Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris": 1 Korporacja i krąg przynależących do niej : kulturowe i społeczne podstawy działalności militarnej zakonu w Prusach (do początku XV wieku)
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Toruń
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika
2012
|
| Series: | Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego
1 |
| Online Access: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Teuthonic Order as corporatio militaris |
| Physical Description: | 602 s. 23 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788323129592 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof |d 1982- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1088445268 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" |n 1 |p Korporacja i krąg przynależących do niej : kulturowe i społeczne podstawy działalności militarnej zakonu w Prusach (do początku XV wieku) |c Krzysztof Kwiatkowski |
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| 300 | |a 602 s. |c 23 cm. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego |v 1 | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego |v ... | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Teuthonic Order as corporatio militaris | ||
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |u https://www.recensio.net/r/9522effde4f14d3cbb6e34be935ebd9d |y rezensiert in: Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, 21 (2013), S. 491 |3 Rezension |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025696650&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025696650&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1818602054664323073 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
. 7
1.
Postawienie problemu
. 7
2.
Dotychczasowa refleksja humanistyczna nad kulturowymi aspektami mi¬
litarnej aktywności człowieka w średniowieczu. Badania nad militarnym
wymiarem funkcjonowania zakonu niemieckiego w Prusach i jego tam¬
tejszego władztwa
. 22
3.
Kwestionariusz badawczy oraz zagadnienia metodologiczne i terminolo¬
giczne
. 40
4.
Ramy przestrzenne i czasowe studium
. 66
5.
Podstawa źródłowa badań
. 69
6.
Kompozycja pracy
. 77
7.
Uwagi techniczne
. 79
Rozdział i. Korporacja zakonu niemieckiego i jej struktura w kon¬
tekście REALIZOWANYCH PRZEZ
NIA
FUNKCJI MILITARNYCH. BRACIA ZAKON¬
NI {fratres,
brúdere)
. 85
1.1.
Militarna aktywność zakonu w Prusach i jej uwarunkowania mentalne
85
1.2.
Fórmame i
nieformalne normy określające funkcjonowanie zakonu w kon¬
tekście militarnego charakteru kolektywnej działalności jego członków
. 109
1.2.1.
Posłuszeństwo
(obediência,
gehorsam). 141
1.2.2.
Poszanowanie
(reverencia,
wirdekeit)
i cześć/honor
(ère,
honor)
. 171
1.2.3.
Służba
(servicium
i
ministerium;
dienst). 176
1.2.4.
Surowość
(rigor, hertekeit)
. 185
Ekskurs
1.
Formy komunikowania woli przez zwierzchników/przełożonych
(obersten). 190
Ekskurs
2.
Ekskluzywizm zakonu i jego wpływ na militarną przestrzeń aktyw¬
ności członków korporacji
. 192
Ekskurs
3.
Problem normatywnie warunkowanej formalnej i nieformalnej hie¬
rarchizacji wśród członków korporacji
. 199
Ekskurs
4.
Znaczenie rady
(consilium,
rât).
Kapituły
(capitula,
capitele)
i
ich
rola w kontekście aktywności militarnej zakonu
. 210
1.3.
Militarne powinności członków zakonu
. 216
1.3.1.
Regulacje statutowe i niepisane zwyczaje jako zespół norm okre¬
ślających przestrzeń czynności militarnych członków zakonu
. 216
1.3.2.
Normy dotyczące porządku w trakcie działań wojskowych
. 238
Ekskurs
5.
Formuły powoływania wojska („mobilizacji") i rodzaje działań woj¬
skowych
. 256
Ekskurs
6.
Etapy prowadzenia akcji militarnych
. 262
Rozdział
II.
Półczłonkowie zakonu niemieckiego (nienależacy ad
PLENUM CONSORCIUM)
. 265
2.1.
Półbracia {semifratres,
halpbrûdere)
. 269
2.2.
