My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ...: emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Gdańsk
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
2012
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 424-446. Indeks |
| Physical Description: | 473, [1] s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788373269101 |
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| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 424-446. Indeks | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
.........................................................................................................................9
Rozdział
1
Liczba i rozmieszczenie emigrantów z Polski w Szwecji
.................................24
1.1.
Liczba obywateli polskich w Szwecji w latach
1945-1956.
Kierunku tendencje migracyjne
........................................................................26
1.2.
Zmiany ilościowe grupy emigrantów z Polski w latach
1956-1968........33
1.3.
Przybycie emigrantów pomarcowych
1968-1970..........................................38
1.4.
Napływ emigrantów z Polski w latach
1970-1980.....................................39
Rozdział
2
Charakterystyka społeczno-ekonomiczna polskiej grupy emigracyjnej
.......42
2.1.
Sytuacja byłych więźniów w obozach na terenie Szwecji
.........................42
2.2.
Emigranci z Polski na szwedzkim rynku pracy
.........................................44
2.3.
Struktura społeczna emigrantów
..................................................................50
2.4.
Adaptacja do nowych warunków i asymilacja
...........................................52
2.5.
Sytuacja socjalna i materialna
........................................................................58
2.6.
Małżeństwa mieszane
..........................................................................................60
2.7.
Drugie pokolenie emigrantów
...........................................................................64
Rozdział
3
Stosunek władz i mieszkańców Szwecji do imigrantów polskich
.................66
3.1.
Przyjęcie i opieka nad więźniami hitlerowskich obozów
koncentracyjnych
............................................................................................66
3.2.
Ewolucja sytuacji emigrantów w świetle szwedzkich regulacji
prawnych
..........................................................................................................70
3.3.
Postrzeganie emigrantów z Polski w Szwecji
.............................................90
3.4.
Wsparcie dla działalności środowisk emigracyjnych
................................95
Rozdział
4
Organizacja i funkcjonowanie życia społeczno-politycznego
emigrantów polskiego uchodźstwa niepodległościowego
..............................99
4.1.
Organizacje polityczne i ich działalność
....................................................100
4.1.1.
Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów
..........................................101
4.1.2.
Polski Związek byłych Więźniów Politycznych
.............................126
4.1.3.
Koło Lwowian
.....................................................................................133
4.1.4.
Inne organizacje
...................................................................................138
4.2.
Organizacje parasolowe
...............................................................................142
4.2.1.
Rada Uchodźstwa Polskiego
.............................................................142
4.2.2.
Zjednoczenie Polskie
.........................................................................158
4.2.3.
Federacja Uchodźstwa Polskiego
......................................................164
4.3.
Organizacje społeczne i charytatywne
.......................................................168
4.3.1.
Polski Komitet Pomocy w Szwecji
....................................................168
4.3.2.
Pozostałe formy pomocy charytatywnej
..............................................172
4.4.
Partie polityczne na emigracji
.....................................................................175
4.4.1.
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe
.............................................................175
4.4.2.
Polska Partia Socjalistyczna
...............................................................177
4.5.
Organizacje młodzieżowe
............................................................................181
4.5.1
Zrzeszenie Studentów Polskich oraz Zrzeszenie Studentów
i Absolwentów Polskich w Szwecji
...................................................181
4.5.2.
Organizacje harcerskie
......................................................................190
4.6.
Współpraca z innymi grupami etnicznymi na emigracji w Szwecji
.....195
Rozdział
5
Władze polskie wobec emigrantów w Szwecji
................................................197
5.1.
Związek Patriotów Polskich
.......................................................................197
5.2.
Repatriacja obywateli do kraju w latach
1945-1946.................................200
5.3.
Działalność propagandowa konsulatu
......................................................204
5.4.
Funkcjonowanie organizacji prokrajowych
.............................................213
5.4.1.
Stowarzyszenie Studentów Polskich „Bratnia Pomoc
.................213
5.4.2.
Komitety polonijne
.............................................................................215
5.4.3.
Organizacje polonijne
.........................................................................217
5.4.4.
Powołanie Centralnego Związku Organizacji Polonijnych
..........228
5.5.
Możliwości przyjazdu emigrantów do Polski
..........................................231
5.6.
Działalność Towarzystwa „Polonia i ZBoWiD wobec emigracji
w Szwecji
........................................................................................................235
5.7.
Inwigilacja emigracji przez peerelowskie służby specjalne
....................238
Rozdział
6
Emigracja wobec Polski
......................................................................................260
6.1.
Wyjazdy do kraju
..........................................................................................260
6.2.
