Mihal Grameno: jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Albanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Durrës
Pavarësia
2012
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 506 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789928122353 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806958091297619968 |
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| adam_text |
TRYEZA
ELENDES
Kënga atdhetare Për
Mëm'édhenë
.
faqe
4
HYRJE
.7
KAPITULLI
I
JETA
DHE AKTIVITETIATDHETAR
I MIHAL
GRAMENOS
Ven,dlindja
e
Mihalit dhe origjina
e
familj
es Grameno
. 17
Fëmijëria, shkollimi dhe mërgimi
і
Mihalit .
32
Нара
të
suksesshëm ne krijimtarinë letrare
. 44
Luftëtar
dhe
krönikan i
çetës kombëtare
. 49
Në
Korçë, nën hundën
e xhonturqve
.66
Në Vlorë,
pranë
Ismail Qemalit .99
Në
Pogradecin dhe
në Korçën
e lire
.113
Përtej Atllantikut në SHBA
. 125
Në Konferencën e Paqes në Paris, sërish në SHBA
. 148
Në atdhe përkrah forcave demokratike
. 154
Pajtimi i Mihal
Gramenos
me
Ahmet Zogun . 177
KAPITULLI
II
MIHAL
GRAMENO JA DRAMATURG,
PROZATOR
DHE POET
Një talent
і
ri në dramaturg)inë shqiptare
. 188
Ndihmesa e
Gramenos
në prozën e gjatë shqipe
. 229
Realizm i
qëndrueshëm në skicat letrare
. 253
Poeti i himneve
atdhetare
. 260
KAPITULLI III
KRIJIMTARIA
PUBLICISTIKE,
ARRITJA MË
E MADHE
. 287
Lufta
e
armatosur
e
vetmja
rragë për të
fituar
lirinë
(1905-1912)
.290
Lufta
për
liri mbeti
sërish
teme qendrore
(1913-1920) .319
Nesër Shqipërinë ta
qeverisin demokratët e
jo bejlerët
çifligarë
. 330
Kryengritja Fshatare e Shqipërisë së Mesme në
publicistikën e
Gramenos
. 356
Duhetjetë e re
(1921-1924) . 363
Ç'kuptonte
Gramenoja me socializmën, xhaxha
Leninin dhe bollshevizmën?
. 381
Nga pozitat e demokratit
revolucionar
.393
Mjeshtëria,
individualiteti
dhe
stili
publicistik i
Gramenos
.401
KAPITULLI
IV
KONKLUZIONE
Vendi
i
Mihal
Gramenos
në historinë e letërsisë
dhe publicistikës shqiptare
.419
MIHAL GRAMENO,
HIS LIFE
AND
WORKS
(SUMMARY)
.437
Album
fotografik
.457
Treguesi i
personave
. 475
Treguesi i
emrave gjeografikë
. 486
BIBLIOGRAFIA
. 493
Të dhëna për autorin
.501
Mihal Grameno
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
MIHAL GRAMENO,
HIS LIFE
AND WORKS
(1871-1931)
SUMMARY
The 19th century, a time of national movements, found
the Albanian people
-
descendants of the Illyrian tribes
-
gravely destroyed by the long Roman, Byzantine, Serbian and
finally Ottoman occupations. During the Ottoman occupation,
in order to alleviate somewhat the weight from being under a
Turkish rule, nearly
70%
of the Albanian population converted
to Islam. The remaining
30%
maintained their Catholic
traditions in the north and Orthodox traditions in the south.
The Ottoman ruler from the 1500s until November of
1912
when Albania won its independence, tried his best to keep
the Albanian people in the dark, in order to use them in frontlines
in his battles and, as a result, extend the lifespan of the Ottoman
Empire. For this reason, it was prohibited by law to open any
schools in the Albanian language or to use this language as the
liturgical language in churches and mosques. The occupators
were forcefully propagandizing that the Albanian
muslims
were Osmans (Turks), sons of the sultan, whereas the Orthodox
Christians were Greeks or Slavs, and the Catholic ones were
Italians. Even the politicians of the new Balkan countries
that won their independence during the 19th century began to
follow the same propaganda against the Albanian people. The
Medieval-Byzantine formula cuius
religio,
eius
nado
"whose
religion, his nationality" was to be forcefully respected by the
437
Prof.
Ase.
Dr. Thanas
L. Gjika
_
Albanians even in the
1
9th century when all other peoples were
divided into nations according to blood, language, traditions,
psychology and geography.
