Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing: theory, sensors, applications
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2012
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 824 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527408535 9783527651818 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing |b theory, sensors, applications |c Jürgen Sachs |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 824 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| _version_ | 1804150111494733824 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE XV LIST O F CONTRI BUTORS XIX
1 ULTRA-WIDEBAND SENSING - AN OVERVIEW 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 ULTRA-WIDEBAND - DEFINITION AND CONSEQUENCES O F A LARGE BANDWIDTH 7
1.2.1 BASIC POTENTIALS O F ULTRA-WIDEBAND REMOTE SENSING 9 1.2.2
RADIATION REGULATION 10
1.2.2.1 IMPLICATION O F UWB RADIATION O N BIOLOGICAL TISSUE 14 1.3 A
BRIEF HISTORY O F UWB TECHNIQUE 16
1.4 INFORMATION GATHERING BY UWB SENSORS 17
REFERENCES 2 7
2 BASIC CONCEPTS ON SIGNAL AND SYSTEM THEORY 31
2.1 INTRODUCTION 31
2.2 UWB SIGNALS, THEIR DESCRIPTIONS AND PARAMETERS 32 2.2.1
CLASSIFICATION O F SIGNALS 32
2.2.1.1 TYPES O F STIMULUS SIGNALS 32 2.2.1.2 RANDOM PROCESS 33
2.2.1.3 ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL SIGNALS 34 2.2.2 SIGNAL DESCRIPTION AND
PARAMETERS O F COMPACT SIGNALS IN THE TIME DOMAIN 35 2.2.2.1 BASIC SHAPE
PARAMETERS 3 5
2.2.2.2 LP-NORM 38
2.2.2.3 SHAPE FACTORS 40
2.2.2.4 TIME POSITION 41
2.2.2.5 INTEGRAL VALUES O F PULSE DURATION 42 2.2.3 STATISTICAL SIGNAL
DESCRIPTIONS 43 2.2.3.1 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION AND ITS MOMENTS 43
2.2.3.2 INDIVIDUAL SIGNAL 44
2.2.3.3 RANDOM PROCESS 45
2.2.4 SIGNAL DESCRIPTION O F CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW) UWB SIGNALS 4 9
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1021678449
IMAGE 2
V I I CONTENTS
2.2.4.1 AUTO-CORRELATION FUNCTION 5 0
2.2.4.2 CROSS-CORRELATION FUNCTION 52 2.2.5 FREQUENCY DOMAIN DESCRIPTION
54
2.2.5.1 THE FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORMATION 5 5 2.2.5.2 SOME
PROPERTIES A N D PARAMETERS O F A SPECTRUM 5 9 2.2.5.3 TIME-BANDWIDTH
PRODUCTS 61 2.2.6 DOPPLER SCALING AND AMBIGUITY FUNCTION 65 2.3 SOME
IDEALIZED UWB SIGNALS 71
2.3.1 RECTANGULAR UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR PULSE TRAINS 72 2.3.2 SINGLE
TRIANGULAR PULSE 72
2.3.3 SINE PULSE 73
2.3.4 GAUSSIAN PULSES 75
2.3.5 BINARY PSEUDO-NOISE CODES 79
2.3.6 CHIRP 86
2.3.7 MULTI-SINE 88
2.3.8 RANDOM NOISE 91
2.4 FORMAL DESCRIPTION O F DYNAMIC SYSTEMS 94
2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 94
2.4.2 TIME DOMAIN DESCRIPTION 96
2.4.2.1 LINEARITY 96
2.4.2.2 THE IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION OR THE TIME DOMAIN GREEN S
FUNCTION 97
2.4.2.3 EXTRACTION O F INFORMATION FROM THE IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION
103 2.4.3 THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION OR THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN GREENS
FUNCTION 107 2.4.3.1 PROPERTIES O F THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION A N
D THE UTILITY
O F THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN 109 2.4.3.2 PARAMETERS O F THE FREQUENCY
RESPONSE FUNCTION 111 2.4.4 PARAMETRIC SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS 112 2.4.4.1