Stosunek emigracji do wydarzeń w Polsce
..............................................263
6.2.1.
W latach
1945-1956.............................................................................263
6.2.2.
W latach
1956-1969.............................................................................267
6.2.3.
W latach
1970-1980.............................................................................271
6.3.
Współpraca z opozycją w Polsce
................................................................275
Rozdział
7
Emigracja a Londyn i pozostałe polskie ośrodki uchodźcze
.........................283
7.1.
Opieka Społeczna nad uchodźcami w latach
1945-1947.........................283
7.2.
Związki z Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Uchodźstwie
.............286
7.3.
Działalność szwedzkiej komisji Skarbu Narodowego
............................293
7.4.
Biuro Rozgłośni Polskiej Radia Wolna Europa
.......................................295
Rozdział
8
Społeczność Żydów polskich w Szwecji
...........................................................299
8.1.
Żydzi polscy w Szwecji w okresie
1945-1968...........................................299
8.2.
Charakterystyka emigracji żydowskiej w latach
1968-1970...................301
8.3.
Związek Żydów Polskich i inne organizacje
.................................................306
Rozdział
9
Rola opieki duszpasterskiej w życiu emigracji
...............................................310
9.1.
Działalność Kościoła katolickiego
..............................................................310
9.2.
Pozostałe grupy wyznaniowe
.....................................................................327
Rozdział
10
Życie kulturalne i oświatowe emigracji
...........................................................331
10.1.
Działalność Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Szwecji
1945-1947......................331
10.2.
Literatura emigracyjna i promocja kultury
.............................................334
10.3.
Muzyka i taniec
...........................................................................................338
10.4.
Szkoły emigracyjne i szkółki niedzielne
..................................................343
10.5.
Biblioteki emigrantów
................................................................................359
10.6.
Prasa emigracyjna
.......................................................................................363
Rozdział
11
Obecność emigrantów z Polski w życiu publicznym Szwecji
.......................376
11.1.
Dziennikarstwo i dyplomacja
...................................................................377
11.2.
Literatura i działalność wydawnicza
.......................................................382
11.3.
Nauka
............................................................................................................386
11.4.
Dziedziny artystyczne
................................................................................397
Zakończenie
.................................................................................................417
Bibliografia
............................................................................................................424
Wykaz skrótów
.....................................................................................................447
Wykaz szwedzkich instytucji zajmujących się problemem imigrantów
.....450
Indeks osób
...........................................................................................................451
Summary
...............................................................................................................471
SUMMARY
The aim of this essay is an attempt to characterize the society of Polish immigrants in Swe¬
den, inconsiderably of their religion or native origins. The considerations relate to the way
Polish citizens function (as well as those, who left Poland voluntarily or by force, but al¬
ready received Swedish citizenship). The main goal of this book is to describe Polish immi¬
grant community in Sweden from the social, economical and political point of view. This
results in further research questions: how was the group of Polish immigrants organized
in Sweden? What was the attitude of both Polish and Swedish local authorities towards
that group? Moreover, it is crucial to try to find the answers to questions associated with
the relations inside that society and with those related to Poland, seen both as a fatherland
and centre of authorities, whose decisions encouraged, in a way, the immigrants to stay
abroad.
Since the number of Polish citizens in Sweden increased significantly during last
months of the war World War II, this period was the beginning of the research censor¬
ship. The ending came in
1980,
mainly for two reasons. First of all the August strikes and
the change of political situation in Poland caused another emigration wave, very frequent¬
ly called the Solidarity Wave . That was a specific and numerous group. Taking it into ac¬
count would broaden up the number of threads, thus make it difficult to analyze the spe¬
cific features of
1945-1980
immigration thoroughly.
The documents stored in a couple of archives were the prime source of information.
The most important one were The Archives of Polish Emigration in Stockholm, situated in
the building of Polish Independence Organizations Center. They contain various materials
concerning mostly several organizations associated with independence emigration, that
had an anticommunist stance, and was allied with the London authorities. Accompaning
these documents are papers from the Emigration Archives in University of TorurVs library,
Polish Institute Archives, and the Sikorski s Museum in London, collections of
Ossolineum
and other data kept in
Riksarkivet
in Stockholm. Warsaw s Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ar¬
chive materials were also used, as they contain consular reports crucial to the topic.