Półsiostry {consorores, halpswestern)
. 273
Rozdział III. Przynależący do kręgu zakonu niemieckiego i normy
DOTYCZĄCE PEŁNIONYCH PRZEZ NICH FUNKCJI MILITARNYCH
. 277
3.1.
Familiarzy
(familiares, heimeliché)
i konfratrzy (confratres, metebruder)
. 281
3.2.
Giermkowie zakonni (jungherren)
. 291
3.3.
Usługujący
. 292
3.3.1.
Dinerzy
{dienere)
(domowi/zamkowi)
. 314
3.3.2.
Komornicy (kemerere) i podkomornicy (unterkemerere)
. 352
3.3.3.
Włodarze
{vloder)
. 359
3.3.4.
Burgrabiowie {burggrafen)
. 361
3.3.5.
Witingowie (witinge)
. 366
3.3.6.
'Pruscy królowie
{reges, konige). 391
3.3.7.
Pachołkowie
(jungen,
servientes)
. 397
3.3.8.
Knechci
(knechte). 406
3.3.9.
Turkopole
(turkopeln)
I
'strzelcy' (schotczen)
. 416
3.3.10.
Strzelcy działowi (buchsenschotczen)
. 424
3.3.11.
Niewolni
(servi)
. 425
3.4.
Osoby stale działające na korzyść korporacji
. 431
3.4.1.
Skalowowie/Szalweńczycy (Schalauer)
. 434
3.4.2.
Kurowie
(Kuren). 445
Zakończenie
. 451
Wykaz skrótów
. 459
Wykaz źródeł i literatury
. 465
Summary
. 549
Indeks osobowy
. 557
Indeks geograficzny
. 567
Indeks rzeczowy
. 577
SUMMARY
THE TEUTONIC ORDER AS CORPORATIO MILITARIS.
PART I: CORPORATION AND THE CIRCLE
OF THE BELONGING-PEOPLES.
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF MILITARY ACTIVITY
OF THE ORDER IN PRUSSIA (INTO THE BEGINNING OF 15th CENTURY)
The present work is devoted to the study of the broadly defined foundations of the military
activity of the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order from the beginning of its presence
on the Lower Vistula River from the 2nd quarter of the 13th century up to the first decade
of the 15th century. The research is a revised and slightly extended version of the first part
of the dissertation defended in
2009
at the
Nicolaus
Copernicus University in
Toruń.
The
second part of the dissertation, amended as well, is to be published in
2014.
The extensive introduction, which is also partly an introduction to both parts of
the study, includes an overall concept of research, as well as the outline of a general
questionnaire and the current state of research on military issues related to the Order
(see Introduction
1
and
2).
It also includes a detailed description of the scope of research,
methodological background and cultural and anthropological concepts, which in some
aspects serve as auxiliary research tools. Then follows the explanation of the terms used
in the title of the book and other notions, which form the basic analytical categories of
the research (see Introduction
3
and
4).
And finally an overwiev of source materials can
be found, taking into consideration the specificity of certain types of written records. The
introduction closes with the outline of contents of the first part and the planned second
Part, as well as a mention of two more parts that are to complete the previous ones.
The military activity organised and run by members of the Order in Prussia in the
13th,
14*
an¿ the
early 15 th century was one of the most important activities of the Prussian
branch of Order, if not the most important of all. The military order was brought to the
Mazovia-Prussian border to provide a defense against the attacks of pagan tribal Baltic
communities and undertook an ideologically motivated (see
1,1)
confrontation with the
Prussian natives both on the outskirts of the then Christian
ecumene,
and the entire area
between the lower Vistula and the lower Neman. After nearly six decades of heavy fights,
a considerable part of the local people recognized the supremacy of the Order. In the
so-called "Prussian War" the Order engaged not only their own knight- and sariant
brothers, coming mainly from the central and eastern parts of the Roman Empire, but also
those who belonged to a varying degree to the corporation and the rest of the population
that recognized the superior power of the Order. This was the case in Prussia (until the
»0S/90S of the 13th century), and also when the war moved out of the area (from the
»0S/90S
of the
1
3th century in the so-called "Lithuanian War"). The analysis of the available
source material shows the intensity of military activity of the religious corporation, which
550
SUMMARY
was unusual in this part of Europe (within the studied period
1230-1410/1411
there were
around
460
major and minor military actions of various types that were testified, which
amount to ca
3.6
military actions per year).
