Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa):
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New Providence, NJ
LexisNexis
2011
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| Series: | Understanding series
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | LXXI, 1455, 13 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781422417485 |
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MARC
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804149707147051008 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART ONE ORIGINS 1
CHAPTER 1 MUHAMMAD (PBUH) BEFORE PROPHETHOOD (570/571-610 A.D.) 3
§ 1.01 PRE-ISLAMIC TIMES ON ARABIAN PENINSULA 4
[A] TWO GREAT EMPIRES 4
[B] ARABIAN BEDOUIN SOCIETY . . 4
[C] MUHAMMAD, HASHIM CLAN, AND QURAYSH TRIBE 5
[D] PROFANE LAW OF ARABIAN BEDOUINS 7
[E] ARBITRATION AMONG BEDOUINS AND HAKAM (ARBITRATOR) 7
[F] CITIES OF MEDINA AND MECCA 8
§ 1.02 MUHAMMAD AND JESUS 9
[A] MUHAMMAD AND PROPHETIC TRADITION 9
[B] COMPARISONS BETWEEN ISLAM AND CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY 10
[C] FREE WILL VERSUS PRE-DESTINATION 16
[D] NEED FOR FINAL REVELATION 18
§ 1.03 NON-MUSLIM CHARACTERIZATIONS OF MUHAMMAD 19 [A] PORTRAYING
MUHAMMAD 19
[B] THROUGH EARLY 19TH CENTURY 21
[C] RECENT WRITINGS 22
[D] ORIENTALIST FALLACY 23
§ 1.04 CHILDHOOD OF MUHAMMAD (570/571-595 A.D.) 24
[A] A-HISTORICAL MOMENT: VITALITY OF LIFE OF MUHAMMAD 24
[B] LIFE SPAN: 570/571 A.D. TO 632 A.D 24
[C] SPECIAL SIGN: HALIMAH STORY 25
[D] ORPHAN, EARLY CHILDHOOD, AND UNCLE ABU TALIB 26
[E] ANOTHER SPECIAL SIGN: STORY OF CHRISTIAN MONK BAHIRA 26
§ 1.05 KHADYJA, MUHAMMAD, AND FAMILY BUSINESS (595-619 A.D.) 27
[A] EMPLOYER, WIFE, AND COMPANION 27
[B] CHILDREN 29
CHAPTER 2 MUHAMMAD (PBUH) AS PROPHET (610-632 AJ).) . .. 33
§ 2.01 PROPHET IN MECCA 34
[A] FIRST REVELATION 34
[B] REACTION OF MECCANS 36
[C] BOYCOTT OF CLAN OF PROPHET 38
[D] DEATHOF ABU TALIB, KHADYJA AND TRIP TO TA IF 38
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[E] ISRA AND MI RAJ 39
[F] ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT 40
§ 2.02 ESTABLIAHMENT OFISLAMIC STATE 42
[A] HIJRA (622 A.D.) 42
[B] CONSTITUTION OF MEDINA AND BATTLE OF BADR (624 A.D.) 43
[C] BATTLE OF UHUD (625 A.D.) 45
[D] BATTLE OF TRENCH (GHAZWAT ALKHANDAQ) OR CONFEDERATES (ALAHZAB) (627
A.D.) 46
[E] TRUCE OF HUDAYBIAH BETWEEN PROPHET AND MECCA (628 A.D.) 49
[F] BREAKING THE TRACE AND GLORIOUS VICTORY (FATAH AL MUBEEN) (630
A D ) 51
§ 2.03 PROPHET RETURNS TO MECCA AS LEADER (632 A.D.) 51 [A] FAREWELL
PILGRIMAGE (HAJJAT ALWADA ) AND FAREWELL SERMON (KHUTBAT ALWADA ) -.
[B] THEMES IN KHUTBAT ALWADA (FAREWELL SERMON) 53
§2.04 WIVES OF THE PROPHET 54
§ 2.05 DEATH OF PROPHET (632 A.D.) 64
§2.06 ISLAMIC LUNAR CALENDAR 67
[A] A.D. VERSUS A.H. 67
[B] LUNAR VERSUS SOLAR CALENDARS 68
[C] FORMULAS TO CONVERT BETWEEN A.D. AND A.H 69
[D] MATHEMATICAL VERSUS PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .. 70
CHAPTER 3 H O F Q U R AN (61 MS0 A.D.): REVELATION, COMPILATION, AND
TENETS 73
§101 PROGRESSIVEREVELATIONANDORIGINS 74
IAJ THEORY OF UMM AL KITAB . 74
W STAGED REVELATION . *
§3.02 FIVE BASIC FEATURES 11
[A] PATTERN . 76
IB] TIMING . . . . .*. .*. 7?
IC] TIMELESSNESS
I] ORAL REVELATION 78
1^ LIVINGREALITY 78
* B COMP.LAT.ONANDORGANEAT.ON 79
I M LLTERA ISM C;*U __ , ~ . LY
*] II^S^R 0 - - S **-*
80 80
S ^ ^ CANONICAL T E X T . . . .^
I R J MECCAN S,. RN U. /^, , .. 84
D.) AND MEDINAN SURAHS (622-632 A.D.) . . 85
XLVIII
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§ 3.04 COMPARISONS TO BIBLE 90
[A] OVERVIEW 90
[B] TABULAR SUMMARY 93
§ 3.05 CONTROVERSIES ABOUT READINGS AND LANGUAGE 101 [A] DEBATE ABOUT
VARIANT READINGS (QIRD DT) 101
[B] DEBATE ABOUT CLASSICAL ARABIC 102
§ 3.06 THREE GRAND TENETS 104
[A] TENET #1: MONOTHEISM 105
[B] TENET #2: FIRST AND FINAL JUDGMENT 107
[C] AN ISLAMIC PURGATORY? 110
[D] CONCEPTIONS OF HEAVEN AND HELL 112
[E] TENET#3: INTERVENTION 114
§ 3.07 NO APPEAL 115
§ 3.08 NO INTERCESSION 115
PART TWO GOLDEN AGE 117
CHAPTER 4 CALIPHS OF MECCA AND MEDINA (RASHIDUN) (632-661 A.D.) 119
§ 4.01 DEATH OF MUHAMMAD AND SUCCESSION CRISIS (632 A.D.) . . 119 § 4.02
FOUR RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS {RASHIDUN) 120
[A] ABU BAKR AS SIDDIQ 121
[B] UMARLBN AL KHATTAB 122
[C] UTHMAN IBN AFFAN 123
[D] ALI IBN ABI TALIB 124
§ 4.03 LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 125
CHAPTER 5 UMAYYAD CALIPHATE (661-750 A.D.) 127
§ 5.01 ORIGINS 127
§ 5.02 DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION 128
§ 5.03 LEGAL, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE 131