During this oppressive situation for the Albanian
people, the National Albanian Renaissance Movement was
created. The
ideologs
of this movement valued the common
characteristics of the spiritual and material culture of the
Albanians, they fought to write, clean up and enrich the Albanian
language
-
the most important, unifying factor of the nation
-
to bring awareness of the good old traditions such as loyalty,
bravery, hospitality, respect toward foreigners, mercy toward
the helpless, etc. They did not overestimate or underestimate
the various influences the Albanian people's mentality, the
Albanian language and religion had suffered as a result of long
periods of oppression from foreign powers. They valued the
bigger factor
-
the incredible survival of a special people amid
the Balkan populations, a people which deserved and needed to
live free in those Balkan lands where it was the majority.
The Albanian Renaissance men were Illuminists,
fighting to awaken the Albanian people from the lethargy they
had fallen into as a result of the long and turbulent Turkish
oppression. They fought to get their countrymen out from
this infant stage and make them capable of using their own
minds and logic to be aware of and appreciate their own unique
characteristics. They fought to spread the written language, to
revive the national pride evoking in literature the heroic past
and Albania's greatest leaders like George Kastriot Skanderbeg,
Pyrrhos of Epirus, etc. Aside from the original literature, they
gave particular importance to the gathering and publication
of oral literature. The oral literature among the Albanians had
filled the centuries-long void created by the absence of a written
literture.
The oral literature was rightly understood by the
438
_
Mihal Grameno
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
Renaissance men as an invaluable national treasure, a national
identity that needed to be rediscovered and advanced forward
(Elsie, Robert, History of Albanian Literature, DUKAGJINI,
Tiranë-Pejë,
1997, f. 54).
One of the most influential activists of the first quarter
of the 20th century is
Mihal
Grameno, born in
Korça,
Albania
who was known as a writer, publisher, and fighter for freedom
and democracy. He is an example of the Albanian war writer
like the war poets and writers of the Balkan people who wrote
and fought against the Ottoman oppression such as, Mihai
Eminescu
(1850-1889),
Tudor Arghezu
(1880-1967),
Hristo
'
Botev
(1848-1876),
and others.
Grameno's national activism, his literary works and
publications were completed in Albania, Rumania and U.S.A.
He became known among people not simply through his
writings, romantic songs and hymns that were sung in his time
and even until today, but also from his direct involvement as a
freedom fighter, when he journeyd all across Southern Albania
with a rifle on his back. He became known for his continuous
activism in the national and democratic movement according
to his motto: it is most valuable for one to work inside Albania
than in the colonies, a motto that became the principle of his
life.
The people of the Renaissance period were heroes
-
they threw themselves into an unequal war, but they were
filled with the hope that others would follow in their footsteps
until the victory of freedom and democracy. They partially
achieved their goals. They fought to free the Albanian literature
from unnecessary influences of foreign literatures making it
an independent literature with its own original and national
characteristics. Following in the footsteps of the Albanian
national poet Nairn
Frashëri
(1846-1900),
the Renaissance
439
Prof.
Ase.
Dr. Thanas
L. Gjika
_
writers brought the literature closer to the process of the spiritual
and national development of the Albanian people. They turned
the Albanian literature into the expression of their moral and
aesthetic consciousness. They sacrificed everything in fighting
for their dignity and that of the Albanian people. The study and
discovery of the values of their lives and works helps us equip
ourselves with dignified and stable moral norms.
* * *
Mihal
Grameno was born in the town of
Korça
in
January
13,1871.
He lived there for the first
15
years of his life,
where he studied at a Greek language school. At
15,
like many
young Albanians, he emmigrated to
Bucarest,
Romania where
he continued high school studies at night. From
1907-1908
he
returned home and joined the mountain guerilla forces in the
fight for freedom. After July
1908,
with the onset of the Young
Turks Constitution, Grameno stayed in his hometown of
Korçë,
where he worked underground for the organization of the armed
movement against the Ottoman invasion. At the same time, he
was publishing his own newspapers The Orthodox Union
( 1909-
1910)
and Time
( 1911 -1912).
In the pages of these newspapers,
Grameno published numerous articles, portraits, humorous
pieces and literary sketches in order to defend the consitutional
rights of the people, to strengthen the national consciousness
of the Albanians and to discredit the
anti-
Albanian propaganda
from the chauvinistic circles of the neighboring countries.
