Predateli ili žertvy vojny: kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Petrozavodsk
Izdat. PetrGU
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. |
| Beschreibung: | 242 S., [4] Bl. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9785802113677 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
От автора
................................................... 4
Введение
.................................................... 6
Глава
1.
Коллаборационизм в Карелии и на оккупированной
территории Восточной Финляндии в годы
советско-финляндской (Зимней) войны
1939-1940
гг
....................................... 14
1.1.
Сотрудничество финского гражданского
населения с советскими органами власти
............. 14
1.2.
Коллаборационизм среди военнопленных
воюющих армий в период Зимней войны
............. 60
Глава
2.
Коллаборационизм на территории Карелии
в период Великой Отечественной войны
(1941-1944)........................................ 90
2.1.
Политический коллаборационизм
.................... 91
2.2.
Экономическая (хозяйственная) коллаборация
....... 99
2.3.
Культурный коллаборационизм
...................... 122
2.4.
Военный коллаборационизм
......................... 143
Глава
3.
Коллаборационизм в Карелии и вопрос
о ликвидации Карело-Финской ССР в
1944
г
........ 183
3.1.
Проблемы эвакуации населения Карелии в начальный
период Великой Отечественной войны в контексте
коллаборационизма
................................. 183
3.2.
Коллаборационизм и борьба руководства Карело-
Финской ССР за сохранение республики в
1944
г
...... 192
Заключение
................................................. 211
Summary
.................................................... 218
Список источников и литературы
........................... 225
Список сокращений
......................................... 240
Summary
Summing up the results of the research, first of all, it is ne¬
cessary to note that the scale of collaborationism development in
Karelia and Finland during World War II was negligible. Only a small
number of caught in the Soviet occupation zone Finnish civilians and
Finnish prisoners of war cooperated with the Soviet state and military
authorities during the Soviet
-
Finnish (Winter) War
(1939-1940).
Due to a small number of Finnish civilians and their unwillingness to
cooperate with occupation administration the Soviet authorities failed
to create a broad base of support of People s Government of Finland
headed by Kuusinen from the local population.
The conclusion that collaborationism didn t spread widely between
Finns during the Winter War is also verified by the fact that from
2080
of Finish civilians appeared on the territory of the Soviet Karelia after
the end of military actions only
150
people decided to stay in the USSR
(7,2
%У,
and others came back to their motherland. For the most part
it was people who cooperated with the Soviet state and military au¬
thorities and were afraid to be punished in Finland. Only a small part
of Finns refused to return home by the ideological reasons.
Collaborationism of Soviet civilians and Soviet prisoners of war
on the occupied territory of the Soviet Karelia and Finland during the
Great Patriotic War also didn t find a wide spread. It was clearly dem¬
onstrated in the final stage of military actions in the North when dur¬
ing the Soviet troops attack in summer of
1944
Finnish military units
began to retreat and therefore evacuation of local people also began.
2799
people were evacuated from the occupied Karelian territory
to Finland, or only
3,35 %
of total population of occupied zone, among
them representatives of the related to Fins peoples accounted
2196
people
(1422
Karelians,
314
Veps,
214
Finns,
176
Ingrians and
70
oth¬
ers), other peoples
- 603 (244
Russians,
259
Ukrainians and
100
oth-
219 ■
ers)2.
There is also data about Petrozavodsk. In the end of June
1944
when Finnish troops left the town only
487
people from
7589
of free
civilians came with them3.
The data shows the number of people moved to Finland was negli¬
gible. Notably,
3,35 %
of collaborationists includes both people actively
cooperated with occupation regime as well as people sympathized
to the enemy. The data is significantly lower than those quoted by
V. I. Boyarsky in the book Partisans and army: the history of lost op¬
portunities ( Partizany
і
armiya: istoriya uteryannyh vozmozhnostei )
and those the author noted in the introduction: After several years of
occupation
10 %
of population can become traitors
(3 % -
active and
7 % -
sympathized to the enemy) 4. Thus, we can confidently assert
that the scale of collaborationism on the occupied territory of Karelia
was significantly lower than in other country s regions that caught in
the occupation zone.