§ 5.04 DISCONTENT 132
§ 5.05 COLLAPSE 134
§ 5.06 SALIENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SHARI A 135
[A] APPOINTMENT OF QDDIS 135
[B] DECISIONS OF QDDIS 137
[C] ANCIENT SCHOOLS OF LAW 137
[D] TRADITIONISTS AND INCREASING RELIANCE ON SUNNAH OF PROPHET 139
[E] INCREASING ISLAMICIZATION OF LEGAL RULES 141
[F] INSPECTOR OF MARKET (AMIL AL-SOUQ) 141
§5.07 SHARI A NOT YET A COMPLETE SYSTEM 141
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CHAPTER 6 ABBASID CALIPHATE (750-1258 A.D.) 143
§ 6.01 ORIGINS 1 43
§ 6.02 CONSOLIDATION AND DEVELOPMENT 145
§ 6.03 FLOWERING OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION 148
§6.04 ADMIXTURE OF LAW AND POLITICS 151
§ 6.05 DECAY AND DOWNFALL 153
§ 6.06 CALIPHATE IN RETROSPECT 154
§ 6.07 SALIENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SHARI A 155
[A] APPOINTMENT OF QDDIS BOUND BY SHARI A 155
[B] DEVELOPMENT OF INSPECTOR OF MARKET (MUHTASLB) 156
[C] NO FUSION OF SACRED AND PROFANE 156
[D] SPLIT BETWEEN SHARI A AND SIYDSA 157
[E] FAILED ATTEMPT AT CODIFICATION 158
CHAPTER 7 THE CRUSADES (1095-1272 A.D.) 161
§ 7.01 DEFINING CRUSADES 161
§ 7.02 ORIGINS OF CRUSADES 163
§ 7.03 FIRST CRUSADE 168
§ 7.04 RISE OFZENGI AND SECOND CRUSADE 170
§ 7.05 RISE OF SALADIN, FALL OF JERUSALEM, AND THIRD CRUSADE 172
§ 7.06 FINAL FIVE CRUSADES 174
§ 7.07 IMPACTS AND PERCEPTIONS 176
PART THREE SCHISM 179
CHAPTER 8 SUNNI-SHI ITE SPLIT (632-680 A.D.) 181
§ 8.01 DIVERSITY WITHIN UNITY AND DEMOGRAPHIC REALITIES . .. 182 § 8.02
SUCCESSION PROBLEM CATALYZING SCHISM 186
[A] NATURE OF AUTHORITY 186
[B] TRIBAL CONSENSUS OR BLOOD LINEAGE? 188
[C] FATIMAH AND CHILDREN OF ALL 189
§ 8.03 ALI AND SUCCESSION CRISIS 191
[A] PUBLIC ANOINTING? 191
[B] AH PASSED OVER THRICE 192
[C] BATTLES OF CAMEL (656 A.D.) AND SIFFIN (657 A.D.) 194
[D] ASSASSINATION AND MARTYRDOM OF ALL . 1 95
§8.04 BATTLE OF KARBALA (680 A.D.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .. 196
[A] ABDICATION BY HASAN, USURPATION BY YAZID 196
[B] MARTYRDOM OF IMAM HUSSEIN . 1 97
1
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§ 8.05 ASHURA 201
CHAPTER 9 SHTFSMAND ITS IMA MS (680-940 A.D.) 205
§9.01 SHTTTE CONCEPT OF IMAM 205
§ 9.02 TWELVER SHI LSM 207
[A] SAFAVID DYNASTY (1501-1702 A.D.) AND IRAN 207
[B] SUMMARY TABLE 210
[C] BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF IMAMS 215
§ 9.03 SEVENER SHI ISM 221
[A] SPLIT OVER 7TH IMAM 221
[B] FATIMID CALIPHATE (909-1171 A.D.) 222
[C] NIZDRITES AND DRUZE 223
§ 9.04 FIVERSHLISM 224
[A] SPLIT OVER 5TH IMAM 224
[B] DISTINCTIVE BELIEFS 225
§ 9.05 COMPARISONS WITH CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY 226
PARTFOUR LAST GREATERA? 231
CHAPTER 10 OTTOMAN TURKISH EMPIRE (11TH CENTURY-1923 A.D.) 233
§ 10.01 BIRTH (11TH CENTURY TO 1362 A.D.) 233
§ 10.02 CONQUEST AND CONSOLIDATION (1362 TO 1590 A.D.) 240 § 10.03
BEGINNING OF END (1595 TO 1789 A.D.) 244
§ 10.04 WESTERN INFLUENCE, NATIONHOOD, AND DECLINE (1789 TO 1920 A.D.)
246
§ 10.05 ATATURK AND BERTH OF MODERN TURKISH REPUBLIC (1923 A.D.) 251
§ 10.06 SALIENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SHARI A 252
[A] ORGANIZATION OF POLITICAL UNITS ON RELIGIOUS LINES AND JURISDICTION
OF ISLAMIC JUDGES (QDDIS) 252
[B] 1499 OTTOMAN LAW BOOK (KANUN) 252
[C] 1877 OTTOMAN CIVIL CODE (MEJELLE) 254
[D] 19TH CENTURY LEGAL REFORMS CONTRARY TO SHARI A 256
§ 10.07 LAW OF PERSONAL STATUS, OTTOMAN MILLET (DENOMINATION) SYSTEM,
AND ISRAEL AND PALESTINE 257
CHAPTER 11 MOGHUL INDIAN EMPIRE (1504-1857 A J).) 261
§ 11.01 ARRIVAL OF MUSLIMS ON INDIAN SUBCONTINENT AND ORIGINS
OFMOGHULRULE 261
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§ 11.02 ACHIEVEMENTS OF GREAT MOGHUL EMPERORS 262 § 11.03 BRITISH RAJ
266
§ 11.04 DEVELOPMENT OF ANGLO-MUHAMMAD AN LAW 269 § 11.05 EVOLUTION OF
ANGLO-MUHAMMADAN LAW 273
§ 11.06 ENDURING IMPACT OF ANGLO-MUHAMMADAN LAW 280
PART FIVE THEORY - CLASSICAL SOURCES OF JURISPRUDENCE
(U§ULAL-FIQH) 283
CHAPTER 12 FUNDAMENTAL SOURCES: HOLY QUR A N AND SUNNAH 285
§ 12.01 OVERVIEW OF FOUR SOURCES 286
[A] SOURCES AND THEIR PHILOSOPHICAL AND PRACTICAL DIMENSIONS 286
[B] DEFINING USUL AL-FIQH 288
[C] TWO PRIMARY AND TWO SECONDARY SOURCES, AND TERM FUNDAMENTALIST 288
§ 12.02 AMBIGUITY, VAGUENESS, INTERPRETATION, AND CONSTRUCTION 290
§ 12.03 QUR AN AND APPROACHES TO READING IT 292
[A] MEANING OF QUR AN 293
[B] BIBLICAL PARALLEL 293
[C] EASY, SIMPLISTIC DICHOTOMIES 293
[D] RAMADAN S CATEGORIZATION OF SIX APPROACHES 294
§ 12.04 ISSUES IN QUR ANIC INTERPRETATION 296
[A] TRANSLATIONS OF QUR AN AND FORMAL VERSUS DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE . . ..
