A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY):
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin
De Gruyter Mouton
[2012]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Mouton grammar library
58 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LI, 1658 S. Kt. 240 mm x 170 mm |
| ISBN: | 9783110278200 9783110278576 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Miyaoka, Osahito |d 1936- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1146982399 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |c by Osahito Miyaoka |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin |b De Gruyter Mouton |c [2012] | |
| 300 | |a LI, 1658 S. |b Kt. |c 240 mm x 170 mm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Mouton grammar library |v 58 | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Zentral-Yupik |0 (DE-588)1029907080 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149683637977088 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
THE GRAMMAR CONSISTS O F FIFTY-FOUR CHAPTERS (§ 1 THROUGH § 54) IN TEN
PARTS.
FOOTNOTES AND EXAMPLES ARE RESPECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS, E.G. FN. 4 AND
(24), WITHIN ONE AND THE SAME CHAPTER, WHILE ONES IN A DIFFERENT CHAPTER
(E.G. § 10) ARE REFERRED TO AS, §-10-FN.4 AND § 10(24).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII
FOREWORD IX
LIST O F TABLES XXXIX
LIST O F PHONOLOGICAL RULES XLI
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS XLIII
MAPS 1
PART 1: PRELIMINARIES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTORY 3
1.1. PROFILES O F ESKIMO LANGUAGES 3
1.2. CAY - SPEAKERS AND DIALECTS 4
1.3. POSTCONTACT STATUS AND CURRENT STATUS 7
1.4. PREVIOUS STUDIES AND SOURCES FOR THIS DESCRIPTION 10
1.5. CAY S GEOGRAPHICAL PLACEMENT AMONG NEIGHBORING LANGUAGES 13
CHAPTER 2 A WORD IN YUPIK 18
2.1. A WORD AS A FORM 18
2.2. BILATERAL ARTICULATION 21
2.2.1. WORDS AND SYLLABLES AS MINIMAL FORMS 21
2.2.2. A GLIMPSE INTO THE FORM 23
2.2.3. MISMATCHES 25
2.3. WORDS, BOUND PHRASES, AND PHRASES 26
2.3.1. CLITIC VS. NON-CLITIC BOUND PHRASE 27
2.3.2. STRONGLY VS. WEAKLY BOUND 28
2.3.3. DETACHED OR HETERO-ARTICULATIONS 29
2.4. ILLUSTRATIONS FROM CAY 30
2.5. IMPLICATIONS O F FORMHOOD 33
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1021551007
IMAGE 2
XVIII CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3 PHONOLOGICAL PRELIMINARIES 35
3.1. REPRESENTATIONS 36
3.2. VOWELS 38
3.2.1. THREE FULL VOWELS AND SCHWA 39
3.2.2. SINGLE VS. DOUBLE VOWELS 40
3.2.3. VOWEL CLUSTERS 41
3.2.4. PHONETIC SPECIFICATIONS 43
3.3. CONSONANTS 46
3.3.1. PLACE-OF-ARTICULATION CONTRASTS 47
3.3.2. MANNER-OF-ARTICULATION CONTRASTS 50
3.3.2.1. PHONOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS 51
3.3.2.2. DIALECT VARIATIONS 51
3.3.3. VOICELESS VS. VOICED 52
3.3.3.1. PHONOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS 54
3.3.3.2. DIALECTAL VARIATIONS 54
3.3.4. SINGLE VS. GEMINATE 55
3.3.4.1. NAMES 56
3.3.4.2. LOANWORDS 56
3.3.4.3. INTENSIFICATION 57
3.3.5. PHONOTACTICS 57
3.3.5.1. WORD-MEDIAL 58
3.3.5.2. WORD-INITIAL 60
3.3.5.3. WORD-FINAL 63
3.3.5.4. FINAL TRUNCATION 63
3.3.6. PHONETIC SPECIFICATIONS 64
3.4. PHONOLOGICAL UNITS 68
3.5. PROSODY 70
3.6. PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY 71
3.6.1. USE O F ALPHABETS 73
3.6.2. USE O F APOSTROPHES 76
3.6.3. USE O F HYPHENS 79
3.6.4. DIFFERENT MANNERS O F WRITING 81
CHAPTER 4 MORPHOLOGICAL PRELIMINARIES 83
4.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 84
4.1.1. PREDOMINANT SUFFIXATION 85