In the face of such historical evidence, in the research process underlying the present
study, some basic questions were raised
-
primarily about the cultural basis of this
activity in their concrete historical dimension and then about the social matrix, in which
these cultural factors could play a part and therefore shape the then historical reality
(see Introduction
3).
In the present part I of the study the above research questionnaire
concerned the community of the Corporation itself (mainly the Prussian branch) and
the part of Prussia's inhabitants, whose relations with the Order
-
of various intensity
and multiple character
-
were based primarily on the statutory law
(ius particulare)
and
corporate customs of the Order.
In the present study the Order is treated first and foremost as a corporate community
with numerous features of an "organisation" in the sociological sense. The Order is
an example of a strong institutionalization of the Western Christianity structures and
religious orders in particular., which started in the 12th century. As such the Corporation
was based, on the one hand on papal mandates and exemption privileges, and on the other
hand on other formal and informal norms. Those norms in the first period of Order's
existence were either acquired from existing military orders (and through them also from
monastic orders) and partly from the mendicant orders, or were simply developed within
the community in the praxeological sphere of everyday life. A closer analysis showed
that, although the codified regulations, which had the force of statute law (written down
in the Rule, the Laws and the Rulings), had a decisive norm-setting significance, most of
the Order's praxeological daily activities were based on customs that reflected previous
practice of everyday life and religious formation. This did not only concern religious and
material dimension of their existence, but also military activity, which the subject of the
present study. Some customs were recorded around the mid-13th century in writing, thus
gaining the nature of formal norms, but others
-
perhaps most
-
continued to exist only
in the actual
usus,
bearing in oral transmission a declarative nature, and thus informal.
They could also be subject to changes according to the changing
usus.
Some customs
were recorded around the mid-
1
3th century in writing, thus gained the nature of formal
norms. However, other customs, maybe even majority of them, continued to exist only
in the actual
usus,
having in oral transmission a declarative nature, and thus informal.
They could also be subject to changes according to the changing
usus.
In conclusion, it
can be stated that only the written statutory norms of the Order together with written or
unwritten customs emerging from everyday corporate
usus
created full framework of the
functioning of the community (in collective dimension) and of its individual members (in
individual dimension). It turned out that the Order was a community, which was shaped
by its activities
-
including military actions
-
not only on the basis of legal regulations,
but also less formal or even informal norms coming from the religious formation of its
members (see
1.2).
Military activity, (as in the case of the Templars), and hospital activity were basic task
performed by the members of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The legal norms recorded
in the Statutes, as well as codified and
non
-codified customs did not actually include
practical indications, but rather defined the general framework of organization and
conduct. Those customs didn't really give indications on how to carry out military actions,
summary
551
but shaped the nature and categories of human relations and forms of communication
within the corporation. Those customs, acting as mental factors, influenced greatly the
participation of Orders members in military activity and each time their participation
was more or less inherently determined by them. The most essential was the monastically
understood "obedience" towards the superiors, first of all towards the Great Master. This
obedience was perceived as a virtue sanctified by the example of Christ's life and was the
most important premise conditioning the organization of collective military operations
(see
1.2.1).
Apart from that, the category of "reverence" towards superiors and "honor"
(see
1.2.2)
expressed to each other, played crucial role in military activities, which has not
been mentioned in historiography so far.
The above mentioned notions were also the framework for the dual understanding
of the word "ministry" (ministrerium) in the Order. On the one hand, ministry was
performed by the "reverends", brothers-officials
{obersten),
who were esteemed by their
subordinates. On the other hand, it was understood as "service" (serviciwn) rendered to
each other by the members of the Corporation (see
1.2.3).
