Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Tow. Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studia z Historii XX Wieku
14 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 320 s., [16] s. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.). - Ill., Kt. 25 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788362261499 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Tomasz KARGOL
ODBUDOWA GALICJI
ze zniszczeń wojennych
w latach 1914-1918
Kraków 2012
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp 7
Rozdział 1 Zniszczenia wojenne 21
1 Geograficzno-chronologiczna charakterystyka zniszczeń 26
2 Branżowo-statystyczna charakterystyka zniszczeń 28
2 1 Infrastruktura 28
2 2 Rolnictwo, hodowla i gospodarka leśna 32
2 3 Przemyśl, rzemiosło, handel i spółdzielczość 38
3 Wartość zniszczeń i koszty odbudowy 43
4 Konsekwencje wojny i zniszczeń 44
Rozdział 2 Program odbudowy 49
1 Kształtowanie się programu odbudowy w latach 1914-1916 - 51
1 1 Program rządowy 51
1 2 Koncepcje społeczne 54
2 Rządowy program z 1916 r i jego zmiany 70
3 Starania o zmianę rządowego programu w latach 1916-1918 75
Rozdział 3 Instytucje ? 87
1 Instytucje państwowe 89
1 1 Władze centralne 89
1 2 Władze krajowe (1914-1916) 93
1 3 Centrala Krajowa dla Gospodarczej Odbudowy Galicji 98
2 Instytucje kredytowe 112
2 1 Galicyjski Wojenny Zakład Kredytowy 112
2 2 Galicyjski Miejski Wojenny Zakład Kredytowy 114
3 Instytucje pozarządowe 116
Rozdział 4 Przepisy i procedury 123
1 Zasady ogólne pomocy rządowej 125
1 1 Infrastruktura 128
1 2 Rolnictwo, hodowla i gospodarka leśna 132
1 3 Przemysł, rzemiosło, handel i spółdzielczość 144
2 Procedury pomocy kredytowej GWZK i GMWZK 149
Rozdział 5 Infrastruktura 155
1 Pomoc doraźna 156
1 1 Działania społeczeństwa 156
1 2 Rządowa pomoc doraźna 159
2 Budynki mieszkalne 174
3 Budynki użyteczności publicznej 181
4 Obiekty inżynieryjne 186
4 1 Studnie, wodociągi i kanalizacje 186
4 2 Wały przeciwpowodziowe, regulacja rzek 187
4 3 Melioracje 188
5 Komunikacja 189
6 Plany regulacji przestrzennej 193
Rozdział 6 Rolnictwo, hodowla i gospodarka leśna 199
1 Rolnictwo 202
1 1 Zasiewy i gleba 202
1 2 Siła robocza 207
1 3 Siła pociągowa 212
1 4 Maszyny i narzędzia rolnicze 215
1 5 Budynki gospodarcze i folwarki 224
2 Poboczne działy gospodarki rolnej 228
3 Hodowla 232
4 Gospodarka leśna 237
Rozdział 7 Przemysł, rzemiosło, handel i spółdzielczość 239
1 Przemysł 239
1 1 Przemysł rolno-spożywczy 239
1 2 Przemysł budowlany 245
1 3 Inne gałęzie przemysłu 247
1 4 Działalność inwestycyjna 249
2 Rzemiosło, handel i usługi 254
3 Spółdzielczość 259
Zakończenie 261
Bibliografia 289
Źródła archiwalne i rękopiśmienne 289
Źródła drukowane 291
Prasa 291
Sprawozdania, publicystyka, wspomnienia 292
Literatura 295
Internet 302
Wykaz tabel i wykresów 303
Wykaz skrótów 305
Summary 307
Indeks osobowy 313
SUMMARY
The thesis (The restoration of
Galicia
from war damage in the years
1914-1918)
belongs to the trend of economic history research combined with the military his¬
tory. Its principal purpose is to discuss the economic consequences of the World
War I in
Galicia
as well as the policies of Austrian authorities,
autonomie
domes¬
tic
Galícián
authorities in Lviv and the Galician community, within overcoming
the above mentioned war consequences.