4.1.2. AGGLUTINATION 88
4.1.3. NON-TEMPLATIC POLYSYNTHESIS 89
4.1.3.1. DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN ADVANCE 90
4.1.3.2. POSTINFLECTIONAL DERIVATION 92
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS X I X
4.1.4. ERGATIVITY AND CASE-MARKING 93
4.1.4.1. MORPHOLOGICAL ERGATIVITY : 94
4.1.4.2. DOUBLE MARKING 96
4.1.4.3. CASE MARKING 96
4.2. WORD AND ITS CONSTRUCTIONS 97
4.2.1. THREE WORD CLASSES - NOMINALS, VERBS, NON-INFLECTING WORDS 98
4.2.2. CONSTITUENTS O F INFLECTING WORDS - STEM, DERIVATION, AND
INFLECTION 101 4.2.2.1. MORPHEME SHAPES AND SUFFIX TYPES 103
4.2.2.2. MORPHEME SEQUENCE ILLUSTRATED 106
4.2.3. STEMS 107
4.2.3.1. CLASSIFICATION 107
4.2.3.2. SHAPE O F STEMS 109
4.2.3.3. LEXICAL STOCK IN TRADE: NATIVE AND LOAN 112
4.2.4. INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES (INFLECTIONS) 114
4.2.5. DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES 116
4.2.5.1. CLASSIFICATION: TRANSCATEGORIAL VS. STEM-ELABORATING 117
4.2.5.2. SUFFIX ORDER 122
4.2.5.3. COMPOSITE SUFFIXES AND CYCLICAL EXPANSION 124
4.2.5.4. MORPHOLOGICAL EXPANSIONS ILLUSTRATED 128
4.2.5.4.1 POLYSYNTHETIC WORDS 128
4.2.5.4.2 MULTIPLE EMBEDDING 133
4.2.5.5. PERIPHRASIS 134
4.2.5.5.1 DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES VS. STEMS 134
4.2.5.5.2 SPLITTING WITH EXPLETIVE PI- - PERIPHRASTIC CONSTRUCTIONS
136 4.3. MORPHOLOGICAL ANOMALIES 138
CHAPTER 5 SYNTACTICAL PRELIMINARIES 145
5.1. CONSTITUENTS O F CLAUSES 146
5.1.1. VERBS - INTRANSITIVE VS. TRANSITIVE 147
5.1.1.1. VERB STEMS - PRIMARY AND VALENCY-MODIFIED 148
5.1.1.2. PASSIVES (VS. ANTIPASSIVES) 150
5.1.1.3. VARIOUS DERIVED VERBS 152
5.1.2. NPS 159
5.1.3. PERIPHERALS 161
5.2. CLAUSE LINKINGS 162
5.2.1. COORDINATE, SUBORDINATE, AND COSUBORDINATE 163
5.2.2. NOMINALIZATIONS 165
5.3. SENTENCE TYPES 167
5.3.1. QUESTIONS - CONTENT, POLAR, ALTERNATIVE, ECHO, INDEFINITE,
INDIRECT 167 5.3.2. COMMANDS - DIRECT A N D INDIRECT 173
5.3.3. EXCLAMATIONS AND VOCATIVES 174
IMAGE 4
X X CONTENTS
5.3.4. PREDICATE-LESS SENTENCES 175
5.3.5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 177
5.4. CONSTITUENT ORDER 179
5.4.1. SOME TENDENCIES 180
5.4.2. DETACHED CONSTRUCTIONS 183
5.4.3. DISAMBIGUATION 183
5.4.4. FRONTING 185
CHAPTER 6 SOCIOLINGUISTIC NOTES 187
6.1. HEDGING 187
6.2. (DIS)HONORIFIC (OR ATTITUDINAL) EXPRESSIONS 189
6.3. WORD TABOOS 189
6.4. WORDPLAY 191
PART 2: PHONOLOGY
CHAPTER 7 SEGMENTAL ADJUSTMENTS 195
7.1. (C)VC-STEM/ROOT STRENGTHENING: (PI) 196
7.2. INITIAL FRICATIVIZATION: (P2) 197
7.3. INITIAL VELAR ADJUSTMENTS: (P3) 199
7.4. FINAL VELAR ADJUSTMENTS: (P4) 200
7.5. FINAL APICAL ADJUSTMENTS: (P5) 202
7.6. CENTRAL VOWEL ADJUSTMENTS: (P6) 205
7.7. SCHWA INSERTION: (P7) 206
7.8. SCHWA DELETION: (P8) 208
7.9. FINAL VELAR VELETION: (P9) 210
7.10. INTERVOCALIC VELAR DELETION: (P10) 211
7.11. WEAK VELAR FRICATIVE DELETION: (PI 1) 212
7.12. LABIOVELAR FRICATIVIZATION: (PI2) 213
7.13. DEVOICING: (P13) 213
7.14. POST-DEVOICING CLUSTER ADJUSTMENTS: (PI4) 215
7.15. /T/ AFFRICATION: (P15) 217
7.16. / V / A N D / Z / ADJUSTMENTS: (PI6) 218
7.17. WORD-FINAL ADJUSTMENTS: (PI 7) 219
CHAPTER 8 PROSODY 220
8.1. RHYTHMICAL ACCENT: (P18I) 224
8.2. REGRESSIVE ACCENT: (PI 8II) 225
8.2.1. AVOIDING /V.V/: (PI8II.A) 225
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XXI
8.2.2. AVOIDING /CVC.CV/: (PI8II.B) 228
8.2.3. AVOIDING /CV.CT/: (PI 8II.C) 231
8.2.3.1. BLOCKING: (PI8II.D-G) 232
8.2.3.2. FOOT RESTRUCTURING: (P18II.H) 234
8.3. DEACCENTUATION: (PI8III) 235