The "severity" of the service
in the Order, expressed by various means, determined the "firmness" of the Corporation.
Members of the Order were conscious
ofthat
characteristic, in which they
sawa
significant
integrating value that operated constantly, to some extent autopoietically generating their
self-awareness (see
1.2.4).
Written regulations on concrete military activities of the Corporation, relating to its
praxeological and physical-material dimension, occupied a secondary place among legal
and customary norms. This may not come as a surprise given the fact that the new legal
culture and promotion of mental models (which gave priority to the statutory law above
the declaratory law and custom, which depended on the circumstances and community
consensus) came from religious circles, including monasteries. These were groups that
were not very familiar with warfare and had a rather limited interest in it. This military,
Praxeological sphere of the Orders functioning as corporatio militaris was basically
defined by unwritten customs, the contents of which depended on the specific conditions
under which particular Order houses and entire provinces operated.
Although some aspects of military activity (in Order houses, as well as during military
campaigns) were described in the codified customs, under no circumstances did these
Ritten
norms constitute a complete set of norms, which specified this space of activity.
Tne
unwritten gewonheiten were essentially of a different nature than the statutory legal
norms. The scope of their application was limited by the practice of everyday corporal life,
so that in each of the houses (or in groups of houses that were in relevant geographical
*nà
communicative proximity) separate customs could develop within time. Their
ioning in the Prussian branch of the Order in the 14th century finds confirmation in
source materials in at least several cases (see
1.2, 1.3.1-2).
it is possible to indicate definitively that the basis for concrete military activities
ш
the Order, and participation in these activities, was brothers subordination to their
superiors, which had its source in legal and customary norms and formal and informal
codes of conduct. The statutory law of the Order
(ius particulare)
defined quite clearly
»Hts
positive sphere the nature and extent of the ruling power possessed by brothers-
official. In its negative sphere
-
the statutory law defined sanctions imposed on the rest of
,
e bfothers for non-compliance with the decrees of their superiors and with the codified
legal norms. The vow of obedience was an expression of constant readiness to comply with
552
SUMMARY
the authority, and thus also to perform all required military obligations, which were to
be performed with a sense of fulfilled "service" (servicium). Its concrete form (including
military form) depended on the decrees of the superiors (see
1.2.1, 1.2.3).
In view of this new context showing the cultural basis of the Order's functioning, it
was explicitly stated that the norms codified in the Statutes (in a form that is essentially the
result of the Palestinian experiences of the community) should not be literally transferred
into the praxeological dimension of Prussian relations. The above statement also applies
to the regulations concerning the military activity of the Order. The distinction between
the norm-setting nature of the customs and between the statutory law
-
(iuris particularis)
has not yet been made in the historiography. This apparently formal incompatibility
of the majority of those regulations with the Prussian (or more broadly Baltic) reality of
those days was seen as an indication of the allegedly declining level in the observance
of statutory norms, starting in the mid-
1
3th century, and thus as a decline in the formation
of Order members. This assumption was based on some accidental mentions in historical
sources from the first decades of the 14th century, which allegedly confirmed the internal
crisis affecting the very nature of the corporation.
This new insight into the nature of the norms regulating the functioning of the Order
made it possible to shed new light on the issue of observance of statutory regulations. This
by no means implies invariably high standards of formation in the Order. However, it is
difficult to point out any specific and common symptoms of a crisis within the corporation
during the researched period. It should be noticed that the problems connected with the
observances were almost always present, for example
-
in the 1240s and 1260s, and the
1330s through 1360s. Therefore, an attempt to perceive the situation in the corporation
in terms of evolutionism commonly exploited in the research on religious communities
seems mostly futile. Some signs of a decline in the level of formation in the Order (or
more adequately of coherence in the military activity of corporation members), which
perhaps had a general rather than individual extent, can be observed in both the 1st and
in the 2nd halves of the 14th century (see
1.3.2).
