Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2013
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| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 372 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527656868 9783527656851 9783527656844 9783527656837 3527329455 9783527329458 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks |c ed. by Peter M. Maitlis ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 372 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE X V
LIST O F CONTRIBUTORS XVII
PART ONE INTRODUCTION 1
1 WHAT IS FISCHER-TROPSCH? 3
PETER M. MAITLIS SYNOPSIS 3
1.1 FEEDSTOCKS FOR FUEL A N D FOR CHEMICALS MANUFACTURE 3 1.2 THE
PROBLEMS 5
1.3 FUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION 6
1.3.1 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 6
1.3.2 ELECTRIC CARS 7
1.3.3 HYDROGEN-POWERED VEHICLES 7 1.4 FEEDSTOCKS FOR THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY 8
1.5 SUSTAINABILITY A N D RENEWABLES: ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL FUELS 8
1.5.1 BIOFUELS 9
1.5.2 OTHER RENEWABLE B U T NONBIO FUELS 9
1.6 THE WAY FORWARD 10
1.7 XTL AND THE FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS (FTP) 11
1.7.1 SOME HISTORY 12
1.7.2 FT TECHNOLOGY: A N OVERVIEW 13 1.7.3 WHAT GOES ON? 13
1.7.4 CO HYDROGENATION: BASIC THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS 14 1.8
ALTERNATIVES TO FISCHER-TROPSCH 14
REFERENCES 15
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1023698196
IMAGE 2
V I CONTENTS
PART TWO INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMICS ASPECTS 17
2 SYNGAS: THE BASIS O F FISCHER-TROPSCH 19
ROBERTO ZENNARO, MARCO RICCI, LETIZIA BUA, CECILIA QUERCI, LINO
CARNELLI, AND ALESSANDRA D'ARMINIO MONFORTE SYNOPSIS 19 2.1 SYNGAS AS
FEEDSTOCK 19
2.2 ROUTES TO SYNGAS: XTL (X = GAS, COAL, BIOMASS, AND WASTE) 21 2.2.1
STARTING FROM GAS (GTL) 23
2.2.2 STARTING FROM SOLID FEEDS (CTL, BTL, AND WTL) 27 2.3 WATER-GAS
SHIFT REACTION (WGSR) 31
2.4 SYNTHESIS GAS CLEANUP 34
2.5 THERMAL AND CARBON EFFICIENCY 37
2.6 THE XTL GAS LOOP 41
2.6.1 GAS LOOP FOR HTFT SYNTHESIS WITH A COAL GASIFIER 41 2.6.2 GAS LOOP
FOR HTFT SYNTHESIS WITH A NATURAL GAS FEED 4 2 2.6.3 GAS LOOP FOR LTFT
COBALT CATALYST WITH NATURAL GAS FEED 43 2.7 C 0 2 PRODUCTION AND C 0 2
AS FEEDSTOCK 46
REFERENCES 4 9
3 FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY 53
ARNO DE KLERK, YONG-WANG LI, AND ROBERTO ZENNARO SYNOPSIS 53
3.1 INTRODUCTION 53
3.1.1 FT CATALYST 54
3.1.2 OPERATING CONDITIONS 5 4
3.1.3 FT REACTOR TYPES 5 4
3.2 INDUSTRIALLY APPLIED FT TECHNOLOGIES 5 4
3.2.1 GERMAN NORMAL-PRESSURE SYNTHESIS 5 5 3.2.2 GERMAN MEDIUM-PRESSURE
SYNTHESIS 56 3.2.3 HYDROCOL 56
3.2.4 ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT RUHRCHEMIE-LURGI (ARGE) 56 3.2.5 KELLOGG
SYNTHOL A N D SASOL SYNTHOL 5 7
3.2.6 SHELL MIDDLE DISTILLATE SYNTHESIS (SMDS) 5 7 3.2.7 SASOL ADVANCED
SYNTHOL (SAS) 5 7
3.2.8 IRON SASOL SLURRY BED PROCESS (FE-SSBP) 5 7 3.2.9 COBALT SASOL
SLURRY BED PROCESS (CO-SSBP) 58 3.2.10 STATOIL COBALT-BASED SLURRY
BUBBLE COLUMN 5 8 3.2.11 HIGH-TEMPERATURE SLURRY FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS
(HTSFTP) 58
3.3 FT CATALYSTS 5 8
3.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CATALYSTS 59
3.4.1 ACTIVITY 5 9
3.4.2 SELECTIVITY 59
3.4.3 STABILITY 60
3.4.4 OTHER FACTORS 60
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS V I I
3.5 FT REACTORS 61