The book consists of eleven chapters. The first one aims to determine the range of
emigration from Poland to Sweden in a certain period of time, and the process of settling in
the country of destination, while taking various migration waves into account. The second
chapter makes an attempt to describe the socio-economical position of the immigrants, as
well as their place on the Swedish labour market. Some adaptation problems encountered
471
by the immigrants and their families are brought here to notice. The next chapter focuses
on the attitudes of Swedish authorities and society towards the immigrants from Poland
in different periods of time. The attention is also drawn to Swedish immigration politics
and the way Polish refugees were treated. The fourth chapter constitutes of a broad com¬
ment on the organizational structures of so-called pro-independance emigration, an anti-
communist one, reluctant to PRP (People s Republic of Poland). In this chapter the most
important associations and organizations are described in detail, as well as their relations
with other immigrant societies within Swedish borders. The fifth chapter introduces mul¬
tilayer politics of Polish authorities towards the emigration phenomenon, especially the
Swedish one, and the actions held in order to both invigilate and win over the Polish col¬
onies. There s also a description of the associations called regime ones by reluctant activ¬
ists of independence emigration. The sixth chapter is closely connected with the previous
one as it deals with different attitudes of the immigrants towards the Poles staying in their
native land, towards PRP authorities and democratic opposition that turned up on the po¬
litical scene in the 1970 s. Another chapter portrays the connection with the London gov¬
ernment and gives examples of cooperation with other Polish centers of emigration life,
not only in Europe. The eighth chapter is focused on the means of functioning of the soci¬
ety of Polish Jews, a topic not present in the previous chapters but necessary to show the
whole picture of organizational skills and actions of the Polish immigrants. Next chapters
relate to various activities, which the immigrants partook in. Thus, the ninth chapter de¬
scribes the role of church in life of Polish immigrants, the tenth points to many aspects of
their cultural life: development of literature, schooling, artistic life, Polish journalism and
functioning of the libraries. The last chapter attempts to show the influence of Polish immi¬
grants on public life in Sweden and to point out all those significant artists, scientists, dip¬
lomats, journalists and literates, who found their place in the Swedish awareness by the
means of their achievements.
The society of immigrants from Poland, who settled down in Sweden between the
year
1945
and
1980
was not a homogeneous one. Many factors affected that situation. The
first one was the diversity present amongst the numerous group of former Nazi-prison¬
ers from the labour camps, who were transported to Sweden in April
1945,
as a result of
the Sweden s Red Cross actions. They represented different nationalities living in Poland
in those days, which was clearly visible as far as the ethnic, social and professional aspects
are taken into account. A significant difference constitutes the fact that most of them
(90%)
were women. More than a third of them decided to settle down in Sweden, the rest went
back to their native land, to Palestine or to various western countries. Next waves of Polish
immigrants were far more diversified, which resulted from the factors that had forced
those people to leave their country. Amongst them there were Jews escaping their war
memories and anti-Semitism still present in Poland, which had made it difficult to plan
the rest of their life in their former homeland. Among the refugees were military men, stu¬
dents and other people who, for political or economical reasons, decided to leave the coun¬
try illegally. After the year
1968
over
3,000
Polish Jews arrived in Sweden, who had become
the victims of political games. In
1970 14,000
people born in Poland lived in Sweden. That
group consisted of: war exiles (about
6,000),
post-March emigration (about
3,000)
and ille¬
gal emigrants (about
4,000-5,000).
The increase in that numbers came in the following dec¬
ade, when it was easier to obtain a passport. This made travelling possible for the next cou¬
ple of thousands of Polish citizens. In
1980
Swedish statistics recorded
20,000
people in the
category born in Poland . That included
7,000
people with Polish citizenship. About six¬
ty
60%
of those who arrived in the 1970 s were women who had got married or were plan¬
ning to do so.
Each of the groups mentioned above was in a different legal and economical situa¬
tion. In the beginning there were very limited possibilities of finding a job and providing
472
for oneself in the exile, especially during the first years of the stay in a new country. How¬
ever, representatives of particular emigration waves held a high opinion of Sweden, since
the later immigrants chose Sweden as their destiny in full consciousness. The exception is
the group of former prisoners of
1945.
The reason for that can be found in the fact that Swe¬
den was a prosperous, rich country, which provided safety on every level. That was why
the immigrants were loyal to their new motherland, despite individual opinions on Swe¬
den. The rise in their material status allowed them not to worry about basic needs, which
very often were the number one reason for emigrating in the first place.
It is hard to estimate in what part the Polish emigration consisted of political refugees
and in what part or economical ones. When participation in the internal life of emigration
(through memberships in organizations, engagement in various environmental initiatives
or simply presence at patriotic, cultural or religious meetings) is taken into account, it be¬
comes clear that only a very small group remained active. In the late
1940
s
there was about
15-20%
of immigrants who were members of various associations. It resulted from the fact
that those, who decided not to be repatriated to Poland, stayed in Scandinavia intention¬
ally. Mainly due to a strong opposition towards the Polish government of that time. In the
following years economical motives started to outweigh the political ones. Fewer and few¬
er people took part in the internal life of the emigration society. Those were also groups
representing new generations, less involved in politics and not aware of complicated char¬
acter of conceptual differences, that had been absorbing the Poles who settled in the for¬
eign lands.