8.4. REGRESSIVE ACCENT IN BOUND PHRASES: (PI 8IV) 236
8.4.1. BEFORE A NON-ENCLITIC BOUNDARY (PI8IV.A) 236
8.4.2. BEFORE AN ENCLITIC BOUNDARY: (PI8IV.B) 239
8.5. /YA/ AND /YA/ DELETION (SYLLABLE CONTRACTION): (PI 8V) 243
8.5.1. WITHIN INFLECTIONS: (P18V.A) 246
8.5.2. BEFORE OTHER CONSONANTS: (P18V.B) 247
8.5.3. DIALECT VARIATIONS 248
8.6. CV-STEM WEAKENING: (PI 8VI) 249
8.7. LEXICAL AND AFFECTIVE DISTURBANCES: (P18VII) 250
8.8. DOUBLE VOWEL CONTRACTION: (P18VIII) 252
CHAPTER 9 POSTPROSODIC ADJUSTMENTS 255
9.1. /A/ RAISING: (PI9) 255
9.2. VOWEL CLUSTER ADJUSTMENTS: (P20) 256
9.3. POSTPROSODIC DEVOICING: (P21) - KUSKOKWIM DIALECT 257
9.4. PRE-BOUNDARY FRICATIVIZATION: (P22) 258
9.5. AFFECTIVE ADJUSTMENTS (P23) 259
9.6. TRUNCATION (P24) 261
9.7. BOUNDARIES AND POTENTIAL PAUSES IN SUMMARY 262
PART 3: NOMINALS
CHAPTER 10 NOMINAL INFLECTION AND AMBIVALENT STEMS 267
10.1. NOMINAL INFLECTIONS 267
10.2. NOMINAL STEMS 269
10.3. MOST BASIC STEMS - PI- AND CA- 269
10.3.1. PI- 1 269
10.3.2. CA- 272
10.4. AMBIVALENT STEMS 273
10.5. ROOTS 276
CHAPTER 11 NOUNS 289
11.1. APPOSITIVE NOUNS 281
11.2. LOCATION NOUNS 284
IMAGE 6
XXII CONTENTS
11.2.1. STEMS 284
11.2.2. SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS 286
11.2.2.1. STEM SPECIFICS 288
11.2.3. DERIVATION 290
11.2.3.1. NOMINAL ELABORATION (NN) 290
11.2.3.2. VERBALIZATION 297
11.3. TIME WORDS 300
11.3.1. INFLECTION 300
11.3.2. SYNTAX 302
11.3.3. DERIVATION 307
11.3.4. AMBIVALENT TIME WORDS 313
11.3.5. SEASONS, MONTHS, AND DAYS O F WEEK 314
11.3.6. NON-NATIVE EXPRESSIONS O F TIME 317
11.4. KINSHIP TERMS 318
11.4.1. LROQUOIAN TYPE 318
11.4.2. RECIPROCAL RELATIVES | -KILYIIY/T 321
11.4.3. PART, RELATIVE, PARTNER - ILA- , AIPAY- 323
11.5. COLOR TERMS 326
11.6. PROPER NAMES 330
11.6.1. NAMES 330
11.6.2. TEKNONYMY 334
11.6.3. PLACE NAMES 340
11.7. ONOMATOPOEIA 342
11.7.1. NON-NOMINAL 343
CHAPTER 12 DEMONSTRATIVES 345
12.1. DEMONSTRATIVE ROOTS 346
12.2. NOMINAL DEMONSTRATIVES 349
12.2.1. MORPHOLOGY 349
12.2.2. SYNTAX 353
12.2.3. SEMANTICS - CATEGORIZATION THROUGH DEMONSTRATIVES 354
12.2.3.1. EXTENDED VS. NON-EXTENDED 354
12.2.3.2. CATEGORIES IX AND X: DOWN/BELOW VS. OUT, TOWARD RIVER 356
12.2.3.3. CATEGORY XII: OUTSIDE (WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE RIVER) 357
12.2.3.4. MOTION TOWARD VS. AWAY 358
12.2.3.5. |W-| VS. MAT- 359
12.2.3.6. ANAPHORA 360
12.2.4. REFERENCES TO AREAS/VILLAGES 363
12.2.5. DERIVATION 364
12.3. ADVERBIAL DEMONSTRATIVES 366
12.3.1. MORPHOLOGY 366
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XXIII
12.3.2. SYNTAX 371
12.3.2.1. ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS 371
12.3.2.2. INTERJECTIVES 373
12.3.3. DERIVATION 377
12.4. VERBAL DEMONSTRATIVES 379
CHAPTER 13 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 382
13.1. MORPHOLOGY 382
13.1.1. | WA(IJA)- FIRST PERSON : 383
13.1.2. |I/(F )-| NON-FIRST PERSON 384
13.2. SYNTAX 385
13.2.1. ANAPHORIC 385
13.2.2. REFLEXIVE 387
13.2.3. RECIPROCAL 388
13.2.4. OTHER REQUIREMENTS 388
13.3. DERIVATION 392
13.4. NAKMI- 394
13.4.1. NAKMIIN 394
13.4.2. DERIVATIVES 395
CHAPTER 14 NUMERALS AND QUANTIFIERS 397
14.1. NUMERAL STEMS 397
14.2. INFLECTION 402
14.3. PHRASAL NUMERALS 404
14.3.1. ADNOMINAL VERBS WITH -LUKU 404
14.3.1.1. ADDITION: CIP-LUKU 405
14.3.1.1.1. FLUCTUATION IN NUMBER AGREEMENT 407
14.3.1.1.2. MORE THAN X 408
14.3.1.2. SUBTRACTION 409
14.3.1.3. RELATIONAL -NGU-LUNI AND -NGU-LUKU 410
14.3.1.4. HALVING: AVG-U-LUKULAVEG-LUKU 411
14.3.2. APPOSITIVE PHRASES - MULTIPLICATION 413
14.3.3. JUXTAPOSED PHRASES - COMBINATION 415