3.5.1 TUBE-COOLED FIXED BED REACTORS 61 3.5.2 MULTITUBULAR FIXED BED
REACTORS 63 3.5.3 CIRCULATING A N D FIXED FLUIDIZED BED REACTORS 65
3.5.4 SLURRY BED REACTORS 68
3.6 SELECTING THE RIGHT FT TECHNOLOGY 71
3.6.1 SYNGAS COMPOSITION 71
3.6.2 SYNGAS PURITY 72
3.6.3 IMPACT O F CATALYST DEACTIVATION 72 3.6.4 CATALYST REPLACEMENT
STRATEGY 72 3.6.5 TURNDOWN RATIO AND ROBUSTNESS 73
3.6.6 STEAM QUALITY 73
3.6.7 SYNCRUDE COMPOSITION 73
3.6.8 SYNCRUDE QUALITY 74
3.7 SELECTING THE FT OPERATING CONDITIONS 74
3.8 SELECTING THE FT CATALYST TYPE 75
3.8.1 ACTIVE METAL 75
3.8.2 CATALYST COMPLEXITY 75
3.8.3 CATALYST PARTICLE SIZE 76
3.9 OTHER FACTORS THAT AFFECT FT TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 76 3.9.1 PARTICLE
SIZE 76
3.9.2 REACTION PHASE 76
3.9.3 CATALYST LIFETIME 77
3.9.4 VOLUMETRIC REACTOR PRODUCTIVITY 77 3.9.5 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 78
REFERENCES 78
4 WHAT CAN WE DO WITH FISCHER-TROPSCH PRODUCTS? 81 ARNO DE KLERK AND
PETER M. MAITLIS SYNOPSIS 81 4.1 INTRODUCTION 81
4.2 COMPOSITION O F FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNCRUDE 82
4.2.1 CARBON NUMBER DISTRIBUTION: ANDERSON-SCHULZ-FLORY (ASF) PLOTS 86
4.2.2 HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION 86
4.2.3 OXYGENATE COMPOSITION 90
4.3 SYNCRUDE RECOVERY AFTER FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS 92 4.3.1 STEPWISE
SYNCRUDE COOLING AND RECOVERY 92 4.3.2 OXYGENATE PARTITIONING 94
4.3.3 OXYGENATE RECOVERY FROM THE AQUEOUS PRODUCT 95 4.4 FUEL PRODUCTS
FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNCRUDE 96
4.4.1 SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS 96
4.4.2 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS 97
4.4.3 MOTOR GASOLINE 98
4.4.4 JET FUEL 99
4.4.5 DIESEL FUEL 99
IMAGE 4
V I I I | CONTENTS
4.5 LUBRICANTS FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNCRUDE 101
4.6 PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNCRUDE 102 4.6.1
ALKANE-BASED PETROCHEMICALS 102 4.6.2 ALKENE-BASED PETROCHEMICALS 103
4.6.3 AROMATIC-BASED PETROCHEMICALS 104 4.6.4 OXYGENATE-BASED
PETROCHEMICALS 104
REFERENCES 104
5 INDUSTRIAL CASE STUDIES 107
YONG-WANG LI AND ARNO DE KLERK SYNOPSIS 107 5.1 INTRODUCTION 107
5.2 A BRIEF HISTORY O F INDUSTRIAL FT DEVELOPMENT 108
5.2.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS 108
5.2.2 POSTWAR TRANSFER O F FT TECHNOLOGY ACROSS OCEANS 110 5.2.3
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS I N SOUTH AFRICA 110 5.2.4 INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENTS BY SHELL 112 5.2.5 DEVELOPMENTS I N CHINA 112
5.2.6 OTHER INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 115 5.3 INDUSTRIAL FT FACILITIES
116
5.3.1 SASOL 1 FACILITY 117
5.3.2 SASOL SYNFUELS FACILITY 118
5.3.3 SHELL MIDDLE DISTILLATE SYNTHESIS (SMDS) FACILITIES 121 5.3.4
PETROSA GTL FACILITY 122
5.3.5 ORYX A N D ESCRAVOS GTL FACILITIES 123 5.4 PERSPECTIVES ON
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS 124
5.4.1 FURTHER INVESTMENT I N INDUSTRIAL FT FACILITIES 124 5.4.2
TECHNOLOGY LESSONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE 125 5.4.3 FUTURE O F
SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES 126 REFERENCES 128
6 OTHER INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT SYNGAS REACTIONS 131 PETER M. MAITLIS
SYNOPSIS 131 6.1 SURVEY O F CO HYDROGENATION REACTIONS 131
6.2 SYNGAS TO METHANOL 133
6.2.1 INTRODUCTION 133