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 112 2.4.4.2 THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM 114 2.4.4.3
TRANSFER FUNCTION 115
2.4.4.4 STATE SPACE MODEL 118
2.4.5 TIME DISCRETE SIGNAL AND SYSTEMS 124
2.4.5.1 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 125 2.4.5.2 CIRCULAR CORRELATION AND
CONVOLUTION 126 2.4.5.3 DATA RECORD LENGTH AND SAMPLING INTERVAL 127 2.5
PHYSICAL SYSTEM 132
2.5.1 ENERGETIC INTERACTION AND WAVES 132 2.5.2 N-PORT DESCRIPTION BY
IV-PARAMETERS 135 2.5.3 N-PORT DESCRIPTION BY WAVE PARAMETERS 138 2.5.4
DETERMINATION O F N-PORT PARAMETERS 142 2.6 MEASUREMENT PERTURBATIONS
146
2.6.1 ADDITIVE RANDOM NOISE AND SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 146
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS V I I
2.6.1.1 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR) 148
2.6.1.2 SLIDING AVERAGE 149 2.6.1.3 SYNCHRONOUS AVERAGING 151 2.6.1.4
MATCHED FILTER/CORRELATOR 152 2.6.1.5 DEVICE INTERNAL NOISE 157
2.6.1.6 QUANTIZATION NOISE 158 2.6.1.7 IRF AND FRF ESTIMATION FROM NOISY
DATA 166 2.6.2 NARROWBAND INTERFERENCE 168
2.6.3 JITTER AND PHASE NOISE 170
2.6.3.1 TRIGGER JITTER 170
2.6.3.2 PHASE NOISE 173
2.6.3.3 CYCLE JITTER 175
2.6.3.4 OSCILLATOR STABILITY 177 2.6.4 LINEAR SYSTEMATIC ERRORS AND
THEIR CORRECTION 178 2.6.5 NON-LINEAR DISTORTIONS 189
2.6.6 DYNAMIC RANGES 191
2.7 SUMMARY 195
REFERENCES 195
3 PRINCIPLE O F ULTRA-WIDEBAND SENSOR ELECTRONICS 199 3.1 INTRODUCTION
199
3.2 DETERMINATION O F THE SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR BY PULSE EXCITATION 201 3.2.1
BASIC PRINCIPLE 201
3.2.2 PULSE SOURCES 203
3.2.2.1 MONOLITHICALLY INTEGRATED PULSE SOURCES 203 3.2.2.2 TUNNEL DIODE
204
3.2.2.3 AVALANCHE TRANSISTOR 204 3.2.2.4 STEP RECOVERY DIODE (SNAP-OFF
DIODE) 206 3.2.2.5 NON-LINEAR TRANSMISSION LINE 206
3.2.3 VOLTAGE CAPTURING BY SUB-SAMPLING (STROBOSCOPIC SAMPLING) 207
3.2.3.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS 207 3.2.3.2 PRINCIPLES O F VOLTAGE SAMPLING
208 3.2.3.3 TIMING O F DATA CAPTURING BY SUB-SAMPLING 223
3.2.4 VOLTAGE CAPTURING BY 1 BIT CONVERSION 236 3.2.5 PECULIARITIES O F
SENSORS WITH PULSE EXCITATION 240 3.3 DETERMINATION O F THE SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR BY EXCITATION WITH PSEUDO-NOISE CODES 243
3.3.1 GENERATION O F VERY WIDEBAND PN-CODES 243 3.3.2 IRF MEASUREMENT BY
WIDEBAND CORRELATION 247 3.3.3 THE SLIDING CORRELATOR 248
3.3.4 BASIC CONCEPT O F DIGITAL ULTRA-WIDEBAND PN-CORRELATION 251
3.3.4.1 DIGITAL IMPULSE COMPRESSION 255 3.3.4.2 TRANSFORMATION INTO THE
FREQUENCY DOMAIN 257 3.3.4.3 REMOVAL O F STATIONARY DATA 258
IMAGE 4
V I I I I CONTENTS
3.3.5 SOME PARTICULARITIES O F PN-SEQUENCE DEVICES 262
3.3.6 SYSTEM EXTENSIONS O F DIGITAL PN-CORRELATOR 266 3.3.6.1 IMPROVING
THE SAMPLING EFFICIENCY 266 3.3.6.2 MIMO-MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 275 3.3.6.3
UP-DOWN-CONVERSION 278 3.3.6.4 EQUIVALENT TIME OVERSAMPLING 283 3.3.6.5
BEAM STEERING A N D DOPPLER BANK 287 3.3.6.6 TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER
SEPARATION 293 3.4 DETERMINATION O F THE SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR BY EXCITATION
WITH SINE
WAVES 296
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 296
3.4.2 MEASUREMENT O F THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTIONS 297 3.4.2.1
HOMODYNE RECEIVER 297 3.4.2.2 HETERODYNE RECEIVER 299 3.4.3 SINE WAVE
SOURCES O F VARIABLE FREQUENCY 302 3.4.4 OPERATIONAL MODES 306