14.4. HIGHER NUMERALS: 100, 1000, AND BEYOND 417
14.5. DERIVATION 420
14.6. SYNTAX 421
14.7. GROUP (COLLECTIVE) NUMERALS 428
14.8. FREQUENCY NUMERALS 429
14.9. ORDINAL NUMERALS 429
14.10. QUANTIFIERS 432
IMAGE 8
X X I V CONTENTS
14.10.1. | IIMA(YA)Y- A LITTLE BIT O F AMOUNT (FOOD, FISH, WATER,
ETC.) 432 14.10.2. AMIY- (TO BE) MANY, MUCH; TO DO (SOMETHING) TOO
MUCH 433 14.10.2.1. VERBAL 434
14.10.3. TAMA{LKU)Y- (TO BE) A WHOLE ONE (SG.)/ALL DIFFERENT KINDS
(PI.) 434 14.10.3.1. VERBAL 437
14.10.4. KII- ALONE, ONLY (~[HBC] |FOY/-|~[MOUNTAIN VILLAGE]
KIZI- ) .... 440 14.10.4.1. VERBAL 441
CHAPTER 15 IGNORATIVES 443
15.1. FUNCTIONS AND MORPHOLOGY 443
15.2. IGNORATIVE STEMS 445
15.2.1. CA- (TO DO) WHAT 445
15.2.1.1. VERBAL CA- TO DO WHAT 446
15.2.1.2. CIIN WHY 447
15.2.2. KI(T)- WHO 447
15.2.3. NA- WHERE 449
15.2.3.1. NAT- WHERE/WHEN (IN RELATION TO), WHAT PART (OF) 450
15.2.3.2. NALIY- WHICH ONE 451
15.2.3.3. NAUWA WHERE 452
15.2.4. QA(Y)- WHEN 452
15.2.4.1. QARJVAY- WHEN (IN THE PAST) 452
15.2.4.2. QAKU- WHEN (IN THE FUTURE); LATER 453
15.2.5. QAI- HOW , ATTESTED IN TWO PARTICLES 454
15.2.5.1. QAILUN (PARTICLE) HOW 454
15.2.5.2. QAYU- HOW 455
15.2.6. QAVCIY- (TO BE/DO) HOW MANY/MUCH 456
15.3. NON-INTERROGATIVE USES 457
15.3.1. INDEFINITE 457
15.3.2. NEGATIVE 460
CHAPTER 16 NOMINAL PHRASES 462
16.1. APPOSITIVE PHRASES 463
16.1.1. VERBALIZATION 471
16.2. COORDINATE PHRASES 472
16.2.1. REFLEXIVE THIRD PERSON WITHIN A COORDINATE PHRASE 474
16.3. JUXTAPOSED PHRASES 475
16.4. ATTRIBUTIVE (GENITIVE) PHRASES 477
16.5. ADJUNCTIONAL PHRASES (WITH OBLIQUE CASE NP) 480
16.6. ADNOMINAL CLAUSES (VERBS) - APPOSITIONAL AND STATIVE-CONNECTIVE
... 483
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS X X V
PART 4: NOMINAL DERIVATION
CHAPTER 17 RELATIVE CLAUSES 489
17.1. CAY RELATIVE CLAUSES IN GENERAL 489
17.1.1. RELATIVIZERS AND ARGUMENTS TO BE RELATIVIZED 490
17.1.2. MORPHO-SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES 491
17.2. PARTICIPIAL RELATIVIZERS 501
17.2.1. INTRANSITIVE VNRL -LYIAY- ~ (VARIANT AFTER FINAL /T/) 501
17.2.2. TRANSITIVE VNRL 511
17.3. PRETERITE RELATIVIZERS VNRL |-/Y-| 516
17.4. PASSIVE RELATIVIZERS (P ARGUMENT) 519
17.4.1. VNRL - KITJAY- PROCESSIVE (OR PERFECTIVE) 520
17.4.2. VNRL +YAY- 523
17.4.3. VNRL +YAYKAY- (FUTURE) 529
17.5. AGENTIVE/ACTIVE RELATIVIZER 532
17.5.1. VNRL |+(S)H 533
17.5.2. |+(S)/I7} -| PAST CONNOTATION BY ADDITION O F N N -IY- 539
17.5.3. +{S)TIKAY- FUTURE CONNOTATION BY ADDITION O F N N +KAY- 539
17.6. OBLIQUE RELATIVIZERS 540
17.6.1. LOCATIONAL 540
17.6.2. INSTRUMENTAL 543
17.7. CONCATENATED RELATIVE CLAUSES 552
17.8. TRANSCATEGORIAL CONVERSIONS O F RELATIVE CLAUSES 554
17.8.1. REVERBALIZATION: V- VNRL- NV 555
17.8.2. RENOMINALIZATION: N - NV - VNRL/VNNM 558
17.9. NON-CORE ROLES IN MAIN CLAUSES 559
CHAPTER 18 NOMINAL CLAUSES 563
18.1. NOMINAL CLAUSES: BASIC PROPERTIES 564
18.1.1. DIFFERENT TYPES O F VERBS 567
18.1.2. NOMINAL CLAUSE COMPLEMENTED 571
18.1.2.1. INTRANSITIVE NOMINALIZATIONS 571
18.1.2.2. TRANSITIVE NOMINALIZATIONS 575
18.1.3. WITH NO PERSON INFLECTION 577
18.1.4. ELABORATIONS O F NOMINAL CLAUSES 579
18.1.4.1. VERBAL CATEGORIES RETAINED 580
18.1.4.2. FURTHER EXPANSIONS 585
18.1.4.3. SUBORDINATION AND COSUBORDINATION TO A NOMINALIZATION 586
18.1.5. INDIRECT INTERROGATIVE CLAUSES 587
IMAGE 10
XXVI CONTENTS
18.1.6. DEVERBAL NOUNS 588
18.2. VARIOUS NOMINALIZERS (VVNM) 589
18.2.1. | + ( W ) C / J H ETC 589
18.2.1.1. VNNM +(U)CIY- 589
18.2.1.2. VNNM +(U)CIYKAY- (FUTURE) 594
18.2.1.3. COMPOSITE SUFFIXES 594