296 [B] THEORY OF REPEAL (NASKH) 299
§ 12.05 SUNNAH OF PROPHET 302
[A] DEFINITION AND RELATION TO HADITH 302
[B] CODIFICATION OF SHARI A 303
[C] AUTHORITY OF ULEMA 305
[D] ACHIEVEMENT AND TENSION 305
§ 12.06 COMPILATIONS OF HADITH 306
[A] QUESTION OF AUTHENTICITY 306
[B] MAD (CHAIN OF TRANSMISSION) 307
[C] SUMMARY AND EVALUATION OF HADITH COMPILATIONS 309
CHAPTER 13 SECONDARY SOURCES: IF MA AND QIYA S 313
§ 13.01 IJMA (CONSENSUS OF ISLAMIC SCHOLARS) 313
[A] DEFINITION 313
[B] HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 317
[C] MODEM PERSPECTIVES 318
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§ 13.02 QIYAS (ANALOGICAL REASONING) 319
[A] DEFINITION 319
[B] HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 320
[C] MODERN PERSPECTIVES 322
§ 13.03 DESIRABILITY: SCALE OF RELIGIOUS AND LEGAL QUALIFICATIONS (AL
AHKAMAL KHAMSA) 322
§ 13.04 VALIDITY: SCALE OF VALIDITY 325
§ 13.05 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCALES 327
CHAPTER 14 CONTROVERSIAL ADDITIONAL SOURCES 331
§ 14.01 INDIVIDUAL REASONING (IJTIHAD) 332
[A] DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENT AND METHODOLOGY 332
[B] DEFINITION 334
[B] CLOSING OF GATE TO IJTIHDD AROUND 900 A.D 335
[C] WAS THE GATE REALLY CLOSED? 337
[D] DOES THE GATE NEED RE-OPENING? 338
§ 14.02 IMITATION (TAKLID) 339
[A] IMPORTANCE AND EVOLUTION OF TAKLID 339
[B] REJECTION OF CUSTOM ( URF) 340
§ 14.03 JURISTIC PREFERENCE (ISTIHSAN) 340
§ 14.04 PUBLIC INTEREST REASONING (ISTISLAH) 341
§ 14.05 CREATIVITY, MUFTIS, AND FATWAS 342
[A] MUJTAHID IN EVERY GENERATION? 342
[B] NATURE OF MUFTIS AND FATWAS 342
§ 14.06 SHL TTE DISTINCTIONS 344
[A] FIVE ROOTS 344
[B] IJMA AND CONSISTENCY WITH IMAM 344
[C] HADITH OF IMAM QUALIFY 345
[D] LESSER ROLE FOR QIYDS 345
[E] GREATER ROLE FOR IJTIHDD 346
PART SIX PRACTICE 351
CHAPTER 15 FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 353
§ 15.01 FIRST PILLAR: BEARING WITNESS (SHAHA DA) 354
§ 15.02 SECOND PILLAR: PRAYER (SALAH) 356
[A] FIVE-FOLD DAILY PRAYER 356
[B] COMPARISON WITH CATHOLIC LITURGY OF THE HOURS 358
[C] FIRST CALL (ADHDN) AND SECOND CALL (IQAMA) TO PRAYER 358
[D] COMMERCE AND PRAYER 361
[E] DIRECTION OF PRAYER (QIBLA) 362
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[F] WOMEN AND PRAYER 363
§ 15.03 THIRD PILLAR: ALMSGIVING (ZAKAT) 367
[A] VIRTUES OF CHARITY AND COMMUNITY 367
[B] DISTINCTION WITH ZAKDT AL FITR 368
[C] EFFECTS AND BENEFICIARIES 369
[D] FORMULA AND ADMINISTRATION 370
[E] DOES INTENT (NIYYAH) MATTER? 373
[F] SHI TIE DISTINCTION: KHUMS (WEALTH TAX) 373
§ 15.04 FOURTH PILLAR: FASTING (SAWM) AND RAMADAN 375
§ 15.05 FTFTHPILLAR: PILGRIMAGE (HAJJ) 378
[A] MEQAAT (SIX STARTING POINTS) 379
[B] MUSLIMS ONLY 380
[C] FEMALE PILGRIMS 381
[D] PREPARATION AT MEQAAT 382
[E] STEPS IN UMRAH 382
[F] THREE TYPES OF HAJJ AND STEPS 383
CHAPTER 16 FOUR SUNNITE SCHOOLS OF ISLAMIC LAW 387
§ 16.01 HISTORICAL BASIS FORFOUR SCHOOLS 388
§ 16.02 FIVE COMPARATIVE POINTS 391
§ 16.03 HANAFISCIIOOL 391
[A] LIFE OF ABU HANIFA AND OTHER KEY FIGURES 392
[B] JURISPRUDENTIAL FOUNDATIONS AND EVOLUTION 393
[C] HIERARCHY WITHIN HANAFI SCHOOL 394
§ 16.04 MAUKISCHOOL 395
[A] LIFE OF MALIK IBN ANAS AL ASBAHI 396
[B] TRANSPLANTATION OF MDLILD SCHOOL 396
[C] MALILD SCHOOL SOURCES OF LAW 397
§ 16.05 S/MF/7SCHOOL 400
[A] LIFE OF MUHAMMAD AL SHAFI I AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHAFT I SCHOOL 400
[B] SHAFI I SCHOOL SOURCES OF LAW 401
§ 16.06 HANBALL SCHOOL 403
[A] FOUNDERS (IBN HANBAL, IBN TAYMIYYA, AND IBN ABD AL WAHHAB) AND
DEVELOPMENT OF HANBALL SCHOOL 403
[B] HANBALL SOURCES OF LAW . 406
LIV
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PART SEVEN COMMERCIAL LAW, CAPITALISM, AND GLOBAL TRADE 409
CHAPTER 17 ISLAM AND CAPITALIST ECONOMIC GROWTH . .. 411
§ 17.01 STEREOTYPES 411
§ 17.02 CONVENTIONAL ECONOMIC INDICATORS 414
§ 17.03 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FREEDOM 415
§ 17.04 WHY THE POOR PERFORMANCE? 427
CHAPTER 18 PROPERTY LAW: OWNERSHIP AND PROPERTY . .. 433
§ 18.01 GOD AND WEALTH 433
[A] REGENCY AND VICE-REGENCY 433
[B] FREEDOM AND RIGHT TO PRIVATE OWNERSHIP 436
[C] PROPER ATTITUDE TO PRIVATE WEALTH 439
§ 18.02 PROPERTY 444
[A] WHAT IS PROPERTY ? 444
[B] CERTAIN RIGHTS AS PROPERTY 446
[C] VALIDITY: VOID (BDTIL) VERSUS VOIDABLE (FASID) 448
[D] OBJECTS OF COMMERCE {MAT) 448
§ 18.03 OWNERSHIP 451
[A] WHAT IS OWNERSHIP ? 451
[B] IS OWNERSHIP POSSIBLE? 452
[C] COMPLETE VERSUS DEFICIENT OWNERSHIP 453
[D] OWNERSHIP BY WOMEN 456
CHAPTER 19 PROPERTY LAW: PUBLIC PROPERTY, PRIVATE PROPERTY, AND
POSSESSION 457
§ 19.01 PUBLIC (COMMUNITY) PROPERTY 458
[A] PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL PERMISSIBILITY (IBDHA) 458
[B] PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND NATURE 459
[C] FOUR CATEGORIES OF PUBLICLY OWNED PROPERTY 462
[D] GOVERNMENTAL ASSIGNMENT (IQTA ) OF PUBLIC PROPERTY AND OIL
CONCESSION CONTRACTS 466
§ 19.02 PRIVATE PROPERTY 470
[A] LAWFUL VERSUS UNLAWFUL ACQUISITION 470
[B] LAWFUL ACQUISITION OF UN-OWNED LAND 471
[C] LAWFUL ACQUISITION OF UN-OWNED LAND 474
[D] FINDING TREASURE (LUQTA) 477
[E] INDIVIDUAL VERSUS JOINT OWNERSHIP 479
[F] TERMINATION OF OWNERSHIP 480
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§19.03 POSSESSION 481
[A] RIGHT TO POSSESS 481
[B] LEGITIMATE VERSUS ILLEGITIMATE POSSESSION 482
[C] ADVERSE POSSESSION 483
[D] DEPOSITS (AMDNA), PLEDGES (RAHRI), AND LIENS (HABS) 484
CHAPTER 20 PROPERTY LAW: PROTECTING AND RESTRICTING PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
489
§ 20.01 PROTECTING PRIVATE PROPERTY 490
[A] SELF-DEFENSE 490
[B] PROTECTING PRIVATE PROPERTY: PENAL LAW 492
§ 20.02 RESTRICTIONS ON OWNERSHIP: GENERAL DOCTRINES 493
[A] GOOD NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS 493
[B] SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF PRIVATE OWNERS 494