3.4.4.1 STEPPED FREQUENCY CONTINUOUS WAVE (SFCW) 306 3.4.4.2 CONTINUOUS
FREQUENCY VARIATION 317 3.5 THE MULTI-SINE TECHNIQUE 323
3.6 DETERMINATION O F THE SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR WITH RANDOM NOISE EXCITATION
330 3.6.1 TIME DOMAIN APPROACHES 334
3.6.2 FREQUENCY DOMAIN APPROACHES 338 3.7 MEASURING ARRANGEMENTS 341
3.7.1 CAPTURING O F VOLTAGE AND CURRENT 341
3.7.2 BASIC MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT 343
3.7.3 METHODS O F WAVE SEPARATION 347
3.7.3.1 WAVE SEPARATION BY TIME ISOLATION 347 3.7.3.2 WAVE SEPARATION BY
DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS 351 3.7.3.3 WAVE SEPARATION BY VOLTAGE
SUPERPOSITION 351 3.7.3.4 CAPTURING O F E - A N D H-FIELD 353
3.8 SUMMARY 354
REFERENCES 356
4 ULTRA-WIDEBAND RADAR 363
4.1 INTRODUCTION 363
4.2 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM - THE MEASUREMENT PROBLEM 363
4.3 PLANE WAVE AND ISOTROPIC WAVES/NORMALIZED WAVE 368 4.4 TIME DOMAIN
CHARACTERIZATION O F ANTENNAS AND THE FREE SPACE FRIIS TRANSMISSION
FORMULA 379 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION 379
4.4.2 ANTENNA AS TRANSMITTER 382
4.4.3 ANTENNA AS RECEIVER 384
4.4.4 TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO ANTENNAS - THE SCALAR FRIIS TRANSMISSION
FORMULA 385
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS | I X
4.5 INDIRECT TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO ANTENNAS - THE SCALAR TIME
DOMAIN RADAR EQUATION 388 4.5.1 WAVE SCATTERING AT PLANAR INTERFACES 388
4.5.2 WAVE SCATTERING AT SMALL BODIES 391
4.6 GENERAL PROPERTIES O F ULTRA-WIDEBAND ANTENNAS 405 4.6.1 CANONICAL
MINIMUM-SCATTERING ANTENNA 409 4.6.2 SPECTRAL DOMAIN ANTENNA PARAMETERS
412 4.6.3 TIME DOMAIN ANTENNA PARAMETERS 417
4.6.3.1 EFFECTIVE CENTRE O F RADIATION 420 4.6.3.2 BORESIGHT DIRECTION A
N D CANONICAL POSITION 424 4.6.3.3 TIME DOMAIN DIRECTIVE GAIN PATTERN
425 4.6.3.4 SPHERICAL DEFORMATION PATTERN 425 4.6.3.5 FIDELITY A N D
FIDELITY PATTERN 425
4.6.3.6 STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY PATTERN 426 4.6.4 PARAMETRIC DESCRIPTION O
F ANTENNA AND SCATTERER 427 4.6.5 DISTANCE A N D ANGULAR DEPENDENCE O F
ANTENNA FUNCTIONS AND PARAMETERS 430
4.6.6 THE IDEAL SHORT-RANGE UWB RADAR EQUATION 435 4.6.7 SHORT-RANGE
TIME DOMAIN ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS 440 4.6.7.1 TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT
BETWEEN TWO ANTENNAS 440 4.6.7.2 DIRECT MEASUREMENT O F ANTENNA IMPULSE
RESPONSE 443 4.6.7.3 IMPULSE RESPONSE MEASUREMENT BY BACKSCATTERING 445
4.6.7.4 MEASUREMENT O F ANTENNA BACKSCATTERING 446 4.7 BASIC PERFORMANCE
FIGURES O F UWB RADAR 446
4.7.1 REVIEW O N NARROWBAND RADAR KEY FIGURES AND BASICS O N TARGET
DETECTION 446 4.7.2 RANGE RESOLUTION O F UWB SENSORS 455 4.7.3 ACCURACY
O F RANGE MEASUREMENT 459 4.7.3.1 STATEMENT O F THE PROBLEM 459
4.7.3.2 NOISE- A N D FITTER-AFFECTED ULTRA-WIDEBAND SIGNALS 463 4.7.3.3
NOISE AND JITTER ROBUSTNESS O F VARIOUS UWB SENSOR CONCEPTS 468 4.7.3.4
SHORT-PULSE EXCITATION A N D DUAL RAMP SAMPLING CONTROL 469 4.7.3.5
ANALOGUE SHORT-PULSE CORRELATION AND DUAL SINE TIMING 470
4.7.3.6 ULTRA-WIDEBAND C W STIMULATION AND DUAL PULSE TIMING 471 4.7.3.7
RANDOM UNCERTAINTY O F TIME POSITION ESTIMATION 473 4.7.3.8 TIME
POSITION ERROR CAUSED BY DRIFT AND ITS CORRECTION 483 4.8 TARGET
DETECTION 487
4.8.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS 487
4.8.2 TARGET DETECTION UNDER NOISY CONDITIONS 489 4.8.2.1 DETECTIONS