After the Declaration of Independence on November
28, 1912,
Grameno went to
Vlore,
the first capital city of
an independent Albania, in order to aid the government and
440
Mihal Grameno
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
primeminister
Ismail Qemali
(1844-1919)
in a number of tasks
at a trying time. After the start of WWI, when Albania became
occupied by the armies of cross-fighting countries,
Mihal
Grameno was forced to
emmigrate
to the U.S. with three of
his brothers. He settled in Jamestown, NY where he continued
the publication of Time newspaper
(1915-1919).
In
1920,
he
returned to
Korçë,
Albania, where he restarted the publication
of his newspaper. Through articles, feature articles, portraits,
humor, pamphlets, and literary sketches published from
1920-
1924,
Grameno strengthened a democratic mentality and the
victory of the Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of June
1924,
a time when Fan Noli, a distinguished intellectual educated
in the U.S., came to power. After this revolution's failure and
the coming to power of feudalistic Ahmet Zogu
(1895-1961),
Grameno, being ill and in a difficult economic condition, was
forced to reconcile with the situation and to remove himself
from the political war. In
1926,
he terminated his Time
newspaper and withdrew from the public life until his death
in
1931.
In the war for national freedom, the creation of an
independent Albanian nation and in the first serious endeavors
for a bourgeois-democracy
Mihal
Grameno
's
talent and his
mental and spiritual help were evident and unforgettable.
Mihal
Grameno, like other Albanian Renaissance
men, chose the war for freedom and democracy because he
understood that life in democracy makes human cohabitation
possible, in a dignified manner. Through readings in Greek
and Romanian, Grameno had assimilated the great lesson from
Demokritus: Poverty in a democracy is better than prosperity
under tyrants. because freedom is better than slavery. This
conviction helped him accept his sufferings as an Albanian
writer and journalist serving for the freedom of his people rather
than accept large monetary propositions from the Turkish ruler,
441
Prof. Asa Dr^Thanas
L.
Gjika
_
Greek Despot of
Korça
and the Italian minister,
San Juliano,
in
exchange for working as their journalist.
Grameno's work, spanning from its early beginnings
in
1902
to December of
1924
is characterized by war themes,
historical optimism, national pathos, and democratic ideas.
After December
1924,
with Ahmet Zogu's coming to power,
and the failure of the Democratic Revolution of June
1924,
the
democratic movement weakened and Grameno experienced
first hand the crisis of the ideals of such a movement.
Mihal
Grameno belongs to the Renaissance writers
who, after
1902 -
the year of publication of one of the greatest
works of Albanian literature, Father Tomorr by Andon Zako
Çajupi
(1866-1930) -
marked a new literary period where
along with themes, visions and forms of romantic expression,
they brought themes, visions and forms of realistic expression.
These two writers and Asdreni
(1872-1947),
freed the artistic
literature from religious themes and morals. Andon Zako
Çajupi,
Asdreni,
Mihal
Grameno and others did not see the
Albanian people simply as a nation, as the romantics did, but
also as a society made up of different classes that had their
own unique problems. Regardless of how they presented these
problems and decided to solve them, the fact that they noticed
and presented them constitutes a step forward for the Albanian
literature of the time.
With his novels The Chimney, The Kiss, and The
Tomb of Baptism, published in the years
1904-1909,
Grameno
entered the literary world as the first person to write long prose
in Albanian where such a tradition had not existed before. To
be successful in his work, on the aspect of speech, he turned
toward popular prose which served him as a real, artistic
experience. Through the contents of these books, expressing
his discontent toward the moral norms of higher classes and by
442
Mihal Grameno
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
poeticising the spiritual values of the simple people, Grameno
was tolling the bell to awaken the social consciousness of the
lower classes. He was strengthening these classes' dignity and
respect toward themselves. And precisely with these ideas
expressed in his novels, Grameno's contribution in deepening
the democratic spirit not just in the long narrative form in its
early stages, but in all of Albanian literature became one of the
main characteristics of this literature. Through the sentimental
pathos of his novels, Grameno pointed out human attributes
of the poor Albanian villagers and citizens, expressed his
sympathy for this opressed part of the population and tried to
save it from its grave circumstances even though he did not
predict the road of social movements, just that of the Utopian
mercy and harmony. We must not forget, however, that to draw
attention to the poor masses, to the interests of the lower classes
of society, meant to work against the official propaganda. With
his sentimental novels, where the elements of realism are not
lacking, Grameno opened the road for future prose writers like
Foqion
Postoli,
Nikolla
Lako,
Andón
Frasheri,
Veli Panariti,
Sterio
Spase,
etc.