6.2.2 SYNTHESIS REACTION 134
6.2.3 MECHANISM 135
6.2.4 CATALYST DEACTIVATION 136
6.2.5 USES O F METHANOL 136
6.3 SYNGAS TO DIMETHYL ETHER (DME) 137
6.3.1 DME USES 137
6.4 SYNGAS TO ETHANOL 137
6.4.1 INTRODUCTION 137
IMAGE 5
6.4.2 DIRECT PROCESSES 138
6.5 SYNGAS TO ACETIC ACID 139
6.5.1 ACETIC ACID PROCESSES 139
6.5.2 MECHANISMS 141
6.5.3 CATALYST DEACTIVATION 142
6.6 HIGHER HYDROCARBONS AND HIGHER OXYGENATES 143 6.6.1 ISOBUTENE AND
ISOBUTANOL 143
6.7 HYDROFORMYLATION 144
6.8 OTHER REACTIONS BASED O N SYNGAS 146
6.8.1 HYDROXY AND ALKOXY CARBONYLATIONS 146 6.8.2 METHYL FORMATE 146
6.8.3 DIMETHYL CARBONATE (DMC) 147 6.8.4 ETHER GASOLINE ADDITIVES 147
6.8.5 HYDROGENATION 147
REFERENCES 148
7 FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS ECONOMICS 149 ROBERTO ZENNARO SYNOPSIS 149 7.1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 149
7.2 MARKET OUTLOOK (NATURAL GAS) 150
7.3 CAPITAL COST 156
7.4 OPERATING COSTS 162
7.5 REVENUES 162
7.6 ECONOMICS A N D SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 164
7.6.1 SENSITIVITY TO GTL PLANT CAPACITY (ECONOMY O F SCALE EFFECTS)
7.6.2 SENSITIVITY TO FEEDSTOCK COSTS 165 7.6.3 SENSITIVITY TO GTL
PROJECT COST (LEARNING CURVE EFFECT) 166 7.6.4 SENSITIVITY TO TAX REGIME
166
7.6.5 SENSITIVITY TO GTL DIESEL VALORIZATION 167 7.6.6 SENSITIVITY TO
CRUDE OIL PRICE SCENARIO 167 7.6.7 EFFECTS O F KEY PARAMETERS O N GTL
PLANT PROFITABILITY 167 REFERENCES 169
PART THREE FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS 171
S PREPARATION O F IRON FT CATALYSTS 173
BURTRON H. DAVIS SYNOPSIS 173
8.1 INTRODUCTION 173
8.2 HIGH-TEMPERATURE FISCHER-TROPSCH (HTFT) CATALYSTS 174 8.3
LOW-TEMPERATURE CATALYSTS 176
8.4 INDIVIDUAL STEPS 177
8.4.1 OXIDATION O F F E 2 + 177
IMAGE 6
X I CONTENTS
8.4.2 PRECIPITATION O F F E 3 + 180
8.4.3 PRECIPITATE WASHING 188
8.4.4 A N ENVIRONMENTALLY GREENER PROCESS 189 8.4.5 CHEMICAL PROMOTERS
189
8.4.6 COPPER PROMOTERS 189
8.4.7 PHASE CHANGES 190
8.4.8 OTHER IRON CATALYSTS 190
REFERENCES 190
9 COBALT FT CATALYSTS 193
BURTRON H. DAVIS SYNOPSIS 193
9.1 INTRODUCTION 193
9.2 EARLY GERMAN WORK 193
9.3 SUPPORT PREPARATION 194
9.3.1 ALUMINA SUPPORTS 195
9.3.2 SILICA SUPPORTS 196
9.3.3 TITANIUM DIOXIDE SUPPORT 201
9.4 ADDITION O F COBALT AND PROMOTERS 202
9.5 CALCINATION 203
9.6 REDUCTION 204
9.7 CATALYST TRANSFER 205
9.8 * CATALYST ATTRITION 205
9.9 ADDENDUM RECENT LITERATURE SUMMARY 205
REFERENCES 205
10 OTHER FT CATALYSTS 209
BURTRON H. DAVIS AND PETER M. MAITLIS SYNOPSIS 209 10.1 INTRODUCTION 209
10.2 NI CATALYSTS 210
10.3 RUTHENIUM CATALYSTS 211
10.3.1 HISTORICAL 211
10.3.2 STUDIES O N RU CATALYSTS 212
10.4 RHODIUM CATALYSTS 217
10.5 OTHER CATALYSTS AND PROMOTERS 218
REFERENCES 218
11 SURFACE SCIENCE STUDIES RELATED TO FISCHER-TROPSCH REACTIONS 221
PETER M. MAITLIS SYNOPSIS 221 11.1 INTRODUCTION: SURFACES I N CATALYSTS
AND CATALYTIC CYCLES 221 11.2 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION
222 11.2.1 DIFFRACTION METHODS 222
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS I X I
11.2.2 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS 222
11.2.3 MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES 223 11.2.4 MOLECULAR METAL COMPLEXES AS
MODELS 224 11.3 SPECIES DETECTED O N SURFACES 226
11.3.1 CARBON MONOXIDE ON SURFACES {CO} 228 11.3.2 ACTIVATION O F CO 229
11.3.3 TRANSFORMATIONS O F {CO} 230 11.3.4 HYDROGEN O N SURFACES {H 2}