BASED O N A SINGLE MEASUREMENT 490 4.8.2.2 DETECTION BASED O N REPEATED
MEASUREMENTS 496 4.8.3 DETECTION O F WEAK TARGETS CLOSELY BEHIND A N
INTERFACE 507
4.8.3.1 MODELLING O F THE RECEIVING SIGNAL 509
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
4.8.3.2 HIDDEN TARGET DETECTION 520
4.8.3.3 BLIND RANGE REDUCTION 512 4.9 EVALUATION O F STRATIFIED MEDIA BY
ULTRA WIDEBAND RADAR 519
4.9.1 MEASUREMENT ARRANGEMENT AND MODELLING O F WAVE PROPAGATION 519
4.9.2 RECONSTRUCTION O F COPLANAR LAYER STRUCTURE 526 4.10
ULTRA-WIDEBAND SHORT-RANGE IMAGING 530
4.10.1 INTRODUCTION 530
4.10.2 THE BASIC METHOD O F SHORT-RANGE IMAGING 531 4.10.3 ARRAY-BASED
IMAGING 535 4.10.3.1 ULTRA-WIDEBAND RADAR ARRAY 538 4.10.3.2 POINT
SPREAD FUNCTION AND IMAGE RESOLUTION 539
4.10.3.3 STEERING VECTOR DESIGN 544 4.10.3.4 SPARSE SCENE IMAGING 552
4.10.3.5 ARRAY CONFIGURATIONS AND REMARKS O N UWB RADAR IMAGING 562
4.10.4 SHAPE RECONSTRUCTION BY INVERSE BOUNDARY SCATTERING 565 4.10.4.1
SHAPE RECONSTRUCTION BY QUASI-WAVEFRONT DERIVATION 565 4.10.4.2 SHAPE
RECONSTRUCTION BASED O N TANGENT PLANES 568 4.10.4.3 PLANAR INTERFACE
LOCALIZATION BY MONO-STATIC MEASUREMENTS
4.10.4.4 BI-STATIC MEASUREMENT 572 4.10.4.5 ESTIMATION O F
RECONSTRUCTION ERRORS 574 REFERENCES 578
5 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND WAVES IN TIME AND FREQUENCY 5.1
INTRODUCTION 585
5.2 THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS O F THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD 5.2.1
MAXWELL S EQUATIONS AND RELATED RELATIONS 587 5.2.2 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
592
5.2.3 ENERGY FLUX O F ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 593 5.2.4 RADIATION
CONDITION 594
5.2.5 LORENTZ RECIPROCITY 594
5.3 INTERACTION O F ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS WITH MATTER 596 5.4 PLANE
WAVE PROPAGATION 601
5.4.1 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC POTENTIALS 602 5.4.2 TIME HARMONIC PLANE WAVE
604
5.4.3 FP-SPACE DESCRIPTION AND DISPERSION RELATION 606 5.4.4 PROPAGATION
I N ARBITRARY DIRECTION 608 5.4.5 TIME DOMAIN DESCRIPTION O F WIDEBAND
PLANE WAVE 611 5.4.6 SCATTERING O F A PLANE WAVE AT A PLANAR INTERFACE
614
5.5 THE HERTZIAN DIPOLE 617
5.5.1 THE DIPOLE AS TRANSMITTER 618
5.5.2 FAR-FIELD AND NORMALIZED DIPOLE WAVE 622 5.5.3 THE DIPOLE AS FIELD
SENSOR AND SELF-RECIPROCITY 624
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS X I
5.5.4 INTERFACIAL DIPOLE 625
5.6 POLARIMETRIC FRIIS FORMULA A N D RADAR EQUATION 631 5.7 THE CONCEPT
O F GREEN S FUNCTIONS AND THE NEAR-FIELD RADAR EQUATION 636 REFERENCES
647
6 EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS 651
6.1 ULTRA-WIDEBAND SENSING - THE ROAD TO NEW RADAR AND SENSOR
APPLICATIONS 651 6.1.1 POTENTIAL O F ULTRA-WIDEBAND SENSING - A SHORT
SUMMARY 651 6.1.2 OVERVIEW O N SENSOR PRINCIPLES 654
6.1.3 APPLICATION O F ULTRA-WIDEBAND SENSING 655 6.2 MONOLITHICALLY
INTEGRATION O F M-SEQUENCE-BASED SENSOR HEAD 663
MARTIN KMEC
6.2.1 INTRODUCTION 663
6.2.2 TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN ISSUES 663
6.2.2.1 SENSOR IC TECHNOLOGY CHOICE 663 6.2.2.2 DESIGN FLOW 666
6.2.2.3 ARCHITECTURE-SPECIFIC CIRCUIT DEFINITIONS 667 6.2.2.4 TECHNOLOGY
FIGURE-OF-MERITS 667 6.2.3 MULTI-CHIP A N D SINGLE-CHIP SENSOR
INTEGRATION 668 6.2.4 THE UWB SINGLE-CHIP HEAD 672
6.2.4.1 ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 672 6.2.4.2 IMPLEMENTED
CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY 674 6.2.4.3 SINGLE-CHIP FLOOR PLAN 676 6.2.5 PARTICULAR
SINGLE-CHIP BLOCKS 678 6.2.5.1 STIMULUS GENERATOR 6 78
6.2.5.2 THE SYNCHRONIZATION UNIT 679 6.2.5.3 TRANSMITTER I / O BUFFERS
680 6.2.5.4 ULTRA-WIDEBAND RECEIVERS 681 6.2.6 SINGLE-CHIP TEST
PROTOTYPES 685
6.3 DIELECTRIC UWB MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY 688 FRANK DASCHNER, MICHAEL
KENT, AND REINHARD KNOCHEL 6.3.1 INTRODUCTION 688
6.3.2 TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER FOR DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY 690 6.3.2.1
PROBE 690
6.3.2.2 INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS 690 6.3.2.3 SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING 691
6.3.2.4 SYSTEM DESIGN 692
6.3.2.5 HARDWARE EFFORT 693
6.3.3 SIGNAL PROCESSING 693
6.3.3.1 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND REGRESSION 694 6.3.3.2
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 697 6.3.4 SUMMARY 698
IMAGE 8
X I I | CONTENTS
6.4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING USING
M-SEQUENCE-BASED UWB SENSORS 700 RALF HERRMANN AND FRANK BONITZ 6.4.1
ASSESSMENT O F SEWER PIPE EMBEDDING 701 6.4.1.1 PIPE INSPECTION SENSOR
702
6.4.1.2 TEST BED A N D DATA PROCESSING 702 6.4.1.3 MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE
FOR THE BEDDING O F A PLASTIC PIPE 704 6.4.2 INSPECTION O F THE
DISAGGREGATION ZONE I N SALT MINES 706 6.4.2.1 M-SEQUENCE UWB SENSOR FOR
DETECTION O F SALT ROCK
DISAGGREGATION 707
6.4.2.2 DATA PROCESSING FOR DETECTION O F DISAGGREGATION 707 6.4.2.3
EXAMPLE MEASUREMENT: A 3D VIEW O F SALT ROCK DISAGGREGATION I N A N OLD
TUNNEL 709 6.4.2.4 EXAMPLE MEASUREMENT: SUBSIDENCE ANALYSIS I N A FRESH
TUNNEL
STUB 712
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 714 6.5 UWB CARDIOVASCULAR MONITORING FOR ENHANCED
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 714 OLAF KOSCH, FLORIAN THIEL, ULRICH
SCHWARZ, FRANCESCO SCOTTO DI CLEMENTE,
MATTHIAS HEIN, AND FRANK SEIFERT 6.5.1 INTRODUCTION 714
6.5.2 IMPACT O F CARDIAC ACTIVITY O N ULTRA-WIDEBAND REFLECTION SIGNALS
FROM THE H U M A N THORAX 716 6.5.3 COMPATIBILITY O F MRI AND UWB RADAR
717 6.5.3.1 MEASUREMENTS O N A STRATIFIED H U M A N THORAX PHANTOM 717
6.5.3.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR MR COMPATIBLE ULTRA-WIDEBAND
ANTENNAS 718
6.5.4 INTERPRETATION O F PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNATURES FROM UWB SIGNALS 720
6.5.4.1 SIMULTANEOUS ECG/UWB MEASUREMENTS 720 6.5.4.2 APPROPRIATE DATA
ANALYSIS A N D RESULTING MULTIPLE SENSOR APPROACH 722 6.5.4.3
PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION 722
6.5.5 MR IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION APPLYING UWB TRIGGERING 724 6.5.6 OUTLOOK
A N D FURTHER APPLICATIONS 724 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 726 6.6 UWB FOR MEDICAL
MICROWAVE BREAST IMAGING 726
MARKO HELBIG
6.6.1 INTRODUCTION 726
6.6.1.1 NON-CONTACT BREAST IMAGING 727 6.6.1.2 CONTACT-MODE BREAST
IMAGING 728 6.6.2 BREAST AND BODY SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION 728 6.6.2.1
METHOD 728
6.6.2.2 DETECTION AND ELIMINATION O F IMPROPER WAVEFRONTS 732
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS I X I I I
6.6.2.3 EXEMPLARY RECONSTRUCTION RESULTS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS 735
6.6.3 CONTACT-BASED BREAST IMAGING 740 6.6.3.1 UWB BREAST IMAGING IN
TIME DOMAIN 740 6.6.3.2 MEASUREMENT SETUP BASED O N SMALL ANTENNAS 741