18.2.2. -LY- , ETC 599
18.2.2.1. VNNM -LY- 599
18.2.2.2. VNNM -UYKAY (FUTURE) 602
18.2.3. VNNM + CAYAY- 604
18.3. BIFUNCTIONAL -NY- 610
18.3.1. ABSTRACT -NY- VS. DEVERBAL +INY- 611
18.3.1.1. ABSTRACT NOMINALIZATION -NY- 611
18.3.1.2. DEVERBAL NOUNS L+IWY-L 616
18.3.2. COMPARATIVE NOMINAL | -NY- (~ POST-APICAL |-I/JH) 618
18.3.2.1. COMPARATIVE PHRASES 619
18.3.2.2. COMPARATIVE CLAUSES 622
18.4. NOMINALIZATIONS IN MAIN CLAUSES 624
18.4.1. WITH ABSOLUTIVE-CASE MARKING 624
18.4.2. WITH RELATIVE-CASE MARKING 627
18.4.3. ABLATIVE-MODALIS CASE MARKING 629
18.4.4. WITH ALLATIVE-CASE MARKING FOR A PERIPHERAL ARGUMENT 630
CHAPTER 19 OTHER DEVERBAL NOUNS 63 1
19.1. AGENT NOUNS 631
19.2. MISCELLANEOUS 635
CHAPTER 20 NOMINAL ELABORATIONS 646
20.1. ADJECTIVAL 646
20.1.1. QUALIFYING 646
20.1.2. BELONGING 666
20.2. ASSOCIATIVE 677
20.3. (DIS)HONORIFICS (HNR) (NNH/VVH) 680
20.4. NOMINAL CYCLICAL EXPANSION (N- V- N) 700
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XXVII
PART 5: NOMINAL CATEGORIES
CHAPTER 21 NUMBER 709
21.1. DUALITY IN KINSHIPS 711
21.2. ASSOCIATIVE NON-SINGULAR 712
21.3. COLLECTIVE/GENERIC SINGULAR 713
21.4. PARTITIVE SINGULAR 713
21.5. COMPOSITE OBJECTS IN THE NON-SINGULAR 715
21.6. NUMBER O F PLACE NAMES 718
CHAPTER 22 PERSON (POSSESSOR) 721
22.1. FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD PERSONS 722
22.1.1. THIRD-PERSON POSSESSOR IN ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASES 722
22.2. REFLEXIVE-THIRD PERSON 723
22.3. POSSESSED NOMINALS IN OBLIQUE CASES 727
22.4. EMPHASIS ON THE POSSESSOR 727
22.5. INALIENABILITY 727
CHAPTER 23 ABSOLUTIVE CASE 730
23.1. S/P FUNCTION - INTRANSITIVE SUBJECT AND TRANSITIVE OBJECT 732
23.2. ABSOLUTIVE VS. LOCATIVE 734
CHAPTER 24 RELATIVE CASE 737
24.1. G FUNCTION (GENITIVE) 739
24.2. A FUNCTION (ERGATIVE) 741
24.2.1. NATURAL ELEMENTS 742
24.2.2. OTHER MISCELLANEOUS NOUNS 743
24.2.3. NOMINAL CLAUSES 743
24.2.4. STANDARD O F COMPARISON 744
24.2.5. NON-PROTOTYPICAL A ARGUMENTS 745
24.3. VERB STEMS IN THE RELATIVE CASE 745
24.3.1. G FUNCTION 745
24.3.2. A FUNCTION 748
24.4. AMBIVALENCE 748
IMAGE 12
XXVIII CONTENTS
CHAPTER 25 ABLATIVE-MODALIS CASE 750
25.1. STARTING POINT, ETC 751
25.1.1. IN ADJUNCTIONAL PHRASES 753
25.2. SYNTACTIC 754
25.2.1. DEMOTED NPS 754
25.2.2. STRANDED NPS 757
25.2.3. ABLATIVE-MODALIS FOR PSEUDO-PASSIVES 764
25.3. COMPOSITE ABLATIVE NIFTIIY 766
CHAPTER 26 ALLATIVE CASE 769
26.1. DIRECTION, ETC 769
26.1.1. IN ADJUNCTIONAL PHRASES 774
26.1.2. ALLATIVE-DERIVED VERBALIZATIONS 774
26.2. SYNTACTIC 774
CHAPTER 27 LOCATIVE CASE 779
27.1. LOCATION, ETC 780
27.2. RELATION/CONCERN/JUDGEMENT 782
27.3. STANDARD O F COMPARISON 784
27.4. REFERENCE TO A FIRST OR SECOND PERSON ARGUMENT 786
27.5. VOCATIVE 794
27.6. EXCLAMATIVE 796
27.7. IN ADJUNCTIONAL PHRASES 798
27.8. LOCATIVE VERBS - N V +M(I)T- ~ |+[PERSON](F)/-| 799
27.9. DOUBLE CASE-MARKING 808
27.9.1. LOCATION LOCATIVE + COMPARISON LOCATIVE 809
27.9.2. LOCATION LOCATIVE + COMPARISON EQUALIS 810
27.9.3. TEMPORAL LOCATIVE/ABLATIVE + COMPOSITE ABLATIVE 812
CHAPTER 28 PERLATIVE CASE 813
28.1. LOCATION 813
28.1.1. PERLATIVE-DERIVED VERBALIZATIONS 816
28.2. INSTRUMENTS, ETC 816
CHAPTER 29 EQUALIS CASE 819
29.1. EQUALITY AND SIMILARITY 819
29.2. COMPARISON O F EQUALIY 822
29.3. MANNER AND TIME 822
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS X X I X
CHAPTER 30 CASE ASSIGNMENTS 826
30.1. PRELIMINARIES 827
30.1.1. SEVEN CASES - SYNTACTIC AND OBLIQUE 827
30.1.2. CORE ARGUMENTS AND VALENCY MODIFICATION 828
30.2. CASE ASSIGNMENT ACCORDING TO ARGUMENT HIERARCHY 833