It is primarily explained by the fact that there was no social base
for a wide development of collaborationism in the occupied Karelian
regions. The background of the base during the Great Patriotic War
consists of people offended by the Soviet authority (dispossessed ku¬
laks, people suffered from religion persecutions, people repressed in
the period of mass repressions in the second half of
1930s
for political
and national reasons etc.). Such people appeared to be very few in the
occupied zone.
Generally evacuation of the population during the first period of
the Great Patriotic War in Karelia, that at once became the front¬
line republic, succeeded in a very short time. All in all, according to
the incomplete data, more than
530
thousands from
700
thousands
of people who lived in the republic before the war were evacuated
from the occupied republic regions. Working people of Karelia
moved to the Vologda region, the Arkhangelsk region, the Kirov re¬
gion, the Sverdlovsk region, the Gorkov region, the Novosibirsk re¬
gion, the Chelyabinsk region and others as well as to Komi, Bash¬
kir, Chuvash, Udmurt and Tatar republics. Part of the population
was evacuated to the eastern shore of the Onega Lake
-
the Pudozh
region.
■ 220
In the process of evacuation People s Commissariat for State Se¬
curity of the Karelian-Finnish
SSR
first evacuated prisoners from
Vyborg and Petrozavodsk jails as well as prisoners from cages that
were part of the White-Sea-Baltic Plant (Belomorsko-Baltic Plant). In
the end of
1930s
the number of prisoners and special settlers worked
for the White-Sea-Baltic Plant accounted for a quarter of all Karelian
population5. Besides, special settlers (former kulaks) who had been ex¬
pelled from other parts of the Soviet Union to the special settlements
in Karelia in
1930s
were also primarily evacuated. At the same time
evacuation began even before the beginning of the military actions
on the territory of the Karelian-Finnish
SSR
and entering of Finland
in the war against the USSR in favour of Nazi Germany6. It can be as¬
sumed that the Soviet authorities were frightened that not-evacuated
doubtful element which is under consideration could take the side
of the enemy.
All of these actions carried out by People s Commissariat for State
Security of the Karelian-Finnish
SSR
in the beginning of the war were
of compulsory nature. However, as it is seen from the further events
during the Finnish occupation of Karelia, they significantly reduced
the social base of collaborationism development.
The absence of wide development of collaborationism on the occu¬
pied Karelian territory became the main argument for the government
of the republic on summer
1944
when the Central Committee of the
Ail-Union Communist Party considered the issue about the Karelian-
Finnish
SSR
liquidation and removal of
Karelians,
Veps and Finns to
Siberia. The republic was saved and the tragic consequences of peo¬
ple s deportation managed to be avoided7.
V. I. Boyarsky in the foregoing monograph said that after several
years of the occupation
20 %
from
90 %
of patriots would join the Re¬
sistance movement and would actively fight against the enemy. About
70 %
would take up passive and waiting position8. Examination of the
numerous of documentary, and primarily archival sources, which were
previously secret and only recently became available to researches
shows that these numbers also generally correspond to Karelia. The
221 ■
majority of population caught in the occupation zone didn t cooper¬
ate with occupants, but took up passive position aiming primarily at
surviving in the extreme conditions of the war. And it concerned party
officials as well as ordinary civilians. So, from July
1944
to May
1945
the Central Committee of the Ail-Union Communist Party of the Kare¬
lian-Finnish
SSR
repeatedly considered the cases about communists
left on the occupied territory. The decisions of the issues emphasized
that many of communists in the occupied regions hid or destroyed
their party membership cards, worked in their personal farms. They
didn t have active position in the struggle against occupants, didn t
cooperate with partisans and
undergrounders,
which worked as elders.
Such communists were excluded from the party with formulation for
passing behavior 9.