The comedy The Curse of the Albanian Language is
a political comedy, at the center of which is the war against
the Greek clergy and his helpers (Greek-turned Albanians),
who worked under his orders and religion to segregate the
Albanian people and to turn the Orthodox Albanians into
Greeks. Grameno, as an honest intellectual and nationalist, had
understood that the Orthodox religion had become, in the hands
of the Greek clergy and the one who acted as such from within
the country, an instrument of the Greek shovinism. Therefore,
through humor and satire, he sought to unmask these anti-
Albanian forces.
443
Prof.
Ase.
Dr. Thanas
L. Gjika
_ _ _
In Grameno's comedy one notices the positive
influence of the famous French master of comedy, Jean
Baptiste
Poquelin, otherwise known as
Moliere.
This influence
is particularly evident in the creation of literary characters such
as
Thanë, a
servant, and Sofron, a hypocrite Greek despot. The
humor in this comedy is strongest through the dialogues and
acts of these representatives of two opponent camps. Grameno
has brought to life the creation of the character of
Thanë as
a typical representation of the common Albanian people and
that of Sofron as the Greek despot, a typical representation of
a foreign chauvinist. In The Curse of the Albanian Language,
he managed to express the hate toward opposing forces not by
denouncing it in words as in some poems, but by portraying it
in art through the characters' motivated thoughts and actions.
The connections between the characters and their surroundings
are achieved through an intuitive, spontaneous realism,
without being affected by historism, or by the understanding
of characters as a product of their environment. But in this
comedy, this type of realism is much more effective than in
his novels. The weakness of Grameno's spontaneous realism
comes from the fact that the protagonists in these books do not
always think, feel and act in compliance with the internal logic
of the social characters that they embody. They some time think
and act in compliance with the original idea that the author has
predetermined. The Curse of the Albanian Language is a three
act political, patriotic comedy, written in
1902
and published in
1905.
This comedy was known by A. Z.
Çajupi
and must have
pushed him to write his own one act political comedy After
Death in
1910,
published posthumously in
1937.
The historical theme of the tragedy, The Death of
Phyrros, centers around the life of King Phyrros of Epirus. In
it, one notices the influence of the poetics of French Classical
444
Mihal Grameno
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
tragedies and those of ancient Greece. Grameno's tragedy is the
first of its kind. As such, it opened the way for the composition
of classical tragedies from other writers such as Andon Zako
Çajupi,
Kristo Floqi, Eťhem
Haxhiademi, etc. By performing
the tragedy on stage numerous times during the Renaissance
period and afterwards through amateur groups in the Albanian
colonies in Rumania, USA and within Albania in Vlora,
Korça
and Tirana, The Death of Phyrros played an important role
in invigorating the theatrical movement. It thus, marked the
beginnings of the history of Albanian theater.
The Curse of the Albanian Language, and The Death of
Phyrros, written in
1902-1903
and published in
1905-1906,
are
among the first of their kind. They, along with similar works,
mark the beginnings of the Albanian dramaturgy as a literary
genre. Despite the characteristic of spontaneous realism in The
Curse, The Kiss, and The Tomb of Baptism, we must note that
they were necessary in bringing forth realism. They helped the
process of the birth of realism, a process that had already began
with A. Z.
Çajupi 's
Father Tomorr, the works of Padre Gjergj
Fishta, Asdreni,
Faik Konica
and
Dom Ndre
Mjeda and which
was solidifying in the
1930s
with the works of Migjeni, Ernest
Koliqi, Mitrush Kuteli, Nonda
Bulka,
and others.
Grameno is not only a prose writer and playwright but
also a poet. His songs For Motherland, Farewell, Blessing for
Freedom which became popular during Renaissance, had an
effect on the creation of numerous songs and marches from
1908
to
1912.
They make for some of the best patriotic lyrics
we have inherited from the Renaissance period. These songs
became popular for the simplicity with which they expressed
the fundamental ideas of the epoch. The text, unburdened by
complex figures of speech and the simple, catchy melody which
anyone could sing made them easy and quick to learn and
445
Prof.
Ase.
Dr. ThanasJL.^jjika
_
spread as the hymns of the freedom fighters. Grameno's merit
is the fact that he composed the music for these songs himself
based on the revolutionary songs that were spreading across the
Balkans. His patriotic songs were sung not just from
1908-1912
from the fighters of freedom from the Turkish occupation, but
even through the
1940s
against the Italo-German occupation.