Yet first the terms "war damage" and "restoration" used in the title of the thesis
need to be defined. Under the term "war damage" I understand three constituents:
direct war damage, war charges and illegal army contributions in addition to in¬
direct war damage (all losses resulting from the martial law, e.g. civil thefts, lack
of labour force and administrators, deficiency of raw materials and semifinished
goods, suspension and reduction of manufacturing, decrease of income). The term
"restoration" has been undestrood in two ways. Firstly, as the restoration to the
original pre-war state of transport and engineering objects, dwelling houses and
outbuildings as well as the public utility buildings. Secondly, the term defines
financial and material support from the state, aimed at resumption or raising the
level of production in agriculture, industry, commerce, handicraft, services and
the cooperative movement.
The thesis has been based on three main groups of sources: archival and manu¬
script sources, the press and other printed sources (reports, commentary and socio¬
political journalism). The work uses source materials from Polish archives (Central
Archives of Historical Records, The Central Archives of Modern Records, State
Archives in Cracow and others) as well as Ukrainian and Austrian archives.
The monograph has been divided into seven chapters, the introduction and the
conclusion chapter. Chapter I contains the general characteristics of war damage, in
terms of its reason, geographical position and sector structure. Chapter II discusses
the theoretical basis for government restoration of
Galicia
and the postulates of
the local groups, institutions, organizations, individuals etc. Chapter III presents
the organs of the government administration responsible for the realization of the
restoration program, financial institutions established during wartime as well as
the social, charity and professional organizations (both existing prior to the war
and established during wartime) cooperating with the state administration within
the restoration issue. In the chapter IV, the state legislation regarding the war dam¬
age and restoration has been analysed, in addition to the procedures and forms of
the state aid. In each of the chapters the analysis has been based on the following
308
SUMMARY
order: the infrastructure (dwelling houses, outbuildings, buildings of public util¬
ity, meliorations and other water regulations, transport infrastructure), agriculture,
industry, handicraft, commerce and other domains of economy. The subsequent
three chapters has been devoted to the restoration process of the infrastructure
(chapter V), agriculture, breeding and forestry (chapter VI) and industry, handicraft,
commerce and the cooperative movement (chapter
VII).
Galicia
was a site of major war operations four times: twice by the Russians
(1914, 1916)
and twice by the Central Powers
(1915, 1917).
The places where
battles and positional warfare were held the damage was the greatest, to which
were subjected private dwelling houses, public utility buildings with their fittings,
roads, bridges, handicraft workshops, factories, outbuildings with livestock and
machinery, soil, crops and harvest. Another category of material damage was using
the private and public property for military purposes (war charges).
In terms of the reasons for war damage one can distinguish four areas:
1.
ter¬
ritories along the lines of great battles sites or prolonged positional warfare and the
evacuated areas,
2.
areas along communication routes of armies of both fighting
sides,
3.
territories temporarily occupied by the Russians,
4.
poviats not affected
by direct war acts, but exposed to military requisitions.
Galicia
suffered substantial losses in the building infrastructure. According to
various data, between
421 000
to
500 000
buildings were destroyed, in
220
towns
and cities and in ca.
3 000
villages.
Particularly exposed to war damage was the communication infrastructure,
especially the railway, roads, bridges, railway stations, telegraph and telephone
lines, water meliorations, dykes, wells, sewerage and water-pipe systems.
The war interrupted the rational farming. Cultivable land, crops, harvest, out¬
buildings, machinery and equipment were destroyed. The country missed workforce
and draught animals. Soil losses consisted in lowering its quality and fertility. In
1914
in Western
Galicia
the losses in harvest amounted to
50
to
75%
in corn,
co.
75%
in leguminous and fodder plants and ca.
50%
in fodder roots. In
1916
the
number of damaged farming equipment was estimated at
30 000
pieces, in addi¬
tion to
300 000
farming tools and above
400 000
carts, sleighs and harnesses. That
damage
resulte
d
in the decrease of harvest and farmers' income.
Galician breeding also suffered great damage.
Galicia
lost
63,2%
of pigs,
40,6%
horses and
31,3%
of cattle. The breeding losses were estimated at
50%
in peasant
farms and
80%
in larger estates. The consequences of war included also quality
losses in breeding, as the animals left in farming were weak and underfed.