[C] FOUR CATEGORIES OF RESTRICTIONS 495
§ 20.03 CATEGORY #1 RESTRICTIONS: PREVENTING HARM 496 [A] HARM
PRINCIPLE, INTENT, AND PREEMPTION 496
[B] 1877 OTTOMAN MEJELLE AND EXAMPLES OF HARM PRINCIPLE 500
[C] WOMEN, PRIVACY, AND PHYSICAL BARRIERS 507
§ 20.04 CATEGORY #2 RESTRICTIONS: PUBLIC INTEREST 509 [A] ENCUMBRANCES
(SERVITUDES) 509
[B] TAKINGS: EXPROPRIATION (MUSADARAH), NATIONALIZATION (TA MIM), AND
THEIR CONTEXTS 510
[C] PUBLIC INTEREST (MASLAHAH) AND OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON TAKINGS 513 [D]
TAXATION 517
§ 20.05 CATEGORY #3 RESTRICTIONS: PROMOTING COOPERATION AND RIGHT OF
PRE-EMPTION (SHUF AH) 518
§ 20.06 CATEGORY #4 RESTRICTIONS: EFFICIENCY AND BARREN LAND 522
CHAPTER 21 CONTRACT LAW: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND CONTRACT FORMATION 525
§ 21.01 ROLE OF CUSTOM AND PRACTICE 526
§ 21.02 SHI TTE DISTINCTIONS 529
§ 21.03 IMPORTANCE OF HONESTY AND FAIR DEALING 529
§ 21.04 BROAD DEFINITION OF CONTRACT ( AKD) 531
[A] INCLUSION OF GIFTS (HIBAT) 531
[B] WHEN GIFTS (HIBAT) ARE BINDING 532
§ 21.05 FREEDOM OF CONTRACT WITHIN RELIGIOUS BOUNDARIES . . 533 § 21.06
CONTRACT FORMATION: ESSENTIAL CONSTITUTIVE ELEMENTS 535
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[A] OFFER (LJDB) 536
[B] ACCEPTANCE (KABUL) 539
[C] CONSIDERATION (BADAL) 540
[D] CAPACITY 541
[E] LEGALITY 542
[F] ABSENCE OF DURESS (IKRDH) 543
§ 21.07 EVIDENCE AND LONGEST QUR ANIC VERSE 545
CHAPTER 22 CONTRACT LAW: TYPES OF CONTRACTS 549
§ 22.01 PROHIBITED (HARA M) AND VOIDABLE (FA SID) CONTRACTS . . 549 §
22.02 STANDARD TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE CONTRACTS 551 [A] GENERAL CONTRACTS
OF SALE (BAY ) FOR GOODS OR PROPERTY (MAT) 551 [B] PREPAYMENT (SALAM)
CONTRACTS 554
[C] DELAY (NASI A) CONTRACTS 556
[D] MANUFACTURING CONTRACTS (ISTISND ) 556
§ 22.03 ADVANCED TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE CONTRACTS 558 [A] SURETYSHIP
CONTRACTS (KAFDLA) 558
[B] HIRE AND LEASE CONTRACTS FOR GOODS OR SERVICES (IJDRA) 562
[C] CANCELLATION (FASKH) OF AN IJDRA CONTRACT 566
[D] MORTGAGE OR PLEDGE CONTRACTS (BAY AL WAFA) 567
[E] LOAN CONTRACTS ( A RIYYA) 568
§ 22.04 UNCONSCIONABILITY AND THE PROBLEM OF SHORTAGE OR LACK (GHABN)
570
CHAPTER 23 CONTRACT LAW: PERFORMANCE, TERMS, AND REMEDIES 577
§ 23.01 PERFORMANCE AND FULFILLMENT (IFA ) 577
§ 23.02 ASSIGNMENT (HAWALA) 578
§ 23.03 IMPLIED TERMS AND CONDITIONS 581
[A] IMPLIED TERM IN THE SENSE OF WAITING PERIOD (AJAT) 581
[B] OTHER IMPLIED CONDITIONS 582
§ 23.04 LIMITS ON EXPRESS TERMS AND CONDITIONS 582
§ 23.05 LIABILITY (DAMAN) 582
§ 23.06 REMEDIES 583
[A] TERMINATION 583
[B] RESCISSION (KHIYDR) AND CANCELLATION (FASKH) 584
[C] DAMAGES 589
[D] PERFORMANCE 591
[E] IMPRISONMENT (HABS) 591
§ 23.07 RATIFICATION (IMDA ) 593
§ 23.08 AMICABLE SETTLEMENT (SULH) 593
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CHAPTER 24 BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS LAW: TRADITIONAL TYPESOFPARTNERSHIP 595
§ 24.01 INTRODUCTION 5 %
[A] IMPORTANCE OF PARTNERSHIP 596
[B] HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF PARTNERSHIP 596
§ 24.02 GENERAL TERM FOR PARTNERSHIP 597
[A] CONTRACT-BASED PARTNERSHIPS {SHARIKAH AL- AQD) 597
[B] COMMON RIGHTS OF ACQUISITION {SHARIKAH AL-LBAHAH) 599
[C] CO-OWNERSHIP {SHARIKAH AL-MILK) 600
§ 24.03 FIVE TRADITIONAL TYPES OF SHARIKAH AL- AQD 603 [A] SHARIKAH AL-
INDN (LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY) 604
[B] SHARIKAH AL-MUFDWADAH (UNLIMITED MERCANTILE PARTNERSHIP) 617 [C]
SHARIKAH AL-ABDDN (SKILL-BASED PARTNERSHIP) 626
[D] SHARIKAH AL-WUJUH (CREDIT COOPERATIVE) 632
[E] SHARIKAH AL-MUDDRABAH (SLEEPING PARTNERSHIP) 634
CHAPTER 25 BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS LAW: MODERN PARTNERSHIPS AND
AGRICULTURAL VENTURES . 637
§ 25.01 FOUR MODERN TYPES OF SHARIKAH AL- AQD 637
[A] SHARIKAH AL-MUSDHAMAH (STOCK MARKET PARTNERSHIP) 638
[B] SHARIKAH AL-TADAMON (TRADING PARTNERSHIP) 640
[C] TWO OTHER MODERN PARTNERSHIPS 642
§ 25.02 AGRICULTURAL VENTURES 642
[A] MUZDRA AH (SHARECROPPING) 642
[B] MUSDQDH (IRRIGATION) 648
PART EIGHT BANKING LAW, CAPITALISM, AND GLOBAL FINANCE 651
CHAPTER 26 BANKING LAW: RISK {GHARAR) 653
§ 26.01 DEFINING GHARAR 653
§26.02 RATIONALE FOR PROFFLBITION ON GHARAR 655
§ 26.03 TRADITIONAL ILLUSTRATION OF GHARAR 656
§ 26.04 MAJOR VERSUS MINOR GHARAR 657
§ 26.05 GHARAR AND TYPES OF FORBIDDEN {HARA M) TRANSACTIONS 658
[A] SHORT-SELLING AND GHARAR 658
[B] JA DLAH (SERVICES FEE) CONTRACTS 662
[C] BAY AL-URBUN (DOWN PAYMENT) CONTRACTS 664
[D] SALES OF UNRIPE FRUIT 665
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CHAPTER 27 BANKING LAW: INTEREST (RIBA) 667
§ 27.01 DEFINING RIBA 667
§ 27.02 LONG HISTORY BEHIND RIBA 672
[A] RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVES BEFORE ISLAM 672
[B] USURY AND AMERICAN LAW 677
§ 27.03 SOURCES FOR RULE AGAINST RIBA 678
§ 27.04 RIBA, QARD AL HASSAN, AND FORBIDDEN (HARA M) TRANSACTIONS 682
[A] RIBD AL-NASI A (EXCESS IN CREDIT TRANSACTIONS) 683
[B] RIBD AL-FADL (UNEQUAL SPOT COMMODITY TRADES) 689
[C] RIBD AL-JAHILIYYA (DEFER AND INCREASE) 693
[D] DA WA TA AJJAL (PREPAY AND REDUCE) 694
§ 27.05 RATIONALES FOR PROHIBITION ON/TFFLA 694
[A] UNJUST ENRICHMENT (AL-ITHRA BILA SABAB) 694
[B] COMPLIMENTARY RATIONALES 698
§ 27.06 SHI ITE DISTINCTIONS 700
CHAPTER 28 BANKING LAW: LEGAL DEVICES (HIYAL) AND THE PROHIBITION ON
INTEREST (RIBA ) 703
§ 28.01 LEGALDEVICES OR FICTIONS (HIYAL) 704
[A] NEED FOR LEGAL DEVICES IN ALL LEGAL SYSTEMS 704
[B] DEVELOPMENT OF HIYAL 704
[C] DOCUMENTING HIYAL 705
[D] ILLUSTRATIONS OF HIYAL 706
[E] WHY ACCEPTHRYA/? 706
§ 28.02 NATURE OF SHARIKAH AL-MUDA RABAH (SLEEPING PARTNERSHIP) 708
[A] DEFINITION 708
[B] THREE BASIC STEPS, AND INTEREST OR NOT? 710
§ 28.03 RULES GOVERNING SHARIKAH AL-MUDA RABAH 712
[A] LIMITS ON PARTICIPATION BY RABB AL-MDL AND VITIATION OFMUDDRABAH ..