This relatively small group (in
1950
it was about
6%,
and in
1977 2%
of all the foreign¬
ers living in Sweden, so less than a half of percent of all Swedish citizens) was trying to in¬
fluence the development of their new homeland, even if their minds remained in the old
one. They assimilated relatively quickly and quite well. Whenever the legal regulations al¬
lowed it, they attempted to receive the Swedish citizenship. They did not take an active
part in the internal life of local societies, since they were concentrating on building their
lives from the ground level
-
they had to purchase the items of basic necessity, clothes, etc.
That society, diverse in terms of education, age and professional structure was not ready
to participate in the life of regional communities. It is possible, that they were convinced
there is no reason to get involved in such efficiently working social and political systems
as those witnessed in Sweden.
The attitude of Polish authorities towards Poles and polish Jews who settled in Swe¬
den evolved from a very reluctant one, which equalled the choice of emigration with na¬
tional treason, to a friendly one, which however had a PRP propaganda behind it. The
immigrants were infiltrated by secret services. They tried to control the activities of exile
organizations, to discredit the actions of those who stood in opposition to Polish authori¬
ties and their political system openly. The societies of immigrants were used in PRP propa¬
ganda to picture the support of Polish emigrants for Polish government. To encourage that
situation attempts were made to split and stir the immigrant societies reluctant towards
the authorities residing in Warsaw. The emigration was also a tool for strengthening a pos¬
itive image of PRP in Sweden, which had been gaining importance as an economical part¬
ner for Poland since the
1960
s.
Polish emigration in Sweden was not just a group of organizations but, more impor¬
tantly, of individuals who created them, and that includes those who were not involved in
any association or organization, but nonetheless were the members of the emigration soci¬
ety. A list of names with over half a thousand entries of representatives of Polish emigra¬
tion in Sweden proves that it was an active group, that could unite for the sake of common
goals, despite rather different opinions about each other. On the list there are activists, as
well as regular people who only made their presence in the life of the analyzed society for
a short period of time.
473
The society of Polish immigrants in Sweden during the examined period was strong¬
ly diversified, but no less (or maybe that much more) interesting because of that, and sure¬
ly active, since one of the publicists on exile wrote in
1946:
„here in Sweden we do not give
up, we do not let the moss cover us ...
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kłonczyński, Arnold 1967- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1212952820 |
| author_facet | Kłonczyński, Arnold 1967- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kłonczyński, Arnold 1967- |
| author_variant | a k ak |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040704126 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)844027357 (DE-599)BVBBV040704126 |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1990 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1990 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Szwecja / emigracja i imigracja / 1945-1990 jhpk Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Szwecja / emigracja i imigracja / 1945-1990 Schweden |
| id | DE-604.BV040704126 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:32:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788373269101 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025684597 |
| oclc_num | 844027357 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 473, [1] s. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kłonczyński, Arnold 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)1212952820 aut My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 Arnold Kłonczyński Gdańsk Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego 2012 473, [1] s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 424-446. Indeks Geschichte 1945-1990 gnd rswk-swf Polacy / Szwecja / 1945-1990 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd rswk-swf Szwecja / emigracja i imigracja / 1945-1990 jhpk Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 gnd rswk-swf Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 s Geschichte 1945-1990 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025684597&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025684597&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kłonczyński, Arnold 1967- My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 Polacy / Szwecja / 1945-1990 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4013960-8 (DE-588)4077258-5 |
| title | My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 |
| title_auth | My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 |
| title_exact_search | My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 |
| title_full | My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 Arnold Kłonczyński |
| title_fullStr | My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 Arnold Kłonczyński |
| title_full_unstemmed | My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 Arnold Kłonczyński |
| title_short | My w Szwecji nie porastamy mchem ... |
| title_sort | my w szwecji nie porastamy mchem emigranci z polski w szwecji a latach 1945 1980 |
| title_sub | emigranci z Polski w Szwecji a latach 1945 - 1980 |
| topic | Polacy / Szwecja / 1945-1990 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polacy / Szwecja / 1945-1990 Polen Volk Einwanderung Szwecja / emigracja i imigracja / 1945-1990 Schweden |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025684597&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025684597&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kłonczynskiarnold mywszwecjinieporastamymchememigrancizpolskiwszwecjialatach19451980 |