Forests and forestry were exposed to losses caused by war acts (fires) as well
as logging for military purposes.
50 000
ha of forests were destroyed.
The industry suffered losses in buildings and equipment. According to data
from
1916,
the greatest damage in percentage terms was incurred by sugar refin¬
eries, distilleries and glassworks
(80%
of destroyed factories), breweries
(76%),
oil refineries
(75%),
cement and concrete factories
(64%)
and brickyards
(58%).
309
About
70%
of handicraft workshops in
1916
were closed down because of the
lack of tools, raw materials or due to conscription of owners or workers.
The extent of damage and new challenges related to the militarization of
economy in
Galicia
aroused a discussion on the counteraction program against
the social and economic consequences of the conflict and the restoration of the
country.
The state restoration program consisted of two stages. The first one included an
immediate combat against war consequences and aid for the civilian population. The
purpose of the second stage was to reconstruct dwelling houses and outbuildings,
activate farms, factories, handicraft workshops, shops, farming cooperatives and
savings and loan companies. Until the half of
1915,
when the military situation on
the war front was unstable, the Galician society accepted the idea of provisional help
for the civilian population and economy. However, with time, demands were made
for modernization of various aspects of social and economic life and a thorough
economic reconstruction of
Galicia.
The discussion on restoration of housing came
down to technical questions in the first place. The term "rebuilding" of
Galicia,
not "restoration" was used (raising stone instead of wooden buildings, using tiles
instead of thatched roofs, changing the special arrangements of rebuilt localities,
building wells and water supplies). In agriculture and industry the demands were
even greater, covering also the economic policy of the state. The requests for war
reparations were made, and for the state aid in forms of non-refundable subsidies
and preferential credits, supplies of machinery, farm tools, seeds, horses and ar¬
tificial fertilisers as well as establishing new institutions responsible exclusively
for the realization of the restoration programme.
In Austria-Hungary the entity responsible for the realization of the restora¬
tion programme were the administrative authorities of the highest level, under
the leadership of the Ministry of Public Works and the Home Office, Ministry of
Agriculture and the domestic authorities.
In
Galicia,
within the Governorship structures, a special office was established
in
1916,
rensponsible for the restoration process, named
"Centrala
Krajowa dla
Gospodarczej Odbudowy Galicji
(COG) {Head Domestic
Office
for Economic
Restoration of
Galicia).
Its task was to rebuild the destroyed towns and municipali¬
ties, dwelling houses, outbuildings, communication and water systems as well as
to aid agriculture, forestry, commerce, handicraft and industry. The Head Office
was divided into sections, which were in turn divided into departments. In
1916
four sections were established (technical, agricultural, industrial and administra¬
tive), and in the years
1917-1918
two more were added (banking and forests). In
1918
the Head Office was changed into
Krajowy Urząd Odbudowy (KUO)
{the
State Office of Restoration).
The local representatives of COG/KUO were the building agencies (responsible
for building restoration), agricultural agencies (responsible for aiding farming)
310
SUMMARY
and beneft inspectors and commissioners, appointed to aid handicraft, industry
and commerce.
The second group of institutions involved into the restoration process were the
credit institutions
-
Galícián
War Credit Office
(est.
1915)
and Galician Municipal
War Credit Office
(est.
1917).
Also other institutions took actions towards the restoration process, such as
social, economic and charity institutions, both existing prior to War and estab¬
lished during the conflict time. Among the most important non-governmental
organizations were: agricultural societies from Cracow and Lviv, chambers of
commerce and industry from Cracow and Lviv, the Civic Committee for Restora¬
tion of Towns and Vilages in Cracow, Polish Polytechnic Society and the Union
of Greater Galician Towns.
Before
1914,
there were no legal provisions in the Austrian law to regulate legal
issues concerning war damages, thus there was no legal obligation for the state
to estimate and compensate them. The laws regulated only the payments of war
charges, i.e. civilian obligations towards the army (including lodgings provision,
seizure of land or buildings, supply of carts and horses or other animals capable
of transporting people or goods, supply or vehicles, food in kind or foodstuffs and
animals for slaughter).