712 [B] LEGALITY OF SHARIKAH AL-MUDDRABAH 714
FC] FIVE CONDITIONS FOR SHARIKAH AL-MUDDRABAH 716
[D] TERMINATION OF SHARIKAH AL-MUDDRABAH 727
§ 28.04 MURA BAHA CONTRACTS, THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO SHARIKAH AL- MUDA
RABAH, AND COMMON COMMERCIAL FINANCE TRANSACTIONS 727
§ 28.05 BANK FUNDING, TRANSACTIONS, AND LEGAL FEES 733
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CHAPTER 29 FINANCE (TAMWEEL): ISLAMIC BONDS (SUKUK) AND SECURITIZATION
735
§ 29.01 IMPORTANCE OF ISLAMIC FINANCE (TAMWEEL) 736
§ 29.02 CONVENTIONAL NON-ISLAMIC BONDS 738
[A] DEFINITION 738
[B] INVESTMENT APPEAL 739
[C] DIFFERENCES WITH EQUITY 740
[D] BOND ISSUERS AND TYPES 740
[E] INDENTURE AND COVENANTS 743
[F] CALLABILITY AND PUTABILITY 743
[G] SECONDARY MARKET TRADING 744
[H] INTERNATIONAL BONDS 746
§ 29.03 PRESENT VALUE, PRICE, AND YIELD OF NON-MUSLIM BONDS 748
§ 29.04 DEFINING ISLAMIC BONDS (SUKUK) 756
[A] OVERVIEW 756
[B] DERIVATIVES, THE FINANCIAL CRISIS, AND SHARI A 759
[C] TECHNICAL MEANING 762
[D] CLEARING AND SETTLEMENT IN SECONDARY MARKETS 763
§ 29.05 COMPARING ISLAMIC BONDS AND NON-MUSLIM SECURITIZATION 763
[A] TYPICAL TRANSACTIONS 763
[B] SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SUKUK AND CONVENTIONAL NON-MUSLIM BONDS . ..
777 [C] DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUKUK AND CONVENTIONAL NON-MUSLIM BONDS . ..
778 [D] SUKUK AND CONVENTIONAL NON-MUSLIM STOCKS 779
CHAPTER 30 FINANCE (TAMWEEL): TYPES AND RISKS OF ISLAMIC BONDS (SUKUK) 7
81
§30.01 PRIVATELY-ISSUED SUKUK 7 8 1
[A] SECONDARY MARKET RESTRICTIONS 782
[B] NINE TYPES 7 G3
§ 30.02 ^NOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR PRIVATELY-ISSUED
* UKU * 790
§ 30.03 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH SUKUK . . 793
[A] DISTINCTION BETWEEN ASSET-BACKED AND ASSET-BASED 793
[B] CREDIT RISK ? 94
[C] LEGAL RISK
[D] SHARI A RISK
§30.04 SOVEREIGNST/ATF/AT 95
[A] NEED FOR SOVEREIGN SUKUK 795
[B] HOW SOVEREIGN SUKUK WORK 7 97
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CHAPTER 31 FINANCE (TAMWEEL) . INSURANCE (TAKAFUL) AND MONEY TRANSFERS
(HAWALAH) 801
§ 31.01 CONVENTIONAL NON-ISLAMIC INSURANCE PRODUCTS 801 [A] DEFINITION
801
[B] GOVERNMENT INSURANCE PRODUCTS 803
[C] PRIVATE INSURANCE PRODUCTS 804
[D] INVESTMENT PRODUCTS 805
[E] REINSURANCE 806
§ 31.02 DEFINING TAKAFUL 807
§ 31.03 HISTORIC TYPES OF TAKAFUL 807
§ 31.04 MODERN TAKAFUL AND DEBATE ABOUT GHARAR (UNCERTAINTY) AND RIBA
(INTEREST) 811
§ 31.05 HOWMODERN TAKAFUL WORKS 812
§ 31.06 HAWALAH BANKING TRANSACTIONS 818
[A] DEFINITION OF HAWDLAH AND SOURCES FOR PERMISSIBILITY (MUBAH) . .
.. 818 [B] THREE CONDITIONS 820
[C] HYPOTHETICAL HAWDLAH TRANSACTIONS 821
[D] LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUES 822
CHAPTER 32 FINANCE (TAMWEEL): INNOVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND MARKETS 827
§ 32.01 MICROFINANCE 828
[A] DEFINITION OF MICROFINANCE 828
[B] FEATURES 829
[C] EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 831
[D] ISLAMIC MICROFINANCE 832
[E] CHALLENGES 833
§ 32.02 ISLAMIC REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS (I-RETTS) 834 [A]
ADVANTAGES OF MALAYSIA OVER ARAB MUSLIM WORLD 834
[B] ATTRACTIONS OF I-REITS 837
[C] COMPLIANCE WITH ISLAMIC LAW 839
§ 32.03 CONVENTIONAL NON-ISLAMIC INVESTMENT FUNDS 843 [A] MUTUAL FUNDS
843
[B] HEDGE FUNDS 848
[C] SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE FUNDS: A CASE STUDY OF AVE MARIA 849
§ 32.04 SHARVA COMPLIANT INVESTING 852
[A] DEFINING SHARI A COMPLIANT 852
[B] CERTIFICATION FROM SHARI A BOARD 853
[C] A SOLE CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY? 855
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PART NINE FAMILY LAW AND WOMEN 857
CHAPTER 33 MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE 859
§ 33.01 UNDERLYING THEORY 860
[A] THREE PERSONS IN MARRIAGE? 860
[B] SACRAMENT OR CONTRACT? 860
[C] BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN? 862
[D] IMPORTANCE 863
[E] ADDRESSEES AND EFFECTS 863
[F] INCONGRUITY AND ORIENTALIST FALLACY 864
§ 33.02 MARRIAGE (NIKAH) 866
[A] OVERVIEW OF MARRIAGE CONTRACT 866
[B] WITNESSES AND CONCLUSION 868
[C] IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE 868
[D] FDSID (VOIDABLE) VERSUS BDTIL (INVALID) MARRIAGE CONTRACTS 871
§ 33.03 AUTHORITY OF LEGAL GUARDIAN (WALI) 872
[A] MINOR FEMALE AND CONTROVERSIAL RIGHT OF RESCISSION 872
[B] MATURE FEMALE AND CONTROVERSIAL OBJECTION BASED ON EQUALITY OF BIRTH
874
§ 33.04 DIVORCE 877
[A] OVERVIEW OF METHODS 877
[B] REPUDIATION (TALDK) 879
[C] OATH OF ABSTENTION {ED ) 881
[D] SEPARATION (TAFRIK) 882
[E] UNCHASTITY {WAN) 884
[F] APOSTASY (RIDDAH) 885
[G] WAITING PERIOD (, IDDA) 885
§ 33.05 MODERNIST LEGISLATION ON DIVORCE 886
§ 33.06 SHL FTE DISTINCTION: TEMPORARY MARRIAGE (MUT A) 886
CHAPTER 34 POLYGAMY AND MIXED MARRIAGES 889
§ 34.01 POLYGAMY 890
[A] UP TO FOUR WIVES AND PROPHET S SPECIAL RULES 890
[B] PROPHET S SPECIALRULES 891
[C] DOES QUR AN ENCOURAGE POLYGAMY? 892
§ 34.02 ARGUMENTS ABOUT POLYGAMY 893
[A] JUSTIFYING POLYGAMY AND ORIENTALIST FALLACY 8 93 [B] QUESTIONING
POLYGAMY 894
§ 34.03 MODERNIST LEGISLATION ON POLYGAMY 95 § 34.04 MIXED MARRIAGES
896
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[A] BASIC RULES AND CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION 896
[B] PROHIBITION ON MARRIAGE WITH MUSHRIK: INTERPRETING SURAH 2, AYAH 221