30.2.1. PRIMARY (NON-EXTENDED) SIMPLEX VERBS 833
30.2.2. EXTENDED SIMPLEX VERBS 835
30.2.3. COMPLEX VERBS 838
30.3. ARGUMENT REDUCTION AND DETRANSITIVIZATION 840
30.3.1. REDUCTION - DEMOTION (TWO TYPES) AND AGENT COREFERENCE 841
30.3.2. DETRANSITIVIZATION 843
30.3.2.1. ANTIPASSIVE 844
30.3.2.2. PASSIVE 847
30.3.2.3. MEDIO-PASSIVE 849
30.3.2.4. REFLEXIVES AND RECIPROCALS 850
30.4. STRANDED NPS 851
30.4.1. FROM NOMINAL PHRASES 851
30.4.2. PI- CONSTRUCTIONS 852
30.5. CASES IN NOMINALIZED CLAUSES 852
30.5.1. NOMINAL CLAUSES (COMPLEMENTATIONS) 852
30.5.2. RELATIVE CLAUSES 855
30.6. FIVE SYNTACTICALLY RELEVANT CASES, WITH THE LOCATIVE INCLUDED 856
CHAPTER 31 VOCATIVES 859
31.1. FINAL VOWEL DOUBLING 859
31.2. POSSESSOR MARKER IN THE RELATIVE CASE 861
31.3. FINAL TRUNCATION 862
PART 6: VERBS
CHAPTER 32 VERB INFLECTION 867
32.1. VALENCY AND ITS MODIFICATIONS 867
32.1.1. MODIFICATIONS 868
32.1.2. INTRANSITIVE VS. TRANSITIVE 871
32.2. SUBJECT AND OBJECT PERSONS 871
32.2.1. VERBAL PERSON MARKERS 872
32.3. CROSS-REFERENCE/AGREEMENT 873
32.3.1. DISAGREEMENT 874
IMAGE 14
X X X CONTENTS
32.3.2. DISGUISED PERSON 875
32.4. SIX MOODS AND REFLEXIVE THIRD PERSON 876
CHAPTER 33 MONOVALENT (INTRANSITIVE) STEMS 879
33.1. PRIMARY MONOVALENT STEMS 880
33.2. DENOMINAL MONOVALENT STEMS 882
33.3. IMPERSONAL MONOVALENT STEMS 883
33.4. TRANSITIVE USE O F MONOVALENT STEMS (ZERO DERIVATION) 887
33.4.1. LOCATIONAL P 888
33.4.2. IMPERSONAL AND PERSONAL A 889
33.4.3. DENOMINAL STEMS WITH IMPERSONAL A 895
33.5. TRANSITIVIZATION (SUFFIX-DERIVED) 897
CHAPTER 34 BIVALENT (MONOTRANSITIVE) STEMS 898
34.1. AGENTIVE STEMS (S=A) 901
34.1.1. ANTIPASSIVES (ZERO-DERIVED) 903
34.1.2. PASSIVES 904
34.1.2.1. TAM-SENSITIVE 904
34.1.2.2. PSEUDO-PASSIVES 907
34.2. PATIENTIVE STEMS 909
34.2.1. MEDIO-PASSIVES 914
34.2.2. ANTIPASSIVES (SUFFIX-DERIVED) 917
34.3. IMPERSONAL-PATIENTIVE STEMS 919
34.3.1. TRANSITIVE VS. INTRANSITIVE 921
34.3.2. IMPERSONAL VERBS IN SUMMARY 924
34.4. REFLEXIVES AND RECIPROCALS 925
34.4.1. REFLEXIVES 926
34.4.2. RECIPROCALS 928
34.5. CAUSATIVE VERBS: SIMPLEX VS. COMPLEX 931
34.6. CONTRAST AMONG VARIOUS TRANSITIVE VERBS 933
34.7. PI- VERBS 936
CHAPTER 35 TRIVALENT (DITRANSITIVE) STEMS 940
35.1. TWO TYPES O F DITRANSITIVES 940
35.1.1. SECUNDATIVE 942
35.1.2. INDIRECTIVE 949
35.1.2.1. APPLICATIVE EXTENDED 952
35.1.2.2. VARIABLE STEMS 954
35.1.3. VALENCY REARRANGEMENTS 955
IMAGE 15
CONTENTS X X X I
35.1.4. VALENCY INCREASE (EXTENSION) O F DITRANSITIVES 958
35.2. SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES 959
35.2.1. DETRANSITIVIZATION 959
35.2.1.1. PASSIVIZATION 960
35.2.1.2. ANTIPASSIVIZATION 962
35.2.1.3. REFLEXIVIZATION 963
35.2.1.4. RECIPROCALIZATION 963
35.2.2. NOMINALIZATION 964
35.2.3. RELATIVIZATION 966
35.2.4. QUESTIONS 968
35.3. DITRANSITIVES COMPARED WITH EXTENDED TRIVALENTS 970
CHAPTER 36 ROOT-DERIVED STEMS 972
36.1. EMOTIONAL ROOTS 972
36.2. POSTURAL ROOTS 975
36.2.1. DIRECT INFLECTION WITH NO EXPANDER 977
36.3. OTHERS 979
PART 7: VERBAL DERIVATION
CHAPTER 37 RELATIONAL (EQUATIONAL) VERBS (NVRV) 983
37.1. STATIVE INTRANSITIVE NVRV +YU- TO BE 987
37.2. STATIVE TRANSITIVE NVRV -KI- 990
37.2.1. AS VV SUFFIX 993
37.3. INCHOATIVE INTRANSITIVE NVRV +TJUYC- 996
37.3.1. TRANSITIVE INFLECTION 997
37.4. INCHOATIVE TRANSITIVE NVRV -K(I)SAYUC- 998
37.4.1. AS VV SUFFIX - K(I)SAYUC- 1000
37.5. MORPHOSYNTACTIC PROPERTIES O F RELATIONAL VERBS 1000
37.5.1. DIFFERENCE FROM NON-RELATIONAL DENOMINAL VERBS 1000
37.5.2. CO-OCCURRENCE WITH DEVERBALIZED CLAUSES 1002