AND {H} 231 11.3.5 TRANSFORMATIONS O F {H} 232 11.3.6 REACTIONS O F {CO}
AND {H} 233 11.4 THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS 233
REFERENCES 234
12 MECHANISTIC STUDIES RELATED TO THE FISCHER-TROPSCH HYDROCARBON
SYNTHESIS AND SOME COGNATE PROCESSES 237 PETER M. MAITLIS SYNOPSIS 237
12.1 INTRODUCTION 237
12.1.1 A BRIEF BACKGROUND: CLASSICAL VIEWS O F THE MECHANISM 239 12.2
BASIC FT REACTION: DISSOCIATIVE A N D ASSOCIATIVE PATHS 240 12.2.1
DISSOCIATIVE ACTIVATION O F CO 241 12.2.2 ASSOCIATIVE ACTIVATION 242
12.2.3 DUAL MECHANISM APPROACHES 244 12.3 SOME MECHANISMS-RELATED
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 244 12.3.1 THE ORIGINAL WORK O F FISCHER AND
TROPSCH 244 12.3.2 LABORATORY-SCALE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 247 12.3.3
PROBE EXPERIMENTS AND ISOTOPIC LABELING 249 12.3.3.1 13C LABELING 249
12.3.3.2 14C LABELING 251 12.4 CURRENT VIEWS O N THE MECHANISMS O F THE
FT-S 251 12.4.1 THE FIRST STEPS: H 2 A N D CO ACTIVATION 251 12.4.2
ORGANOMETALLIC MODELS FOR CO ACTIVATION 253 12.5 NOW: TOWARD A
CONSENSUS? 253
12.5.1 ROUTES BASED O N A DISSOCIATIVE (CARBIDE) MECHANISM 254 12.5.2
ROUTES BASED O N A N ASSOCIATIVE (OR OXYGENATE) MECHANISM 255 12.6 DUAL
FT MECHANISMS 256
12.6.1.1 DUAL FT MECHANISMS: THE NONPOLAR PATH 256 12.6.2 DUAL FT
MECHANISMS: THE IONIC/DIPOLAR PATH 258 12.7 COGNATE PROCESSES: THE
FORMATION O F OXYGENATES I N FT-S 259 12.8 DUAL MECHANISMS SUMMARY 260
12.9 IMPROVEMENTS BY CATALYST MODIFICATIONS 260 12.10 CATALYST
ACTIVATION A N D DEACTIVATION PROCESSES 261 12.11 DESORPTION AND
DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS 262 12.12 DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCHES 262
IMAGE 8
X I I I CONTENTS
12.12.1 SURFACE SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES 262
12.12.2 SURFACE MICROSCOPIC STUDIES 262 12.12.3 LABELING AND KINETIC
STUDIES 263 12.12.4 THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS 263 12.13 CAVEAT 264
REFERENCES 264
PART FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 267
13 FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST LIFE CYCLE 269 JULIUS PRETORIUS AND ARNO DE
KLERK SYNOPSIS 269 13.1 INTRODUCTION 269
13.2 CATALYST MANUFACTURING 270
13.2.1 PRECIPITATED FE-LTFT CATALYSTS 270 13.2.2 SUPPORTED CO-LTFT
CATALYSTS 271 13.2.3 FUSED FE-HTFT CATALYSTS 271
13.3 CATALYST CONSUMPTION 272
13.3.1 CATALYST LIFETIME DURING INDUSTRIAL OPERATION 273 13.3.2 FE-LTFT
CATALYST REGENERATION 273 13.3.3 FE-HTFT CATALYST REGENERATION 274
13.3.3.1 FOULING BY CARBON 274 13.3.3.2 LOSS O F ALKALI PROMOTER 274
13.3.3.3 MECHANICAL ATTRITION 274 13.3.3.4 SULFUR POISONING 275 13.3.4
CO-LTFT CATALYST REGENERATION 275 13.4 CATALYST DISPOSAL 276
REFERENCES 277
14 FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNCRUDE: TO REFINE OR TO UPGRADE? 281 VINCENZO
CALEMMA AND ARNO DE KLERK SYNOPSIS 281 14.1 INTRODUCTION 281
14.1.1 TO REFINE OR TO UPGRADE? 282
14.1.2 REFINING O F FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNCRUDE 285 14.2 WAX HYDROCRACKING
AND HYDROISOMERIZATION 286 14.2.1 HYDROCRACKING A N D HYDROISOMERIZATION
CATALYSTS 288 14.2.2 MECHANISM O F HYDROCRACKING A N D
HYDROISOMERIZATION 290 14.2.3 PRODUCTS FROM HYDROCRACKING CONVERSION 293
14.2.4 PARAMETERS AFFECTING HYDROCRACKING 296 14.2.4.1 EFFECT O F
TEMPERATURE 296 14.2.4.2 EFFECT O F PRESSURE 297 14.2.4.3 EFFECT O F H
2/WAX RATIO 298 14.2.4.4 EFFECT O F SPACE VELOCITY 300