Grameno's poem, "For Motherland", along with
Pashko Vasa's "Oh Albania, Poor Albania,
"
Nairn Frasheri's
"Albanian Linguage",
Çajupi's
"Albanian!", Padre Gjergj
Fishta "The Albanian Language",
Dom Ndre
Mjeda's "Song
of the Nightingale
",
Filip Shioroka's
"Go Swallow, Come
Back Swallow", Asdreni's "Hymn to the Flag", Fan
Nolis
"The Flag", AHAsllani's "Vlora, Vlora", Lazgush
Poradeci
's
"Poradec
",
and many others are part of the literature anthology
texts used in elementary and secondary schools throughout
Albania and Kosovo as the kinds of poems that directly helped
the students' patriotic formation and still continue to do so.
Grameno became even more popular as a talented
journalist. He published numerous articles for nearly a quarter
of a century. He, himself, founded and ran both newspapers
Lidhja Orthodhokse {The Orthodox Connection,
1909-1910)
and Koha (Time,
1911-1926).
Through his works and talent,
these newspapers have found an honorable place in the history
of Albanian journalism in the Renaissance and Independence
periods.
Publicistics is in fact the field where Grameno's creative
talent truly shone. He was committed to this field, felt inspired
and was able to publish numerous writings of more than
3000
type written pages. Many of these pages have remarkable
value for the life of the Albanians in the first quarter of the
20th century, a period filled with important events. In this
field, Grameno is one of the main promoters of the patriotic
446
_
MihaKjrameno
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
theme according to which Albania's independence could not
be expected to come from the governments of the foreign
countries such as the Austro-Hungarian government as Faik
Konica
believed; or the Italian one as many arbereshe (ethnic
Albanians) there and catholic clergy believed; or the Turkish
one according to Mit'hat Frasheri. The independence from the
Turks, according to Grameno, could be secured only through an
armed war from the Albanian people. Grameno was always a
determined defender of the lower classes of society and enemy
of the usurpers of the country's government after the victory of
independence.
Grameno's publicistics career is known for its patriotic
and social themes. At the center of this career was the war
for national freedom and social progress. The heroes in his
writings were the guerilla fighters, the democratic nationalists,
the sons of the lower classes who had dedicated their lives to
the war for freedom and democracy. At the same time, at the
center of Grameno's work, we also see those who represent the
Albanian aristocracy. A small part of this aristocracy created
genuine ties with the national movement for freedom. Grameno
knew how to show appreciation toward these people. Some of
the people he mentions are Ismail
bej
Qemali,
Isa
bej Boletini,
Orhan
bej Pojani,
Alo bej
Dishnica, etc. But the largest part
of this aristocracy, having its narrow interests at heart, took a
non-patriotic stance toward the national movement and tried
to take advantage of undeserved posts in the government.
Such elements Grameno always described sarcastically in
his writings. The works that center around historical figures
like Esad Pashe Toptani, Turhan Pasha, Myfit
bej Libohova,
and others, are pervaded by a satirical pathos through which
Grameno unmasked the reactionary core of these social forces,
their anti-patriotic mentality.
447
Prof.
Ase.
Dr. Thanas
L.
Giika
Grameno was dedicated to journalism at a time when
his democratic ideals kept maturing, especially after his time in
Çerçiz'
platoon. When he came to know the Albanian people's
character up close, its needs and aspirations, we notice that
Grameno's interpretation of the events from the perspective of
the lower classes became more and more realistic. From
1909-
1912,
apart from his famous plea "slippers are the backbone
of the nation", in order to show on which classes the national
freedom movement should rely on, Grameno wrote literary
portraits where the focus was on national fighters who came
from the poor lines of shepherds and farmers. In the years
that followed, after the independence, Grameno continued to
strengthen his democratic ideas.
From
1915-1918,
Grameno wrote a series of pamphlets
and humorous pieces at the center of which were the ex-ministers
of the government of
Vlore
(1912-1913)
and especially that of
Dürres (1914).
In these writings, he unmasked the reactionary
character of the Beys and other provincial governors as a class.