Observations based on a comprehensive
analysis of the course of military actions of the time and concerning the military potential
of the Order and its Prussian dominion showed a need for some relativization of the
former, quite coherent view on the military power of the corporation during the so-called
time of "prosperity of the Order in Prussia" ranging from the 1440s and 1450s up to the
first years of the next century. Insofar as the historical sources show the constant influence
of cultural factors, especially mental ones during the studied period, they allow for
a slightly better explanation and understanding of the unchangeable, autopoietic ability
of the corporations to strain itself in the effort of organizing military actions regardless of
the chances to succeed.
From the very beginning of the corporation's military activity in Prussia, apart
from the members of the Order, who had the so-called plenum consortium, there was
also a diverse group of persons affiliated with the Corporation
(familia ordinis,
gesinde).
That diversity resulted neither in the usually different backgrounds, social status and
professions of the individuals before joining the community, nor in their wealth and
social prestige, but was based mainly on a different degree of participation in the life
of the corporation upon having joined the community (see
2
and
3).
A separate group
(very scarcely mentioned in available historical sources) consisted of half-members,
both male (half-brothers, see
2.1)
and female (half-sisters, see
2.2).
Their participation
SUMMARY
553
was
in the military activity undertaken by the Order, or at least in activities related to it,
„«
basically both accidental and incidental. That participation was the result, as in the case
of the corporation members, of the submission to the authority of their superiors, which
was based on the above mentioned norms
-
iuris particularis and customs.
Whereas the role of the half-members, from the point of view of the corporations
military activity, was very limited, the importance and the role of other groups closely
related to the corporation cannot be ignored. As in the case of corporate members and
half-members, their relations with the Order were based on the formal and informal
norms defining the functioning of the community. Hence, those persons can be defined
as belonging" to the circle of the Order. In the case of some of them, their involvement
Щ
the corporate life consisted primarily of involvement in the spiritual community (the
so-called confraternity). The confraters, as well as familiars, usually they gave a potential,
and sometimes active military support in the war waged by the Order against the Pagans,
even though according to the sources they were mostly far from Prussia (see
3.1).
Those
0
counted the most were the noble sons of the lords and knights, who as the Orders
squires terminated at convents located in the Roman Empire preparing themselves for
e
role of knights and perhaps brothers, acting as a kind of late medieval version of the
institution of
Oblates,
which had been known for several centuries at that point, (see
3.2).
In the studied period we can also differentiate a group surrounding the members
ot the corporation in Prussia, which all in all can be described as "servitors". Their
elonging to the circle of the Order has not been conceptualized, although in many cases
1
can certainly be described in the literature as a phenomenon that only recently has
een
recognized. The term "servitors" in its analytical and technical form matches late-
jnedieval German expressions such as gesinde and
gesellen -
those who "accompanied"
rothers,
and apart from the above mentioned, also a Latin expression
-familia.
So the
nomenclature of the time reflected their real distinction
-
at least from the point of view
oí
the corporation members (see
3.3).
Within the relations between the members of the Order, the most essential principle
^as the concept of "service" (servicium). In the common understanding
ofthat
term by
e
brothers, servicium was the primary task of all persons belonging to the corporation,
and
Щ
particular of the servitors. Regarding the serving nature of the duties of the
"^officials-brothers, servicium of those belonging to the corporation can be regarded
as a crucial norm. "Service" as a category specifying the general nature of their activity,
!?s conditioned primarily through the implementation of sworn (not vowed) obedience,
ne relation
between the servitors and the corporation was generally based on the oath
о*
fidelity to God and obedience towards brothers. They swore to act for the good of the
rder and to prevent any losses on the part of the Order. The praxeological sphere of
activities of all gesinde was defined by the norms contained in customs of the Order (some
0
which were written down over time and acted as statutory law), and all decrees on the
Pa« of the superiors.
lhe
sources coming mainly from the middle of the 14th century clearly indicate that
ne
majority of the servitors came from different groups of the country's population. At
tìe
turn of the 14th and 15th centuries, perhaps even a major part in this diverse group
Was represented by natives of different ethnic backgrounds. This is particularly evident
Jf relation to the amply described in the source texts institution of "diners", especially
^ "diners" of Great Masters (see
3.3.1.1).