37.5.3. CYCLICAL VERBAL EXPANSION 1003
37.5.3.1. VERBAL MARKERS 1003
37.5.3.2. VERBAL CYCLICAL EXPANSION (V- N- V) 1004
CHAPTER 38 NON-RELATIONAL VERBALIZATIONS (NV) 1006
38.1. POSSESSION/EXISTENCE/DEPRIVATION 1006
38.2. ACTION VERBS 1019
38.3. )-//-] GROUP 1024
IMAGE 16
XXXII CONTENTS
38.4. QUANTITY/QUALITY/SIZE 1034
38.5. MISCELLANEOUS 1039
CHAPTER 39 SIMPLEX VERB MODIFICATIONS (VVSM) 1044
39.1. AGENT 1047
39.1.1. L+C-L 1047
39.1.2. +CAY- / +CAA(YA)Y- 1053
39.1.3. | +CIY- 1055
39.1.4. -YQI- 1057
39.2. NECESSITATIVE IMPERSONAL AGENT 1059
39.2.1. IMPERSONAL 1061
39.2.1.1. MODALITY 1062
39.2.2. FURTHER EXPANSIONS 1068
39.3. PSEUDO-PASSIVE 1070
39.3.1. VVSM |+(S)C/(W)H 1070
39.3.2. +YAU- / +YAQI- 1075
39.4. APPLICATIVE EXPERIENCER 1076
39.4.1. APPLICATIVE VVSM |+()C-| 1077
39.4.2. VARIOUS ROLES WITH TRANSITIVE INFLECTION 1080
39.4.3. DETRANSITIVIZATION O F |+()O|-DERIVED STEMS 1088
39.4.4. +(U)C- ANTIPASSIVES 1091
39.4.5. VARIOUS DERIVATIONS 1093
39.5. ADVERSATIVE EXPERIENCER | + Y / R | 1096
39.5.1. TRANSITIVE VS. INTRANSITIVE INFLECTION 1097
39.5.2. TWO WAYS +YI- IS DETRANSITIVIZED 1105
39.5.3. A BRIEF COMPARATIVE NOTE 1108
39.6. ANTIPASSIVES (SUFFIX-DERIVED) 1109
39.6.1. VVSM L+J / RL (CF. P15III) 1110
39.6.2. VVSM - KITJI- 1114
39.6.3. RECURSIVE MODIFICATIONS BY E EXTENSIONS 1117
39.7. VALENCY INCREASE AND REARRANGEMENT 1118
39.7.1. VVSM +{U)TIKI- 1119
39.7.2. VVSM I+!V/ A:/-| 1122
39.7.3. VALENCY REARRANGEMENT DERIVED FROM SUFFIX COMPOSITE 1123
CHAPTER 40 COMPLEX TRANSITIVES (VVCM) 1125
40.1. INTRANSITIVE INFLECTIONS 1129
40.2. SIX KINDS 1133
40.2.1. CAUSATIVE (CAUSING/HAVING) -VKAY- ~ |+CIC- 1133
40.2.1.1. COREFERENTIAL MARKER (CRF) 1137
IMAGE 17
CONTENTS XXXIII
40.2.1.2. SECONDARY: +CITAAY- 1138
40.2.2. DIRECTIVE (ASKING): +SQT- 1139
40.2.2.1. SECONDARY: +SQUMA- 1142
40.2.3. SPECULATIVE (OR JUSSIVE; THINKING) | + ICW/CT-| 1143
40.2.3.1. SECONDARY: +NAYAKI- 1144
40.2.4. REPORTATIVE (SAYING): +NI- 1145
40.2.5. IGNORATIVE (NOT SURE/KNOWN): +(U)CIIT- 1147
40.2.5.1. OTHER IGNORATIVES 1149
40.2.6. EXPECTANT VVCM -NIYCIY- 1150
40.3. DERIVATIONS O F COMPLEX VERBS 1152
40.3.1. SUFFIX ORDERS 1154
40.3.2. DOUBLE COMPLEX TRANSITIVES 1158
40.3.3. MULTI-LAYERED COMPLEX TRANSITIVES 1160
40.4. NOMINALIZATIONS O F COMPLEX TRANSITIVES 1163
40.4.1. RELATIVE CLAUSES 1164
40.4.2. NOMINAL CLAUSES 1165
40.5. ADJUNCTS TO COMPLEX TRANSITIVES 1166
40.6. PERIPHRASTIC COMPLEX TRANSITIVES 1167
40.7. CASE ALIGNMENTS O F COMPLEX TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 1171
PART 8: VERB ELABORATION
CHAPTER 41 ADVERBIAL (VVA) 1175
41.1. MANNER 1175
41.2. TIME (SPEED/PRECEDENCE) 1181
41.3. INTENSITY (DEGREE/EXTENT) 1184
41.3.1. GROUP 1 -PIYC- ~ -PIAY- , ETC 1185
41.3.2. GROUP 2 +PAY- , ETC 1193
41.3.3. GROUP 3 +IJ*INAY- , ETC 1199
41.3.4. GROUP 4 QAY 1202
41.3.5. GROUP 5 MISCELLANEOUS 1204
CHAPTER 42 TENSE AND ASPECT ( W T ) 1210
42.1. TENSE 1211
42.2. ASPECT 1216
42.2.1. INCEPTIVE/INCHOATIVE (INC) 1217
42.2.2. MOMENTANEOUS (MOM) 1221
42.2.3. CONTINUOUS/STATIVE/PERFECTIVE 1224
42.2.4. ITERATIVE (ITR) 1235
42.2.5. CUSTOMARY (CUS) 1238
42.2.6. CONSEQUENTIAL (FUTURE/PRESENT) (CSQ) 1241
IMAGE 18
X X X I V CONTENTS
CHAPTER 43 MODALITY ( W M ) 1250
43.1. (DIS)HONORIFICS (VVH/NNH) 1265
43.2. EVIDENTIALITY ( W E ) 1265
CHAPTER 44 NEGATION ( W N ) 1272
44.1. DOUBLE AND PARTIAL NEGATION 1285
CHAPTER 45 COMPARISON 1287
45.1. COMPARATIVE DEGREE 1288
45.1.1. INTRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 1289
45.1.2. TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 1291