He showed that this class was already outdated, it had lost
its energies and had turned into a serious obstacle for social
progress. Even though, theoretically, there was no specific
knowledge or teachings on the development of human society,
Grameno, through his direct experience of life, broadened and
strengthened his own understanding of democracy and arrived
at the conclusion that the elimination of feudalism in Albania
was a necessity in order to advance forward. Therefore, in
the early
1920s,
Grameno, as a journalist, immediately found
himself at the frontlines of political and social activism
which spurred the democratic movement that resulted in the
Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of June
1924.
Looking at his journalistic writings from
1915
to
1924,
a decade, it is clear that Grameno was one of the most
448
_
Mihal Grameno
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
distinguished Albanian journalists. He wrote and published
hundreds of
publicistic
writings of a high artistic level and
complex content. In
1919
and
1921
he was among the first to
point out Albania's need for an agricultural reform. During
the months that Fan Noli's government was in power, on the
pages of his newspaper Time, Grameno sought persistently the
application of the announced reforms in order for the democracy
that had just been declared not to turn into mere demagogy.
But, for the reasons that we now know, this government was
overthrown at the end of December,
1924.
Mihal
Grameno,
Asdreni, Hil
Moşi, Milo
Duci, Risto Siliqi
and other writers
and publicists suffered a crisis of their worldview which
can be explained through the spontaneous character of their
democratization and the oppressive situation created by Ahmet
Zogu at the time.
Regardless of some of the visionary and artistic
weaknesses evident in some of Grameno's works, he appeared
in the Albanian journalism field as a powerful, innovative
publicist who pointed out diverse themes, and whose prolificacy
and artiste level were enviable. He was one of the first Albanians
to successfully write portraits, sketches, pamphlets, humorous
pieces and memoirs. For over
20
years, until December
1924,
he stood at the frontlines of Albanian publicists as an original
and distinguished activist of Albanian democratic, national
movement.
Grameno was a genuine man, with a strong creative
will, well-formed in democratic and patriotic ideals, with a
mastery of the Romanian, Greek and Italian languages. He is
the kind of a journalist who developed through his own will and
ambitions. He wrote for the masses and was well understood
and followed by numerous writers and journalists.
449
Prof.
Ase.
Dr. Thanas
L.
Gjika
Being a journalist who came from the ranks of writers,
Grameno paid close attention to artistic generalization
which became another distinguishing mark of his
publicistic
individuality. This artistic generalization was developing
around the first and second decade of Grameno's
publicistic
career. His attempt to describe the types of contemporary
Albanian life in a generalized manner marks a new occurrence
in his work. Apart from his typical works, he started to compose
writings where he no longer used concrete names of people
and places where events really happened. Instead, he made up
the names himself. In these writings, he also substituted real
events with fictional ones from his own imagination. This is
how he began writing literary sketches. In
1908,
he wrote The
Albanian Journalist, where he defined better than anyone before
him the figure of the Albanian Renaissance journalist and his
associates who worked with a clean conscience to awaken the
masses, regardless of the sacrifices they had to make. From
1915-1918,
Grameno paid close attention to the composition
of satirical literary sketches such as, Honxho-bonxhot,
Memedheu
i vjeter
(Olid
Matheland),
Kafeoxhaket, etc., where
he created the typical anatolian officials who had smothered the
government of I. Qemali and especially that of prince
Wilhelm
Von
Wied
(1876-1945).
In the sketches written in
1921-1923
like Shemendeferi (The Railroad), I gjori
ibrik,
Duvaxhinjte,
Xinxiflce Pasha, Xhongo-roket, etc., he created
indiferent
and
pseudo-patriotic deputy and civil servant types who behind
their beautiful words and clothes hid their spiritual emptiness
and lack of patriotism. Through such satirical sketches as well
as his numerous pamphlets and humorous pieces, Grameno
revealed the Albanian world without any masks and paved the
road for writer and publicist Nonda
Bulka
(1906-1972),
who,
from
1921-1924
was a student at the French
Liceum
of
Korca
450
_
Mihal Grameno
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
and whose sketches and humorous short stories advanced to a
new level in
1930-1938.
Mihal
Grameno
's
literary and
publicistic
work is one of
the most powerful bridges that link the Albanian Renaissance
literature and publicistics with that of the Independent Period.
His work helped the Albanian literature in making the leap from
a Romantic to a Realist literature. It's important to note the fact
that Grameno's work depicts the Albanian world of the time
in many of its aspects: each class has its own psychology and
characteristics, always Albanian ones, which has resulted in
deepening the Albanian national character. Grameno supported
those classes and social levels that aided the social progress. He
renounced those classes that hindered such progress.