Their service for the corporation, including
554
summary
military service (on military expeditions, acting as reconnoiterer, or within the military
crew at fortified points at the eastern and north-eastern edges of the country), was often
gratified, even in the form of land donations (see
3.3.1).
Order's heralds, who played
an unprecedented role, especially in the organization of military expeditions with the
participation of "guests" from Western Europe, were counted among the group of diners
(see
3.3.1.2).
But in the appointment of territorial levys, an important role was played by
manors masters, although their daily service was mainly purely economic (see
3.3.1.3).
An overwhelming majority of diners, if not all of them, lived near the Order's houses
while in the service for the corporation, and were maintained and equipped by brothers.
Not only diners obtained land, but the practice of such a rewarding for the service
can also be noticed towards a wide range of other people, whose status within the Order's
circle was similar to diners. Among them, certain proximity with the country (origin,
kinship, or inheritance rights to landed estates) apart from servitors of Baltic origin
-
so-called "witings" (see
3.3.5)
and "Prussian kings" (see
3.3.6)
can be seen in the case of
bailiffs (kemerers) and sub-bailiffs (underkemere) (see
3.3.2),
manors (vlodere) (see
3.3.3)
and burgraves (burggrafen), who were involved in the administration of the land (see
3.3.4).
In the book the thesis about the "witings" as a kind of "standing army" in the
Land has been negatively verified. The fallacy of this opinion was demonstrated in the
sense that the "witings" were not so much a unified, concentrated and barracked group of
professional warriors remaining in one place, but rather a group of free Baltic population
recruited from the local communities of indigenous peoples
-
servitors, not necessarily
specialized exclusively in armed combat, as they also possessed land.
Probably a minor position in relation to diners, yet distinct in some way, was assigned
to the "shooters" (understood as a type of servitors, not an armed formation), whose
functions (primarily military functions) referred directly to a separate group of gesinde
recruited in the 13th century by the Order in Levant
-
Turkopoles (see
3.3.9).
Apart from
them, from the mid-14th century we can distinguish cannon shooters who belonged to the
circle of the Order (see
3.3.10).
The remaining gesinde, namely various kinds of "servants"
(knechte),
were involved
in the communication with the members of the Order on a lower level, (see
3.3.8)
They
were engaged in military activities in a limited way, as their main obligation towards
Order houses consisted of physical work. However, at least some of them were engaged
in military activity, such as ¡maintenance, repair of the weapons and equipment, and even
manufacturing of less technologically advanced armaments. Some of them participated in
military actions as "squires"
(Jungen)
to the brothers, which at the end of the 14th century,
if not earlier, often led to establishing an interpersonal "master-servant" relationship (see
3.3.7).
A certain significance is also ascribed to the presence of a relatively poorly
documented in the sources group of non-frees, who essentially originated from numerous
Baits captured in war expeditions. Their, perhaps temporarily, massive influx into Prussia,
understood, as forced migration from the east, was barely described in the literature,
which was concentrated on the Western colonization (see
3.3.11).
Skalovians (see
3.4.1)
and Curonians (the inhabitants of the north-eastern edges of the
country) were related with the corporation on the basis of more intensive communication
than that typical of the order towards its subjects (see
3.4.2).
It does not seem, however,
that their relationship with the Order was based on corporate norms.
summary
555
Concentration of initially separate groups of Baltic warriors at several defense points
in sparsely colonised and poorly developed areas of Scalowia and the „Curonian-Karsovian
Transition Zone" was primarily a sign of the deployment of structures resembling, in
many ways, fellowships. Those fellowships were involved in military activities on the far
outskirts of the Land, in which the authority of the Order had merely a pertinencial and
punctual character in the early
1
5th century. As far as witings are concerned, the thesis that
they represented a kind of "standing army" of the Order has been rejected in the present
study. The opposite to some degree could be said about Skalovians and Curonians, who
to a certain degree showed some features of a "standing armed force".