898
§ 34.05 EXCEPTION FOR MUSLIM MEN: SURAH 5, AYAH 5 901
[A] HANAFI SCHOOL INTERPRETATION OF SURAH 5, AYAH 5 901
[B] MDLIKI, SHAFT % AND HANBALI SCHOOL INTERPRETATIONS OF SURAH 5, AYAH
5 . 902 § 34.06 PROBING SURAH 5, AYAH 5 EXCEPTION 904
[A] GENDER ASYMMETRY 904
[B] REASONS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS FOR PROHIBITING MUSLIM WOMEN FROM
MARRYING NON-MUSLIM MEN 908
§ 34.07 CONTRASTS WITH CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY 911
CHAPTER 35 RIGHTS OF WIFE 915
§ 35.01 COMMUNITY VERSUS INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY 915
§ 35.02 NUPITAL GIFT (MAHR) 916
[A] BASIC TERMS 916
[B] CONDITIONS AND STIPULATIONS 918
§ 35.03 MAINTENANCE (NAFAKA) 919
§ 35.04 HUSBAND S RIGHT OF CORRECTION AND WIFE BEATING 922 [A] THREE KEY
SENTENCES OF SURAH 4, AYAH 34 922
[B] CONVENTIONAL TRANSLATIONS 925
[C] BAKHTIAR TRANSLATION 929
[D] FIVE ARGUMENTS IN DEFENSE OF BAKHTIAR TRANSLATION 930
[E] IS TRANSLATION IRRELEVANT? 937
§ 35.05 BIBLICAL CONTRAST 938
CHAPTER 36 WOMEN AND CLOTHES 941
§ 36.01 OBAMA VERSUS SARKOZY ON WHAT MUSLIM WOMEN SHOULD WEAR 942
[A] DISTINCT POSITIONS 942
[B] FRENCHBKRFC/WBAN 944
[C] RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS AND SECULARISM 947
§ 36.02 FIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR BOTH GENDERS 948
§ 36.03 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WOMEN 951
[A] APPLICABILITY 951
[B] MEANING OF AWRAH 952
[C] HIJDB (VEIL) AND DESCENT OF THE HIJDB IN SURAH 33, AYAH 53 953
§ 36.04 FIVE PRACTICAL DRESS REQUIREMENTS SPECIFIC TO WOMEN 955
§ 36.05 DIFFERENCES AMONG FOUR SCHOOLS ON AWRAH (PRIVATE PARTS), HIJA B
(VEIL), AND NIQA B (FULL-FACE VEIL) 960
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[A] HANAFI AND MDLIKI SCHOOLS 960
[B] HANBALI SCHOOL 962
[C] SHAFI I SCHOOL 962
CHAPTER 37 WOMEN AND WORK 965
§ 37.01 BASIC EQUALITY 966
§ 37.02 TRADITIONAL ROLES 968
§ 37.03 EMPLOYMENT OUTSIDE HOME 970
[A] ISSUE AT STAKE 970
[B] NO PROHIBITION 971
[C] THREE CRITERIA 972
[D] TREND TOWARD REFORM 973
§ 37.04 WOMEN AS HEADS OF STATE 974
[A] ARGUMENTS BASED ON QUR AN ANDHADITH 974
[B] OTHER ARGUMENTS 976
[C] APPREHENSION 977
§ 37.05 MUSLIM FEMINISM 985
[A] NOT MONOLITHIC 985
[B] CONTROVERSIAL THESIS OF IRSHAD MANJI 985
PARTTEN FAMILY LAW AND CHILDREN 989
CHAPTER 38 REARING CHILDREN 991
§ 38.01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OFPARENTHOOD 991
§ 38.02 FATHER S DUTY TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE 992
§ 38.03 MOTHER S RIGHT TO CARE (HADANA) 995
§ 38.04 FOUNDLING {LAKTT) AND ADOPTION 999
CHAPTER 39 CONTRACEPTION 1001
§ 39.01 BASIC RULES 1002
[A] IRREVERSIBLE METHODS FORBIDDEN (HARDM) 1002
[B] HISTORICAL PRACTICE OF AZL (WITHDRAWAL) 1003
[C] MOST REVERSIBLE METHODS GENERALLY PERMITTED (HALAL) 1005
§ 39.02 DIVERSITY OFISLAMIC OPINIONS 1007
[A] OVERVIEW AND THREE THEMES 1007
[B] HANAFI SCHOOL 1009
[C] MALIKISCHOOL 1011
[D] SHAFI I SCHOOL 1012
[E] HANBALI SCHOOL 1013
[F] THREE INSTANCES IN WHICH CONTRACEPTION (INCLUDING AZD IS
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IMPERMISSIBLE 1014
[G] UNACCEPTABILITY OF ONE CHILD POLICY OF CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
1018
§ 39.03 BALANCING RELIGIOUS FACTORS 1020
§ 39.04 CONTRASTING OPINIONS: AMERICAN LAW AND 1965 SUPREME COURT
DECISION IN GRISWOLD V. CONNECTICUT 1023 § 39.05 CONTRASTING OPINIONS:
CATHOLIC CHRISTIAN TEACHING AND 1968 ENCYCLICAL HUMANAE VITAE 1025
[A] CHOICE OF FAMILY SIZE 1025
[B] DISTINCTIONS AMONG METHODS 1027
[C] RATIONALE 1030
[D] GRAVITY 1041
[E] COMPASSION 1043
CHAPTER 40 ABORTION 1047
§ 40.01 RANGE OF OPINIONS IN SACRED AND SECULAR LEGAL SYSTEMS 1048
§ 40.02 RESPECT FOR LIFE 1049
[A] EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 1050
[B] WHEN DOES LIFE BEGIN AND ENSOULMENT OCCUR? 1051
§ 40.03 BASIC RULES 1054
[A] FORBIDDEN (HARDM) AFTER 120 DAYS, EXCEPT TO SAVE MOTHER 1054 [B]
CASES OF NECESSITY 1055
[C] ROLE OF MEDICAL PRACTITIONER 1056
[D] BLOOD MONEY (GHURRA AND DIYYA) 1057
§ 40.04 DIVERSITY OFISLAMIC OPINIONS 1060
[A] HANA/FSCHOOL 1060
[B] MAFTFA SCHOOL 1060
[C] SHDFI L SCHOOL 1061
[D] HANBALI SCHOOL 1062
[E] SHL ITE SCHOOLS 1062
[F] 1984 SYNTHESIS OPINION OF SHEIKH AL QARADAWI 1062
§ 40.05 CONTRASTING OPINIONS: AMERICAN LAW AND 1973 SUPREME COURT
DECISION IN ROEV. WADE 1064
[A] WHAT ROE SAYS 1064
[B] AFTERMATH 1068
[C] CRITIQUE 1069
[D] ISLAMIC LAW AND ROE 1070
§ 40.06 CONTRASTING OPINIONS: CATHOLIC CHRISTIAN TEACHING 1073
[A] TWO MISCONCEPTIONS 1073
[B] YES TO LIFE 1077
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[C] DIRECT ABORTION, CONCEPTION, AND INTENTION 1078
[D] FURTHER RATIONALES AGAINST DIRECT ABORTION 1081
[E] INDIRECT ABORTION AND PRINCIPLE OF THE DOUBLE EFFECT 1083
[F] COMPASSION 1085
[G] SYNOPSIS OF CONTRASTS 1087
PART ELEVEN INHERITANCE LAW 1089
CHAPTER 41 WILLS (WASA YA ), CHARITABLE TRUSTS (WAQFS), AND EUTHANASIA
1091
§ 41.01 OVERVIEW 1092
[A] SYNOPSIS OF ISLAMIC INHERITANCE LAW 1092
[B] FOUR KEY FEATURES AND EVALUATION USING SCALE OF FIVE QUALIFICATIONS
(ALAHKDMAL KHAMSA) 1093
§ 41.02 FORM OF WILL (WASIYYA) 1095
[A] ORAL OR WRITTEN 1095
[B] HOLOGRAPHIC OR BEQUEST-UNDER-SEAL 1096
[C] SAMPLE 1096
§ 41.03 FOUR ELEMENTS OF WILL (WASIYYA) 1100
[A] AL SIGHAH (THE OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE, OR DECLARATION) 1101
[B] AL MUSI (THE TESTATOR) 1103