Generally the major part of local people in spite of massive na¬
tionalistic propaganda remained loyal to their motherland and didn t
want to move to alien country especially to one that was on the edge of
military defeat. It should be taken into consideration that many people
of the occupied by Finns regions of Karelia waited for their fathers,
husbands, brothers and sons fought in the Red Army.
However for some part of the Soviet population caught in the oc¬
cupation zone, evacuation to Finland was inevitable: for those who
served for Finnish occupation authorities and were afraid of arraign¬
ment for treason; women married Finnish men and men gone to re¬
lated battalions.
The analysis of the documentary materials shows that the national
policy of Finnish occupation regime in Karelia in
1941-1944
aimed
at division of population by nationality (Finno-Ugrians and Russians)
didn t bring expected results
-
Soviet
Karelians,
Veps, Finns failed to
be brought to the Finnish side. Moreover, those who were to liberate
from Russian slavery defended independence of their country with
arms in their hands along with Russians and other peoples of the So¬
viet Union.
In the Soviet Union people who collaborated with Finnish occu¬
pation regime or fought as a part of Finnish troops against the Red
■ 222
Army and who stayed on the territory of the USSR after the war were
regarded as traitors of the Motherland for a long time and were for¬
gotten. For many years there was stable negative attitude to the popu¬
lation which unwillingly was caught in the Finnish occupation. The
rejection was shown primarily by the Soviet and economic bodies.
It is proved by many memories of the people who survived through
the occupation. For example, a resident of village Sheltozero Taisiya
Maksimova answered to the question How did Soviet authorities
and people who returned from evacuation behave towards you af¬
ter all? : The authority didn t say anything but we were so tortured
on timber stockpiling! Especially those who were occupied! Some¬
times they didn t pay us money, only said something unclear, and
we didn t have normal living conditions... In Paisky timber industry
enterprise people lived in cold buildings, and one more thing that
they did
-
the card was
600
g
(bread), but they took off
200
g. They
punished us only for that we were in the occupation. In different
ways... 10.
The situation changed a little after the collapse of the USSR. In
present times for a majority of new democratic Russia people who
cooperated with the occupational authorities are collaborationists and
remain traitors of their nation who took the side of the enemy in the
difficult times of their country.
The problem of collaborationism in Karelia and Finland during
World War II was not available for scientists for a long time for ideo¬
logical reasons and only now becomes the object of academic interest
of Russian historians. Many issues have to be studied: clarification of
the exact number of Soviet people collaborated with Finnish occupa¬
tional authorities during World War II, determination of the reasons
and social base of it. In the analysis of the issue some more points
should be specified: how adequate were the repressions of the Finnish
authorities to the people who cooperated with Soviet state and military
bodies during the Winter War and how adequate were the repressions
of the Soviet authorities in
1941-1944
to those who were considered
as collaborationists: primarily to former prisoners of war and repatri-
223 ■
ates
who lived and worked on the occupied Karelian territory and then
removed to Finland.
But nowadays based on the analysis of wide range of documentary
material about the cooperation of the local population of Karelia and
Finland with the occupational authorities during World War II we
can answer the main question raised in the introduction: who were
collaborationists
-
traitors of their countries or victims of the war.
From our point of view it is impossible to justify military collabora¬
tion. Those of Finnish and Soviet people who took the side of the
enemy and fought against their motherland with arms in their hands
can be reasonably considered as traitors. However there were few
ideological fighters among them, most of collaborationists took the
side of the enemy saving their lives and lives of their families or under
the kourbash.
The behavior of those Soviet and Finnish people who cooperated
with the occupational authorities in the sphere of economic and cul¬
tural activities during the war time at least can be understood if not
justified. The majority of them occurred on the occupied territory
unwillingly because of the harsh military environment and often due
to the fault and sluggishness of their authorities and administration
who did not manage to evacuate the population of the first war period
in time and in an orderly way. Especially it concerns the issues of the
evacuation of civilian Finnish population during the Winter War of
1939-1940
and Soviet people in the first period of the Great Patriotic
War. They can reasonably be concerned as victims of the war. For
many years after the end of the war the imprint of the occupation and
the exile laid on both of them.
