ENERGY DENSITY 459
12.4.4 POWER CAPABILITY
AND PULSE
CYCLE TESTS 460
12.5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AC IMPEDANCE AND
DC TESTING 460
12.6 UNCERTAINTIES IN ULTRACAPACITOR DATA INTERPRETATION 465
12.6.1 CHARGING ALGORITHM 466
12.6.2 CAPACITANCE 466
12.6.3 RESISTANCE 466
12.6.4 ENERGY DENSITY 467
12.6.5 POWER CAPABILITY 467
12.6.6 ROUND-TRIP EFFICIENCY 469
12.7 SUMMARY 469
REFERENCES 469
13 RELIABILITY OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS 473
JOHN R. MILLER
13.1 INTRODUCTION 473
13.2 RELIABILITY BASICS 473
13.3 CELL RELIABILITY 474
13.4 SYSTEM RELIABILITY 478
13.5 ASSESSMENT
OF CELL RELIABILITY 481
13.5.1 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EXAMPLE 484
13.6 RELIABILITY OF PRACTICAL SYSTEMS 491
13.6.1 CELL VOLTAGE NONUNIFORMITY 492
13.6.2 CELL TEMPERATURE NONUNIFORMITY 494
13.7 INCREASING SYSTEM RELIABILITY 499
13.7.1 REDUCE CELL STRESS 499
13.7.2 BURN-IN OF CELLS 501
13.7.3 USE FEWER
CELLS IN SERIES 501
13.7.4 USE
"LONG-LIFE" CELLS 501
XVI |
CONTENTS
13.7.5 IMPLEMENT
MAINTENANCE 502
13.7.6 ADD REDUNDANCY 502
13.8 SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLE 503
13.8.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 503
13.8.2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 504
13.8.3 CELL RELIABILITY 506
REFERENCES 507
14 MARKET AND APPLICATIONS
OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS 509
JOHN R. MILLER
14.1 INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY 509
14.2 COMMERCIAL DESIGNS: DC POWER APPLICATIONS 510
14.2.1 BIPOLAR DESIGNS 510
14.2.2 CELL DESIGNS 512
14.2.3 ASYMMETRIC DESIGNS 513
14.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION AND
ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS 516
14.3.1 MOTION AND
ENERGY 516
14.3.2 HYBRIDIZATION: ENERGY CAPTURE AND
REUSE 518
14.3.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION
AND
EFFICIENCY 521
14.3.4 ENGINE CRANKING 521
14.4 TECHNOLOGY COMBINATION APPLICATIONS 523
14.4.1 BATTERY/CAPACITOR COMBINATION
APPLICATIONS 523
14.5 ELECTRICITY GRID APPLICATIONS 523
14.5.1 STORAGE AND
THE UTILITY
GRID 523
14.6 CONCLUSIONS 524
REFERENCES 525
INDEX 527 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Béguin, François |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | f b fb |
| author_facet | Béguin, François |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| classification_rvk | VN 6050 ZN 4420 ZN 4424 ZN 8730 |
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| dewey-full | 621.315 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.315 |
| dewey-search | 621.315 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.315 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040879789 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-21T00:37:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527328833 9783527646661 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025859578 |
| oclc_num | 840766468 |
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| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-11 DE-29T DE-83 DE-634 DE-1046 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 |
| physical | XXVIII, 539 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Materials for sustainable energy and development |
| spelling | Supercapacitors materials, systems, and applications ed. by François Béguin ... Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2013 XXVIII, 539 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Materials for sustainable energy and development Superkondensator (DE-588)4701310-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Superkondensator (DE-588)4701310-2 s DE-604 Béguin, François edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-527-64668-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI 978-3-527-64667-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-527-64669-2 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4102905&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025859578&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Supercapacitors materials, systems, and applications Superkondensator (DE-588)4701310-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4701310-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Supercapacitors materials, systems, and applications |
| title_auth | Supercapacitors materials, systems, and applications |
| title_exact_search | Supercapacitors materials, systems, and applications |
| title_full | Supercapacitors materials, systems, and applications ed. by François Béguin ... |
| title_fullStr | Supercapacitors materials, systems, and applications ed. by François Béguin ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Supercapacitors materials, systems, and applications ed. by François Béguin ... |
| title_short | Supercapacitors |
| title_sort | supercapacitors materials systems and applications |
| title_sub | materials, systems, and applications |
| topic | Superkondensator (DE-588)4701310-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Superkondensator Aufsatzsammlung |
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