Mihal
Grameno is the example of the dedicated
patriotic writer, who for the sake of his country, took up his
pen, or his gun according to the needs of the time. In
1902-
1907,
when the country still needed literary works more than
patriotic activism, he exercised his talent in dramaturgy, prose
and poetry, enriching our literature with new genres such as
comedy, tragedy, novella, patriotic hymns, etc. In
1907-1912
and later, when Albania needed more militant activism than
literature, he took to the mountains as a guerilla and engaged in
journalism as well as political and social activism. In these years
he enriched our literature with pamphlets, humorous pieces,
portraits, sketches and the new genre of memoir. Along with
Asdreni he followed the old teaching one percent talent and
ninety nine percent work. Working with constant dedication,
he was successful at introducing new literary genres and for
this, like Asdreni, he should be known as an important writer of
the Albanian Renaissance Literature. Grameno is an important
figure of the Renaissance literature even though none of his
works can compare, artistically, to the great works of other
451
Profese.
Dr.
Thanas
L. Gjika
_
Renaissance writers such as Milosaos
'
Songs by
Jeronim
De
Rada,
History ofSkenderbeg by Nairn Frasheri, Lahuta
e Maleis
(The Highland Lute) by Padre Gjergj Fishta, Father Tomorr
by Andon Zako
Çajupi, Kenkat
e Luftes
by Zef Skiroi (The
Songs of War by Giuseppe Schiro),
Кепка
e sprasme e
Bales by
Gavril
Dara (Bala
's Last
Song by
Gabriele
Dara),
Juvenilia by
Dom
Ndre Mjeda and others. But looking at Grameno's works
individually we cannot understand the worth and importance of
his work as a whole. That can only be achieved if we can think
for a moment what our literature would lack if Grameno's work
of the early 20th century did not exist.
In the absence of
Mihal
Grameno's works and activism,
the Albanian literature and national history would be the
poorer. Albanian literature would be missing the first historical
tragedy, The Death ofPhyrros, one of the first comedies The
Curse of the Albanian Language, the first novels, The Chimney,
The Tomb of Baptism, The Kiss, the revolutionary hymns For
Motherland, Blessing for Freedom, Farewell, the love song
The Month of May, etc. Our literature would lack the realistic
sketches which served as an autopsy of the social composition
of the first Albanian governments. Albanian journalism would
be the poorer because it would lack the abundant amount of
articles, pamphlets, satires and portraits through which events
and classes in
1908-1924
were carefully recorded. We would
miss out on the memoir The Albanian Revolution and the deeds
of
Çerçiz Topulli's
fighting unit. Our national and democratic
history would be the poorer because it would lack the guerilla
fighter, the underground activist of the armed movement, the
democratic agitator. Albanian society would lack the example
of the honest, balanced man who criticized with supported
facts without name-calling or offending anyone without proper
arguments, the man who welcomed criticism and responded
452
_
Mihal
Grammo
-
Jeta dhe
vepra
with arguments. There has and continues to be a dire need in
our Albanian society for a dedicated writer, journalist, fighter,
political and social activist such as Grameno was. A quiet,
honorable man can be left on the sidelines without being
appreciated according to his merit, for some time, perhaps for a
long time, but not forever.
A proper scholarly evaluation of
Mihal
Grameno
's
works was prevented by the lack of a scholarly publication of
his complete works. After careful consideration of his whole
work, we can arrive at the conclusion that Grameno needs to
be placed higher in the classification of Albanian Renaissance
authors, or more concretely, the Albanian authors of the first
quarter of the 20th century. In this classification, Albanian
scholars have long singled out three main poets
Jeronim
De
Rada (Gerolamo De Rada,
1814-1903),
Nairn Frasheri, and
Padre Gjergj
Fishta (Rexhep Qosja, Prej Letersise
Romantike
Deri
te
Letersia
Moderne,
Prishtine,
2006,
p.
202, 233).
Only
recently has scholar Jorgo
Bulo, rivisted
AndonZ.
Çajupi as
one
of the greatest poets of our Renaissance period, because
Çajupi
helped make possible the leap from a romantic, affirmative
pathos which was typical for the Renaissance culture, into a
satirical pathos and he was responsible for bringing critical
thought to the Albanian culture, thus paving road to Realism
(Çajupi, A. Z.
Vepra,
Toena,
Tirane
2008,
edited by Jorgo
Bulo,
vol. I, "Introduction
").