The calling of armed Baltic groups (resembling fellowships) by the Order, equaled
the formula of military organizations that, in the 14th century, was no longer in use within
the central sphere of Latin cultural circle. In this way the Order gained an armed group
that was well-trained,
effective
in local conditions, and in a constant state of readiness. It
should be highlighted that under conditions of increasingly commercialized ruling and
administration, the maintenance of this group put a strain on the Order, even though
the maintenance was only partially organized by the Corporation. The effort to keep this
armed group, in the end of the 14th and the early 15th century, actually had a countrywide
dimension.
Here it is possible to state that we are dealing with effective rule in the military sphere
on the basis of rather "archaic" structures. Undoubtedly, it creates a clear discrepancy
with an image, still functioning in the literature, of the Order and its rule in Prussia as
a modern" organisation or at least bearing signs of "modernity" Should this phenomenon
be treated only as something specific to the Orders authority in Prussia, or perhaps as
a general feature of communities functioning in a cross-cultural zone on the outskirts of
the then Latin
Ecumene?
This new question may be, in addition to the conclusions, one
°f the most valuable results of this study.
The findings concerning Skalovians and Curonians presented in the final parts,
reveal yet another aspect of the issues discussed
-
namely, the unclear intertwining and
overlapping of Orders functioning as a religious corporation and as a supreme ruler in
Prussia. Whereas in the first part, the cultural and social foundations of Order's military
activity in its corporate dimension were presented, the second part will be a direct
continuation of those considerations containing the analysis of the basis of the Order's
military activity as a ruler of the country as well as of the social aspects of this activity. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof 1982- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1088445268 |
| author_facet | Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof 1982- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof 1982- |
| author_variant | k k kk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040716346 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)828790707 (DE-599)BVBBV040716346 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040716346 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-16T13:01:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323129592 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025696650 |
| oclc_num | 828790707 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-B220 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-B220 DE-20 |
| physical | 602 s. 23 cm. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego |
| series2 | Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego |
| spelling | Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof 1982- Verfasser (DE-588)1088445268 aut Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" 1 Korporacja i krąg przynależących do niej : kulturowe i społeczne podstawy działalności militarnej zakonu w Prusach (do początku XV wieku) Krzysztof Kwiatkowski Toruń Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika 2012 602 s. 23 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego 1 Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego ... Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Teuthonic Order as corporatio militaris (DE-604)BV040716332 1 Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego 1 (DE-604)BV040716342 1 https://www.recensio.net/r/9522effde4f14d3cbb6e34be935ebd9d rezensiert in: Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, 21 (2013), S. 491 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025696650&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025696650&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof 1982- Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" Dzieje Zakonu Niemieckiego |
| title | Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" |
| title_auth | Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" |
| title_exact_search | Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" |
| title_full | Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" 1 Korporacja i krąg przynależących do niej : kulturowe i społeczne podstawy działalności militarnej zakonu w Prusach (do początku XV wieku) Krzysztof Kwiatkowski |
| title_fullStr | Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" 1 Korporacja i krąg przynależących do niej : kulturowe i społeczne podstawy działalności militarnej zakonu w Prusach (do początku XV wieku) Krzysztof Kwiatkowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" 1 Korporacja i krąg przynależących do niej : kulturowe i społeczne podstawy działalności militarnej zakonu w Prusach (do początku XV wieku) Krzysztof Kwiatkowski |
| title_short | Zakon niemiecki jako "Corporatio militaris" |
| title_sort | zakon niemiecki jako corporatio militaris korporacja i krag przynalezacych do niej kulturowe i spoleczne podstawy dzialalnosci militarnej zakonu w prusach do poczatku xv wieku |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/9522effde4f14d3cbb6e34be935ebd9d http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025696650&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025696650&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040716332 (DE-604)BV040716342 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kwiatkowskikrzysztof zakonniemieckijakocorporatiomilitaris1 |