For the restoration purposes, no one or several acts were passed
-
such ques¬
tions were regulated through regulations issued by particular ministries and
Namiestnictwo
(the central state government in
Galicia),
and those regulations
were subject to multiple changes.
The restoration process was based on various forms of aid: financial, credit
and material. The authorities granted refundable or non-refundable subsidies and
credits. Galician War Credit Office (GWZK) granted preferential credits to savings
and loan companies, farmers, industrialists and self-employed professionals. Gali¬
cian Municipal War Credit Office (GMWZK) pursued similar activities towards
municipalities, citizens and city enterprises.
The basic form of state aid were reduced tariffs for farmers purchasing ma¬
chines, farming tools, breeding and draught animals, at first settled at
25%,
and
from
1917
at
33%
off the price of the purchased goods.
The process of rebuilding the infrastructure consisted of two stages. In the years
1914-1916
the military situation did not allow to carry out a systematic restoration
campaign. The restoration was reduced to merely providing accommodation to
the inhabitants, mainly through renovation of damaged dwelling houses, building
barracks and temporary flats and placing the homeless in undamaged buildings or
transferring them to other localities. By the beginning of
1917
many objects were
built:
651
many-roomed barracks,
8 537
temporary houses and
16 788
buildings
were repaired. Over
63 000
families received shelter. In
1916
a definite reconstruc¬
tion of destroyed buildings began. By August
1918,107 615
buildings in
Galicia
were built or restored, including
40 463
dwelling houses,
749
schools,
133
temples,
311
2 314
city
buildings,
53 580
outbuildings and
973
other objects. About
40%
of
farmsteads in Western
Galicia
were rebuilt.
As regards the liquidation of war consequences in agriculture, the first actions
undertaken by the authorities in the years
1914—1916
included providing corn seed,
horses and oxen for farming, as well as farm tools and machinery. In the above
mentioned time
5 000
carts, ca.
8.000
horses and thousands of machines and farm
tools. Another form of state aid were preferential credits for farmers, to be spent
on sowing, and non-refundable bonuses for sown fields. In
1917
a comprehensive
programme of agricultural restoration was introduced, including farming, breeding,
fruit-growing, gardening, beekeeping and fishery, based on the system of govern¬
ment subsidies covering
1/3
of investments executed by farmers. The authorities
organize supplies of breeding cattle, dairy cows, natural and artificial fertilizers.
The programme of mechanization in agriculture, especially ploughing, was intro¬
duced in
Galicia.
Several hundred steam ploughs and motor ploughs (tractors) were
allocated to work in the fields. In the most destroyed areas, around
Przemyśl
and
in Eastern
Galicia,
the government financed ploughing. Forest owners were aided
through pecuniary benefits allocated to elimination and reclamation of destroyed
forest areas, and in form of seeds and seedlings for afforestation of those areas.
The policy of restoration and elimination of war consequences in industry,
handicraft, commerce and service industries was aimed at restoration to the pre¬
war state on the one hand and investment activities on the other, significant not
only for industry, but also for agriculture and dwelling infrastructure. The govern¬
ment programme of restoration focused on supporting two branches of industry:
agricultural and food industry (vital for the interests of the farming business and
food supply for civilians) and construction industry that constituted the base for
the restoration of destroyed building infrastructure. Other branches of industry
were of no importance in the process of
Galicia
restoration.
In the agricultural and food supply industry the government paid special
attention to distilling industry. Subsidies for rebuilding and starting of produc¬
tion, credits and selling tools and machinery at preferential prices were the basic
form of aid for distilleries. In the years
1916-1918
the financial support covered
12
agricultural distilleries,
9
distilleries were supplied with wooden dishes, and
40
with tools and machines. The aid covered also mills
(43
companies in all),
brickyards and sawmills. By the beginning of
1917,
through government support
2
large brickyards were put into operation. The COG and state authorities were
also successful in opening new industrial plants in the years
1917-1918:
artificial
fertilisers factory in
Bory
near
Jaworzno
in the Western part of
Galicia
(1918)
and
fanning tools and machinery works in
Oświęcim
(Auschwitz).