6.6.3.3 IMAGING RESULTS O F PHANTOM TRIALS 743
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 744 6.7 M-SEQUENCE RADAR SENSOR FOR SEARCH A N D RESCUE
O F SURVIVORS BENEATH COLLAPSED BUILDINGS 745 EGOR ZAIKOV 6.7.1
PRINCIPLE A N D CHALLENGES 746
6.7.2 THE RADAR SYSTEM 748
6.7.3 PRE-PROCESSING A N D BREATHING DETECTION 749 6.7.3.1 BREATHING
ENHANCEMENT BY ITS PERIODICITY 752 6.7.3.2 SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT I N
PROPAGATION TIME 753 6.7.4 NON-STATIONARY CLUTTER REDUCTION 756
6.7.5 LOCALIZATION O F BREATHING PEOPLE 758 6.7.6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE
WORK 761
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 762 6.8 MULTIPLE MOVING TARGET TRACKING BY UWB RADAR
SENSOR NETWORK 762 DUSAN KOCUR, JANA ROVAKOVA, AND DANIEL URDZIK 6.8.1
INTRODUCTION 762
6.8.2 SHADOWING EFFECT 764
6.8.3 BASIC CONCEPT O F UWB SENSOR NETWORK FOR SHORT-RANGE MULTIPLE
TARGET TRACKING 765 6.8.4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 767
6.8.5 CONCLUSIONS 771
6.9 UWB LOCALIZATION 772
RUDOLF ZETIK
6.9.1 CLASSIFICATION O F UWB LOCALIZATION APPROACHES 772 6.9.1.1
TWO-STEP LOCALIZATION VERSUS IMAGING 773 6.9.1.2 ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE
APPROACH 774 6.9.1.3 TIME O F ARRIVAL VERSUS TIME DIFFERENCE O F ARRIVAL
775 6.9.2 ACTIVE LOCALIZATION 777
6.9.3 PASSIVE LOCALIZATION 779
6.9.3.1 DETECTION O F TARGETS 779 6.9.3.2 PASSIVE LOCALIZATION O F
TARGETS 780 6.9.3.3 MEASURED EXAMPLE 781 6.9.4 IMAGING O F TARGETS 783
6.9.5 FURTHER CHALLENGES 787
REFERENCES 789
APPENDIX 801 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 803 SYMBOLS 803
IMAGE 10
X I V I CONTENTS
NOTATIONS 810
STRUCTURE O F MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA 811 ABBREVIATIONS 812
INDEX 817
ONLINE ANNEX (AVAILABLE AT WILEY HOMEPAGE) A MATHEMATICAL BASICS
A.L SOME USEFUL IMPROPER INTEGRALS
A.2 DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION AND DOUBLETS
A. 3 SOME DEFINITIONS A N D CALCULATION RULES FOR STATISTIC VARIABLES
A.4 COORDINATE SYSTEMS
A.5 SOME VECTOR OPERATIONS A N D USEFUL IDENTITIES A.6 SOME MATRIX
OPERATIONS A N D USEFUL IDENTITIES A.7 QUADRIC SURFACES AND CURVES
A.7.1 ELLIPSE
A.7.2 HYPERBOLA
A.7.3 INTERSECTION O F TWO CIRCLES B SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
B.L FOURIER AND LAPLACE TRANSFORM
B.2 PROPERTIES O F CONVOLUTION
B.3 SPECTRUM O F COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL (FMCW-SIGNAL) B.4 PRODUCT DETECTOR
B.4.1 ACF O F BAND-LIMITED WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE B.4.2 CCF BETWEEN A
PERTURBED A N D UNPERTURBED VERSION OF THE SAME SIGNAL
B.4.3 ACF O F A PERTURBED DETERMINISTIC SIGNAL B.4.4 IQ-DEMODULATOR
B.5 SHAPE FACTORS
B.5.1 GENERALISED SHAPE FACTORS OFTRIANGULAR PULSE B.5.2 GENERALISED
SHAPE FACTOR O F M-SEQUENCE B.6 CONVERSION BETWEEN N-PORT PARAMETERS B.7
MASON GRAPH
B.8 S-PARAMETERS O F BASIC CIRCUITS
B.9 M-SEQUENCE AND GOLAY-SEQUENCE B.9.1 M-SEQUENCE
B.9.2 COMPLEMENTARY GOLAY-SEQUENCE C ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
C . L TIME DOMAIN RECIPROCITY RELATION
C.2 SCATTERING O F PLANE WAVES AT A PLANAR INTERFACE C.3 SCATTERING O F
A PLANE WAVE AT A SPHERE
D COLORED FIGURES A N D MOVIES
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sachs, Jürgen 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13629247X |
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| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sachs, Jürgen 1953- |