The idea that
Çajupi
became a
popular writer after the publication of
Baba Tomorri
{Father
Tomorr), second in fact after Nairn Frasheri, is also supported
by Canadian scholar Robert Elsie (Elsie, Robert, History of
Albanian Literature, DUKAGJINI,
Tiranë-Pejë,
1997, f. 259).
Other writers of the Renaissance period and those in
the first couple of decades afterwards can be classified in a way
without grouping them into particular classes but according
453
Prof. Asc^Dr. Thanas
LXîjika_
_
to their individuality and what they brought to the aesthetics
of literature. Grameno can be thus considered as an important
author, for the fact that his dramatic works paved the way for
comedy and tragedy. His novels marked the beginnings of
long prose in Alabnian. His songs and hymns influenced future
patriotic and love songs. His literary sketches consolidated
realism as a stable literary method. As a publisher of numerous
pamphlets, satires, humorous pieces, and sketches, he is a
journalist of the highest caliber who comes right after Faik
Konica (1875-1942)
and Fan Noli
(1882-1965).
If we would consider the works of Albanian Renaissance
writers and those that came right after as a polyphony, Grameno
is that voice heard singing with a perfect pitch in the overall
harmony. And if compared to a colorful mosaic, Grameno's
colors shine as bright today as they first did in his time.
Scholarly studies on
Mihal
Grameno
's
life and works so
far have not yet presented in a finalized and inclusive way his
multifaceted worthiness. Such an evaluation is impossible to
achieve in this book as well even after arguing a new placement
of Grameno's literary merits among the Albanian authors
of
1900-1925.
His life and work, the Albanian history and
journalism will continue to be studied because they provide us
with numerous, invaluable messages that benefit each historical
epoch. They show the dignity of individuals and of the entire
Albanian people and belong to the spirit of Albanians, to the
best merits of our literature and national culture.
His hometown,
Korça,
owes
Mihal
Grameno a
monument, the same way that Gjinokastra owes one to Andon
Zako
Çajupi.
454 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gjika, Thanas 1944- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1123241392 |
| author_facet | Gjika, Thanas 1944- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gjika, Thanas 1944- |
| author_variant | t g tg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040597755 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)820432185 (DE-599)BVBBV040597755 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Albanien |
| id | DE-604.BV040597755 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:25:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789928122353 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025425555 |
| oclc_num | 820432185 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 506 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Pavarësia |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gjika, Thanas 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)1123241392 aut Mihal Grameno jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 Mihal Grameno Durrës Pavarësia 2012 506 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Grameno, Mihal 1871-1931 (DE-588)102835360X gnd rswk-swf Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd rswk-swf Publizistik (DE-588)4047770-8 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd rswk-swf Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare (DE-588)4387792-8 gnd rswk-swf Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd rswk-swf Journalismus (DE-588)4028779-8 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf Grameno, Mihal 1871-1931 (DE-588)102835360X p Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s DE-604 Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 s Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 s Publizistik (DE-588)4047770-8 s Journalismus (DE-588)4028779-8 s Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare (DE-588)4387792-8 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025425555&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025425555&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Gjika, Thanas 1944- Mihal Grameno jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 Grameno, Mihal 1871-1931 (DE-588)102835360X gnd Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd Publizistik (DE-588)4047770-8 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare (DE-588)4387792-8 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Journalismus (DE-588)4028779-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)102835360X (DE-588)4121814-0 (DE-588)4047770-8 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4112482-0 (DE-588)4387792-8 (DE-588)4035964-5 (DE-588)4028779-8 (DE-588)4001028-4 |
| title | Mihal Grameno jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 |
| title_auth | Mihal Grameno jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 |
| title_exact_search | Mihal Grameno jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 |
| title_full | Mihal Grameno jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 Mihal Grameno |
| title_fullStr | Mihal Grameno jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 Mihal Grameno |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mihal Grameno jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 Mihal Grameno |
| title_short | Mihal Grameno |
| title_sort | mihal grameno jeta dhe vepra 1871 1931 |
| title_sub | jeta dhe vepra ; 1871 - 1931 |
| topic | Grameno, Mihal 1871-1931 (DE-588)102835360X gnd Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd Publizistik (DE-588)4047770-8 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare (DE-588)4387792-8 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Journalismus (DE-588)4028779-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grameno, Mihal 1871-1931 Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Publizistik Politik Albanisch Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare Literatur Journalismus Albanien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025425555&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025425555&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gjikathanas mihalgramenojetadhevepra18711931 |