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS X I I I
14.2.4.5 EFFECT O F OXYGENATES 300
14.2.5 COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 301 14.3 OLEFIN DIMERIZATION AND
OLIGOMERIZATION 301 14.3.1 DIMERIZATION AND OLIGOMERIZATION CATALYSTS
301 14.3.2 MECHANISMS O F DIMERIZATION AND OLIGOMERIZATION 302 14.3.3
PRODUCTS FROM SOLID PHOSPHORIC ACID A N D H-ZSM-5 CONVERSION 304 14.3.4
PARAMETERS AFFECTING SOLID PHOSPHORIC ACID AND H-ZSM-5
CONVERSION 305
14.3.4.1 EFFECT O F TEMPERATURE 306 14.3.4.2 EFFECT O F OLEFINIC
COMPOSITION 306 14.3.4.3 EFFECT O F OXYGENATES 306 14.3.5 COMPARATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 306
REFERENCES 307
15 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 311 ROBERTA MIGLIO, ROBERTO ZENNARO, AND
ARNO DE KLERK SYNOPSIS 311 15.1 INTRODUCTION 311
15.2 IMPACT O F FT FACILITIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT 313
15.2.1 UPSTREAM IMPACT ASSESSMENT 313 15.2.2 DOWNSTREAM IMPACT
ASSESSMENT 315 15.3 WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 316 15.3.1 WATER
PRODUCED I N FT FACILITIES 317 15.3.2 QUANTITIES AND QUALITY O F WATER
318 15.3.3 WATER MANAGEMENT APPROACHES 319 15.3.4 WATER TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES 321 15.3.5 BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY: WATER TREATMENT AT PEARL
GTL 322 15.3.6 PROSPECTS FOR REDUCING THE WATER FOOTPRINT IN CTL 324
15.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 325
15.5 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT 326
15.5.1 T H E CO2 FOOTPRINT O F FT FACILITIES 327 15.5.2 IS C 0 2 A
CARBON FEED O F THE FUTURE? 330
15.6 ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT O F FT REFINERIES 330 15.6.1 ENERGY
FOOTPRINT O F REFINING 331 15.6.2 EMISSIONS AND WASTES IN REFINING 333
REFERENCES 334
PART FIVE FUTURE PROSPECTS 337
16 NEW DIRECTIONS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES 339 PETER M. MAITLIS
AND ARNO DE KLERK SYNOPSIS 339 16.1 INTRODUCTION 339
16.2 WHY GO ALONG THE FISCHER-TROPSCH ROUTE? 341
IMAGE 10
X I V I CONTENTS
16.2.1 STRATEGIC JUSTIFICATION 341
16.2.2 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION 342 16.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTIFICATION 343
16.3 CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST FISCHER-TROPSCH FACILITIES 343 16.4
OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE FISCHER-TROPSCH FACILITIES 344 16.4.1
OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED BY SMALL-SCALE FT FACILITIES 346
16.4.2 TECHNICAL OPPORTUNITIES IN SYNGAS GENERATION AND CLEANING 347
16.4.3 TECHNICAL OPPORTUNITIES IN FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS 348- 16.4.4
TECHNICAL OPPORTUNITIES IN FT SYNCRUDE RECOVERY AND REFINING 349
16.4.4.1 SYNCRUDE RECOVERY DESIGN 349
16.4.4.2 TAIL GAS RECOVERY AND CONVERSION 350 16.4.4.3 AQUEOUS PRODUCT
REFINING 350 16.5 FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES: KEYS TO IMPROVED FT PROCESSES 351
16.5.1 NEW INSTRUMENTATION 351
16.5.2 NEW CATALYSTS AND SUPPORTS 352 16.5.3 ISOTOPIC LABELING 352
16.5.4 SURFACE MICROSCOPY 352
16.5.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS 352
16.5.6 GREENER PROCEDURES 353
16.6 CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE 353
16.6.1 HIATUS EFFECT 353
16.6.2 PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS 354
16.6.2.1 CRITICAL MATERIALS AVAILABILITY 354 16.6.2.2 EQUIPMENT