[C] ALMUSALAHU (THE LEGATEE) 1104
[D] AL WASI (THE EXECUTOR) 1105
§ 41.04 PAYMENT OF COSTS AND DEBTS 1107
§ 41.05 LEGACIES AND ONE-THIRD LIMIT 1108
§ 41.06 CHARITABLE TRUSTS (WAQFS) 1113
[A] ORIGINS AND DEFINITION OF WAQF 1113
[B] THREE CONDITIONS ABOUT PURPOSE 1117
[C] TYPES OF WAQF 1117
[D] SHI LTE DISTINCTIONS 1119
§ 41.07 EUTHANASIA 1120
[A] DEFINITIONS AND CATEGORIES 1120
[B] VIEW OF SHARI A 1121
[C] SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN LAW AND CATHOLIC CHRISTIAN TEACHING 1123
CHAPTER 42 LAW OF SUCCESSION 1127
§ 42.01 BASICS 1127
[A] THREE PRINCIPLE CLASSES OF HEIRS 1127
[B] FOUR KEY RULES 1130
§ 42.02 PRINCIPLES OF AWL (INCREASE) AND RADD (RETURN) 1132 § 42.03
DISTRIBUTION OF NET ESTATE 1137
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[A] AGNATIC HEIRS ( ASABAT) 1137
[B] SHARES (FARDS) TO QUR ANIC HEIRS (ASHDB AL-FARD ID) 1139
[C] EXAMPLES 1154
§ 42.04 DISINHERITANCE 1158
§ 42.05 SHL TRE VARIATIONS 1159
§ 42.06 WOMEN AND INHERITANCE 1161
[A] DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN TWO OF FOUR BASIC CLASSES 1161
[B] THREE-PRONGED CONVENTIONAL DEFENSE 1162
PART TWELVE CRIMINAL LAW ( UQUBA T) 1165
CHAPTER 43 KEY CONCEPTS 1167
§ 43.01 UNDERLYING THEORY 1168
[A] PROHIBITIONS MATTER MORE THAN SANCTIONS 1168
[B] MISSING FEATURES 1169
[C] PROPORTIONALITY AND ORIENTALIST FALLACY 1170
§ 43.02 FOUNDATIONAL DISTINCTION 1171
[A] CLAIMS OF GOD (HAQQ ALLAH) AND MALIKL SCHOOL TREATMENT OF REBELLION
(BAGHI) 1171
[B] MEANING OF HADD 1175
[C] CLAIMS OF MAN (HAQQADAMT) 1177
[D] ORIENTALIST FALLACY AGAIN 1179
§ 43.03 RESTRICTIONS ON IMPOSING HADD PUNISHMENTS 1180 [A] NARROW
DEFINITIONS 1181
[B] STRICT EVIDENTIARY REQUIREMENTS 1181
[C] RESEMBLANCE (SHUBHA) 1181
[D] NO CUMULATION 1182
[E] LIMITATIONS PERIOD 1182
[F] INCAPACITY: AGE AND MENTAL DEFICIENCY 1183
[G] NECESSITY (DARURDH) 1184
[H] DURESS (IKRDH) 1185
§ 43.04 CONFESSION AND REPENTANCE 1186
[A] SCHACHT S ILLUSTRATIONS 1186
[B] OPINIONS OF THE VOVI SUNNITE SCHOOLS 1188
[C] RETRACTION OF CONFESSION 1189
§ 43.05 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT IMPOSING HADD PUNISHMENTS 1190
[A] GOOD FAITH? 1190
[B] SELF-DEFENSE? 1190
[C] MIXED LEGAL SYSTEMS 1191
§ 43.06 PRACTICAL POINTS 1191
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[A] PROSECUTION AND MUHTASIB 1191
[B] APPLYING HADD PUNISHMENTS AND IMAM 1192
CHAPTER 44 CLAIMS OF GOD (HAQQ ALLA H); SEX CRIMES . .. 1197
§ 44.01 UNLAWFUL SEXUAL INTERCOURSE (ZINA) 1198
[A] BIBLICAL COMPARISONS: 6TH AND 9TH COMMANDMENTS 1198
[B] KEY QUR ANIC PASSAGES 1200
[C] SCOPE AND ELEMENTS 1202
[D] EVIDENTIARY REQUIREMENTS 1204
[E] HADD PUNISHMENT 1209
§ 44.02 ZINA AND RAPE 1213
[A] CONSENT 1213
[B] DIFFICULTY OF PROSECUTING RAPE 1214
[C] HADD PUNISHMENT 1216
[D] STRUGGLE IN PAKISTAN 1216
[E] DATE RAPE AND MARITAL RAPE 1217
§ 44.03 ZINA AND HOMOSEXUALITY 1217
[A] ISLAMIC VIEW 1217
[B] CONTRAST WITH CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY 1219
§ 44.04 FALSE ACCUSATION OF UNLAWFUL SEXUAL INTERCOURSE (KADHF) 1 2 2 L
[A] BIBLICAL COMPARISONS: 8TH COMMANDMENT 1221
[B] KEY QUR ANIC PASSAGES 1222
[C] ELEMENTS AND EVIDENTIARY REQUIREMENTS 1224
[D] HADD PUNISHMENT 1225
§44.05 RELATIONSHIP OF KADHF TO ZINA. 1226
§44.06 MUTUAL_EXCLUSIVENESS OF SEX CRIMES (KADHF AND ZINA) AND DIVORCE
THROUGH WAN . 1227
CHAPTER 45 CLAIMS OF GOD (HAQQ ALLA H): DRINKING AND STEALING 1 2 29
§4501 CONSUMING ALCOHOL (SHURBAL-KHAMR) . 1230
A] BIBLICAL CONTRASTS: WEDDING FEAST AT CANA AND LAST SUPPER 1230
ANALYZING QUR ANIC PASSAGES ON DRINKING . . .. . 1233
M PRACTICAL REALITIES IN MUSLIM WORLD . 1236
! D J ELEMENTS 2 37
[E] EVIDENTIARV R*,;* *_, , * . ,*
. AND HADD PUNISHMENT
[A] BIBHCAI COMPARISONS: 7TH, 9TH, AND 10TH
COMMANDMENTS . . . . . . . . . 1240 LJ KEY QUR ANIC PASSAGES 1 2 4 L
[C] HA W PUNISHMENT 1 2 41
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[D] EVIDENTIARY REQUIREMENTS 1243
[E] ELEMENTS 1244
§ 45.03 HIGHWAY ROBBERY (KAT AL-TARIK OR HIRABAH) 1247 [A] BIBLICAL
COMPARISONS: 5TH AND 9TH COMMANDMENTS 1247
[B] GOOD ORDER OF SOCIETY AND CONCEPT OF HIRABAH 1248
[C] ELEMENTS 1249
[D] HADD PUNISHMENT 1250
CHAPTER 46 CLAIMS OF GOD (HAQQ ALLA H): CONVERTING AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
1253
§ 46.01 SOCRATES, THE EXAMINED LIFE, AND FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE 1253
§46.02 DISTINGUISHING AUTHENTIC FROM UNAUTHENTIC ISLAM .. 1255 § 46.03
APOSTASY {RIDDAHANDIRTIDAD) 1259
[A] DEFINITIONS AND CATEGORIES 1259
[B] GROUNDS FOR APOSTASY 1260
[C] PUNISHMENTS 1262
§ 46.05 ISLAMIC COUNTRIES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
1265
[A] UNITED NATIONS INSTRUMENTS 1265
[B] 1990 CAIRO DECLARATION 1271
§ 46.06 BLASPHEMY 1278
[A] IS THERE REALLY AN INJUNCTION? 1278
[B] 1989 RUSHDIE AFFAIR 1279
[C] 2005 DANISH CARTOON AFFAIR 1282
CHAPTER 47 PRIVATE CLAIMS (HAQQADAMI) 1285
§47.01 CONCEPT OF JINA YAT (TORTS) 1286
[A] PRIVATE NATURE OF CLAIM 1286
[B] EXAMPLES OF JINDYDT 1286
§ 47.02 TA ZLR PUNISHMENTS 1287
[A] TYPES OF LIABILITY 1287
[B] SETTLEMENT AND PARDON ( AFW) 1289
[C] UMAYYAD CALIPHATE ORIGINS OF TA ZIR PUNISHMENTS 1289
[D] EYE-FOR-AN-EYE JUSTICE 1289
§ 47.03 HOMICIDE (KATL) 1291
[A] CONTINUUM OF CULPABILITY 1291
[B] CLAIMANT: NEXT-OF-KIN OF VICTIM (WALIAL-DAM) 1292
[C] HIGHEST DEGREE-DELIBERATE INTENT CAMD) 1294
[D] SECOND HIGHEST DEGREE: QUASI-DELIBERATE INTENT (SHIBH AL- AMD) . ..