The restoration of handicraft was based on modest material and financial
subsidies, credits from the GWZK and GMWK and on allowing the producers to
participate in public procurements. The COG facilitated purchasing raw materials,
312
SUMMARY
products, technical articles an goods through aiding the purchases or purchasing
and donating to the persons concerned.
Within the cooperative movement, the institutions responsible for the Galician
restoration focused on putting into operation dairy cooperatives and savings and
loan banks. By
1918 47
dairy cooperatives and
12
private dairies were restored.
Financial institutions like savings and loan banks resumed their activity on the
basis of credits from GWZK. By
1918, 50
credit applications were realised for the
total amount of above
47 000 000
crowns.
The process of
Galicia
restoration proceeded in very difficult conditions. For
four years
Galicia
was a battlefield, its Eastern part being occupied by the Rus¬
sians until
1917-1918.
The restoration of buildings, water facilities and transport systems were fur¬
thermore hindered by the deficiency of building materials, their growth in prices
and labour market crisis (lack of specialists), as well as transport problems caused
by railway system being submitted to military purposes.
The process of Galician restoration received negative judgements from the
society and the press, as well as from the political and social-economic circles.
The authorities were accused of bureaucracy, little financial involvement into the
liquidation of the war consequences, unclear criteria of subsidy granting, favour¬
ing credits over non-returnable subsidies as the main source of financing of the
restoration and thus shifting its costs onto the injured party.
The restoration process was continued through the interwar period, but on the
basis of different regulations and state institutions. After
1918,
two stages can be
distinguished. The first, temporary one
(1918-1919)
was characterised by func¬
tioning of the old, post-Galician institutions, operating in new conditions. The
second stage was specified by new legislation and institutions of the independent
Poland. Liquidation of the war consequences lasted long into the interwar period,
and in the most damaged regions was not even completed before the breakout of
the Second World War.
Translated by Maria
Andrzej
ewicz-Nowak |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kargol, Tomasz 1975- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1193129559 |
| author_facet | Kargol, Tomasz 1975- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kargol, Tomasz 1975- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040604378 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)844023317 (DE-599)BVBBV040604378 |
| era | Geschichte 1914-1918 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1914-1918 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Galizien (DE-588)4019124-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Galizien |
| id | DE-604.BV040604378 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:22:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788362261499 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025432072 |
| oclc_num | 844023317 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 320 s., [16] s. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.). - Ill., Kt. 25 cm. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Tow. Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studia z Historii XX Wieku |
| series2 | Studia z Historii XX Wieku |
| spelling | Kargol, Tomasz 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)1193129559 aut Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 Tomasz Kargol Kraków Tow. Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" 2012 320 s., [16] s. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.). - Ill., Kt. 25 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studia z Historii XX Wieku 14 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1914-1918 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsschaden (DE-588)4165711-1 gnd rswk-swf Wiederaufbau (DE-588)4065958-6 gnd rswk-swf Galizien (DE-588)4019124-2 gnd rswk-swf Galizien (DE-588)4019124-2 g Kriegsschaden (DE-588)4165711-1 s Wiederaufbau (DE-588)4065958-6 s Geschichte 1914-1918 z DE-604 Studia z Historii XX Wieku 14 (DE-604)BV023054929 14 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025432072&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025432072&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kargol, Tomasz 1975- Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 Studia z Historii XX Wieku Kriegsschaden (DE-588)4165711-1 gnd Wiederaufbau (DE-588)4065958-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4165711-1 (DE-588)4065958-6 (DE-588)4019124-2 |
| title | Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 |
| title_auth | Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 |
| title_exact_search | Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 |
| title_full | Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 Tomasz Kargol |
| title_fullStr | Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 Tomasz Kargol |
| title_full_unstemmed | Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 Tomasz Kargol |
| title_short | Odbudowa Galicji ze zniszczeń wojennych w latach 1914 - 1918 |
| title_sort | odbudowa galicji ze zniszczen wojennych w latach 1914 1918 |
| topic | Kriegsschaden (DE-588)4165711-1 gnd Wiederaufbau (DE-588)4065958-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kriegsschaden Wiederaufbau Galizien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025432072&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025432072&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023054929 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kargoltomasz odbudowagalicjizezniszczenwojennychwlatach19141918 |