AVAILABILITY 354 16.6.2.3 TRAINED MANPOWER 355 16.6.2.4 WATER
AVAILABILITY 355
16.6.2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS, PERMITS, AND LICENSING 355 16.6.2.6
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS 355 16.6.3 POLITICS, PROFIT, A N D PERSPECTIVES
355 16.7 CONCLUSIONS 356
REFERENCES 357
GLOSSARY 359
INDEX 363 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Maitlis, Peter M. |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | p m m pm pmm |
| author_facet | Maitlis, Peter M. |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040748041 |
| classification_rvk | AR 26600 VE 7040 VK 5500 VK 7100 VN 9200 |
| classification_tum | CIT 576f CHE 167f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)829903266 (DE-599)DNB1023698196 |
| dewey-full | 662.6623 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 662 - Explosives, fuels & related products |
| dewey-raw | 662.6623 |
| dewey-search | 662.6623 |
| dewey-sort | 3662.6623 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Allgemeines Physik Chemie Chemie-Ingenieurwesen |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040748041 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-21T00:32:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527656868 9783527656851 9783527656844 9783527656837 3527329455 9783527329458 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025727838 |
| oclc_num | 829903266 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-634 DE-11 DE-703 DE-1029 DE-29T DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-92 DE-83 |
| physical | XVIII, 372 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks ed. by Peter M. Maitlis ... Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2013 XVIII, 372 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 gnd rswk-swf Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese (DE-588)4154472-9 gnd rswk-swf Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese (DE-588)4154472-9 s Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 s DE-604 Maitlis, Peter M. edt text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4066311&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025727838&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 gnd Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese (DE-588)4154472-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7563215-9 (DE-588)4154472-9 |
| title | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks |
| title_auth | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks |
| title_exact_search | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks |
| title_full | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks ed. by Peter M. Maitlis ... |
| title_fullStr | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks ed. by Peter M. Maitlis ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks ed. by Peter M. Maitlis ... |
| title_short | Greener Fischer-Tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks |
| title_sort | greener fischer tropsch processes for fuels and feedstocks |
| topic | Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 gnd Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese (DE-588)4154472-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grüne Chemie Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese |
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