1297 [E] SECOND LOWEST DEGREE: MISTAKE (KHATA ) 1297
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[F] LOWEST DEGREE: INDIRECT HOMICIDE (KATL BI-SABAB) 1298
§ 47.04 SUICIDE 1300
§ 47.05 BODILY HARM NOT INVOLVING DEATH 1301
§ 47.06 PROPERTY DAMAGE 1303
§ 47.07 PERJURY 1304
§ 47.08 PROTECTED {MA SUM) OR NOT PROTECTED (HADR)? 1304
PART THIRTEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW 1307
CHAPTER 48 LAW OF WAR 1309
§ 48.01 CONFLICTING QUR ANIC PASSAGES ABOUT CONFLICT? 1310 [A] THREE
SWORD VERSES AND ORIENTALIST FALLACY 1310
[B] OTHER AGGRESSIVE PASSAGES 1315
[C] PASSAGES CHAMPIONING NON-VIOLENCE AND REASON 1319
[D] BOTTOM LINE AND JUST WAR THEORY 1322
§ 48.02 OVERVIEW 1323
[A] SHAYBANI S 8TH CENTURY SIYAR, BUT AN INCHOATE SCHEME 1323
[B] BIFURCATION AND FRAMEWORK QUESTIONS 1324
§ 48.03 BIFURCATION OF WORLD 1326
[A] DARAL-HLDM (ABODE OF PEACE - MUSLIMS) 1326
[B] DDRAL-HARB (ABODE OF WAR - NON-MUSLIMS) 1327
§ 48.04 ANSWERS TO FRAMEWORK QUESTIONS 1327
[A] WHO MUST FIGHT? 1327
[B] WHEN MUST MUSLIMS FIGHT? AGAINST WHOM MUST THEY FIGHT? 1328 [C] HOW
MAY THE ENEMY BE DEALT WITH? 1328
[D] WHERE DO MUSLIMS FIND THE ENEMY? 1330
[E] BY WHAT MEANS MAY MILITARY SUCCESS BE PURSUED? 1331
[F] HOW IS SUCCESS DEFINED? 1331
§ 48.05 TREATMENT OF CONQUERED PEOPLES (DHIMMIS) UNDER TREATY OF
SURRENDER (DHIMMA) 1332
[A] BASIC OBLIGATIONS 1332
[B] PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM 1333
[B] EQUALITY AND INEQUALITY 1335
§48.06 REBELLION (BAGHI) 1336
CHAPTER 49 JIHAD (STRUGGLE) 1339
§49.01 DEFINITION OF JIHAD 1 3 40
FA] BASIC MEANING 2340
[B] CRITICAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER JIHAD 1340
§ 49.02 CONTEXTS FOR USE OF JIHAD 1341
[A] PUTTING GOD FIRST ! 3 41
LXX
IMAGE 25
TABLE OF CONTENTS
[B] REMAINING STEADFAST ON THE STRAIGHT PATH 1342
[C] STRIVING TO DO RIGHTEOUS DEEDS 1343
[D] FREEING PEOPLE FROM TYRANNY 1345
§ 49.03 EMPHASIS ON PEACE 1347
[A] RELATIONS WITH NON-MUSLIMS 1347
[B] LOVE YOUR ENEMIES? 1350
§ 49.04 JIHAD AS WAR? 1351
[A] DISTINCTION BETWEEN JIHAD (STRUGGLE) AND KATV (KILLING) 1351 [B]
JUS AD BELLUM, JUS IN BELLO, AND POWER TO DECLARE WAR 1352
[C] FIGHTING IN SELF-DEFENSE 1352
[D] FIGHTING FOR CAUSE OF ALLAH AND FOUR CAVEATS 1354
§ 49.05 KHARIJITES AND ASSASSINS 1356
CHAPTER 50 TERRORISM 1359
§ 50.01 JIHAD AS TERRORISM? 1359
[A] WHAT IS TERRORISM ? 1359
[B] CONDEMNATION IN ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW 1363
§ 50.02 MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD 1364
[A] ORIGIN, EVOLUTION, AND GROWTH 1364
[B] PHILOSOPHY, PRINCIPLES, AND OBJECTIVES 1366
[C] TERRORISM 1368
§ 50.03 AL QAEDA 1371
[A] ORIGINS 1371
[B] DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 1373
[C] PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES 1374
[D] LEGALITY OF AL QAEDA ACTIONS UNDER ISLAMIC LAW OF WAR 1377
[E] FUTURE PROSPECTS 1381
PART FOURTEEN 1383
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC TERMS 1385
INDEX 1-1
LXXI
|
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| id | DE-604.BV040612416 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:27:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781422417485 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2011014327 |
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| oclc_num | 742545559 |
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| owner_facet | DE-739 |
| physical | LXXI, 1455, 13 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | LexisNexis |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Understanding series |
| spelling | Bhala, Raj 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)121843580 aut Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) Raj Bhala New Providence, NJ LexisNexis 2011 LXXI, 1455, 13 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Understanding series Islamic law Islamisches Recht (DE-588)1151921939 gnd rswk-swf Islamisches Recht (DE-588)1151921939 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025439959&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bhala, Raj 1962- Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) Islamic law Islamisches Recht (DE-588)1151921939 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1151921939 |
| title | Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) |
| title_auth | Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) |
| title_exact_search | Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) |
| title_full | Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) Raj Bhala |
| title_fullStr | Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) Raj Bhala |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) Raj Bhala |
| title_short | Understanding islamic law (Sharīʿa) |
| title_sort | understanding islamic law shariʿa |
| topic | Islamic law Islamisches Recht (DE-588)1151921939 gnd |
| topic_facet | Islamic law Islamisches Recht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025439959&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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