1
Verigin S. G., Laidinen E. P. Internirovannye finny (The intern Finns)
//
Sever.
1995. № 3.
P.
99.
2
Seppalaya H. Finlyandiay
как
Okkupant
v
1941-1944
godah (Finland as an
occupant in
1941-1944).
P.
126.
3
Petrozavodsk
і
petrozavodchane
v
gody
Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny
(Petrozavodsk and it s citizens during the Great Patriotic War). P.
61.
■ 224
4
Boyarsky
V. I. Partizany
і
armiya: Istoriya uteryannyh vozmozhnostei
(Partisans and army: the history of lost opportunities). M.,
2003.
P.
4.
5
Verigin S. G. Kareliya
v
gody
voennyh
ispytany: Politicheskoe
i
sotsialno-
economicheskoe polozhenie Sovetskoi
Karelii
v
period Vtoroi mirovoi voiny
1939-1945
gg. (Karelia during the years of military hardship: The political and
social
-
economic position of the Soviet Karelia during World War II
1939-1945).
Petrozavodsk,
2009.
P.
51.
6
The Finnish troops invaded the USSR in the border regions of Karelia and
the Karelian Isthmus at night from June
30
to July
1,1941.
7
The repression policy against the entire nations was widely used by Stalin s
administration during the war time. The nation-state formations of the Volga
Germans, Kalmucks, Karachai, Chechens, Ingush, Balkarian, Crimean Tatars
and others, and the peoples themselves were deported to the eastern regions of
the USSR.
8
Boyarsky V. I. Partizany
і
armiya: Istoriya uteryannyh vozmozhnostei
(Partisans and army: the history of lost opportunities). P.
4-5.
9
RGSPI. F.
17.
Op.
45.
D.
765.
L.
20
10
Ustanya istoriya
v
Karelii
(Oral history in
Karela),
Issue
3,
Finnskaya
okkupatsiya
v
Karelii
(1941-1944).
(The Finnish occupation in Karelia
(1941-
1944).
Petrozavodsk,
2007.
P.
80.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142169595 |
| author_facet | Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- |
| author_variant | s g v sg sgv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040640836 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)823262118 (DE-599)BVBBV040640836 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Karelien (DE-588)4029658-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Karelien |
| id | DE-604.BV040640836 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:28:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785802113677 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025467910 |
| oclc_num | 823262118 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 242 S., [4] Bl. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Izdat. PetrGU |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)142169595 aut Predateli ili žertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. S. G. Verigin Petrozavodsk Izdat. PetrGU 2012 242 S., [4] Bl. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., russ. Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Kollaboration (DE-588)4031748-1 gnd rswk-swf Finnen (DE-588)4092224-8 gnd rswk-swf Karelien (DE-588)4029658-1 gnd rswk-swf Finnen (DE-588)4092224-8 s Karelien (DE-588)4029658-1 g Kollaboration (DE-588)4031748-1 s Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025467910&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025467910&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- Predateli ili žertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Kollaboration (DE-588)4031748-1 gnd Finnen (DE-588)4092224-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4031748-1 (DE-588)4092224-8 (DE-588)4029658-1 |
| title | Predateli ili žertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. |
| title_auth | Predateli ili žertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. |
| title_exact_search | Predateli ili žertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. |
| title_full | Predateli ili žertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. S. G. Verigin |
| title_fullStr | Predateli ili žertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. S. G. Verigin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Predateli ili žertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. S. G. Verigin |
| title_short | Predateli ili žertvy vojny |
| title_sort | predateli ili zertvy vojny kollaboracionizm v karelii v gody vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 1945 gg |
| title_sub | kollaboracionizm v Karelii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny 1939 - 1945 gg. |
| topic | Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Kollaboration (DE-588)4031748-1 gnd Finnen (DE-588)4092224-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zweiter Weltkrieg Kollaboration Finnen Karelien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025467910&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025467910&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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