| author_variant | j s js |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040778718 |
| classification_rvk | ZN 6230 ZN 6500 ZQ 3120 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)826864605 (DE-599)GBV696799553 |
| dewey-full | 621.384 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.384 |
| dewey-search | 621.384 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.384 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik / Mechatronik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040778718 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:33:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527408535 9783527651818 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025756998 |
| oclc_num | 826864605 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-634 DE-83 DE-92 DE-29T |
| owner_facet | DE-634 DE-83 DE-92 DE-29T |
| physical | XX, 824 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sachs, Jürgen 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)13629247X aut Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing theory, sensors, applications Jürgen Sachs Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2012 XX, 824 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Radar (DE-588)4176765-2 gnd rswk-swf Sensor (DE-588)4038824-4 gnd rswk-swf Ultraweitband (DE-588)4830023-8 gnd rswk-swf Sensor (DE-588)4038824-4 s Radar (DE-588)4176765-2 s Ultraweitband (DE-588)4830023-8 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-527-65183-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI 978-3-527-65182-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-527-65184-9 application/pdf http://d-nb.info/1021678449/04 Inhaltsverzeichnis DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025756998&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sachs, Jürgen 1953- Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing theory, sensors, applications Radar (DE-588)4176765-2 gnd Sensor (DE-588)4038824-4 gnd Ultraweitband (DE-588)4830023-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4176765-2 (DE-588)4038824-4 (DE-588)4830023-8 |
| title | Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing theory, sensors, applications |
| title_auth | Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing theory, sensors, applications |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing theory, sensors, applications |
| title_full | Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing theory, sensors, applications Jürgen Sachs |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing theory, sensors, applications Jürgen Sachs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing theory, sensors, applications Jürgen Sachs |
| title_short | Handbook of ultra-wideband short-range sensing |
| title_sort | handbook of ultra wideband short range sensing theory sensors applications |
| title_sub | theory, sensors, applications |
| topic | Radar (DE-588)4176765-2 gnd Sensor (DE-588)4038824-4 gnd Ultraweitband (DE-588)4830023-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Radar Sensor Ultraweitband |
| url | http://d-nb.info/1021678449/04 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025756998&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sachsjurgen handbookofultrawidebandshortrangesensingtheorysensorsapplications |
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