45.1.2.1. SUPERFICIAL TRANSITIVE COMPARATIVES 1294
45.1.3. VARIOUS NPS FOR COMPAREE AND FOR STANDARD 1296
45.1.4. VARIOUS PARAMETERS 1297
45.1.5. NUMERALS O F M O R E THAN X 1299
45.1.6. RELATIVE CLAUSES O F COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 1300
45.2. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE 1301
45.2.1. WITH PLURAL STANDARD O F COMPARISON 1301
45.2.2. WITH INTENSIFIER IN INDEX 1302
45.3. INCHOATIVE COMPARISON ( TO BECOME MORE THAN ) 1304
45.4. COMPARATIVE CLAUSES FROM COMPARATIVE PHRASES 1306
45.5. NEGATIVE COMPARISON 1309
45.6. EQUALITIVE 1310
45.6.1. INTRANSITIVE VVA | + I?A-| 1310
45.6.2. TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 1315
45.7. INDICES O F COMPARISONS SUMMARIZED 1318
45.8. PECULIARITY O F CASE MARKERS | +MI / +TIM AS STANDARD O F
COMPARISON 1318 45.9. LEXICAL COMPARISON 1319
PART 9: VERB MOODS
CHAPTER 46 INDICATIVE MOOD 1323
46.1. INFLECTION 1323
46.2. DECLARATIVE ROLE 1327
46.3. NON-DECLARATIVE ROLE 1328
IMAGE 19
CONTENTS X X X V
CHAPTER 47 PARTICIPIAL MOOD 1329
47.1. INFLECTION 1330
47.2. WITH A NON-INFLECTING WORD 1331
47.2.1. =WA (~ |# WA ) 1331
47.2.1.1. OCCURRENCE WITH |-//-| 1333
47.2.2. IMA YOU KNOW 1334
47.2.3. | / A # | T O SEE (AS IT S A FACT)! 1335
47.2.4. MISCELLANEOUS PARTICLES 1336
47.3. WITHOUT A NON-INFLECTING WORD 1337
47.4. IN BI-CLAUSAL SENTENCES 1338
47.5. WITH REFLEXIVE THIRD INFLECTION ( WHEN, BECAUSE ) 1342
47.6. CONVERBS 1344
47.6.1. CONVERB 1 -LYIIM WHEN, AS 1347
47.6.2. CONVERB 2 -LYIANI WHENEVER 1348
CHAPTER 48 INTERROGATIVE MOOD 1349
48.1. INFLECTION 1349
48.2. CONTENT QUESTIONS 1351
48.2.1. IN COMPLEX TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 1357
48.2.2. NOMINAL CLAUSES 1358
48.2.3. WORD ORDER 1359
48.3. INDIRECT (RHETORICAL) QUESTIONS I WONDER : =KIY 1359
48.4. EXCLAMATIONS BY INTERROGATIVE-MOOD VERBS 1360
CHAPTER 49 OPTATIVE MOOD 1362
49.1. INFLECTION 1363
49.2. THIRD-PERSON OPTATIVES 1367
49.2.1. WITH NON-INFLECTING WORDS 1367
49.3. FIRST-PERSON OPTATIVES 1369
49.3.1. WITH A NON-INFLECTING WORD 1369
49.4. SECOND-PERSON OPTATIVES 1371
49.4.1. WITH NON-INFLECTING WORDS 1372
49.4.2. PERIPHRASTIC OPTATIVES WITH PI- 1373
49.4.3. -QAY- OPTATIVES 1374
49.5. FUTURE OPTATIVES: - KI- (1) 1375
49.6. PROHIBITIONAL OPTATIVES 1378
49.6.1. GENERAL PROHIBITION 1378
49.6.2. FUTURE PROHIBITION 1379
49.6.3. CONTINUATIVE PROHIBITION 1381
IMAGE 20
XXXVI CONTENTS
49.7. NON-OPTATIVE USE: (2) 1382
49.8. IN BI-ELAUSAL SENTENCES 1383
CHAPTER 50 CONNECTIVE MOOD 1384
50.1. INFLECTION 1387
50.2. CAUSAL (CNNBC): BECAUSE, WHEN 1389
50.3. CONSTANTIVE (CNNWV): WHENEVER 1392
50.4. PRECESSIVE (CNNBF): BEFORE 1395
50.4.1. STARTING POINT ( SINCE BEFORE ) 1396
50.5. CONCESSIVE (CNNTH): THOUGH, EVEN I F 1396
50.6. CONDITIONAL (CNNIF): I F 1398
50.7. INDIRECTIVE (CNNID) 1401
50.8. CONTEMPORATIVE (CNNWN): WHEN 1403
50.9. SIMULTANEOUS (CNNWL): WHILE 1406
50.10. STATIVE (CNNST): BEING IN THE STATE O F 1407
50.11. QUASI-CONNECTIVES (CNNQS) 1410
50.11.1. -IY- ~ -NY- ~ L+IV/ H WITH THE ALLATIVE MARKER ( UNTIL )
1411 50.11.2. -NY- (~ -IY- ) WITH PERLATIVE OR LOCATIVE MARKER
( AFTER ) 1412 50.11.3. -XAANY- WITH THE ABLATIVE MARKER ( SINCE )
1412
50.11.4. |+()H WITH THE LOCATIVE MARKER ( AS SOON AS, WHEN ) 1413
50.11.5. +{U)CIY- WITH THE EQUALIS MARKER ( AS SOON AS ) 1414
CHAPTER 51 APPOSITIONAL MOOD 1416
51.1. MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC CHARACTERISTICS 1421
51.1.1. MOOD MARKER 1421
51.1.2. SUFFIX SELECTIVITY 1423
51.1.3. NEGATIVE APPOSITIONALS 1424
51.1.4. MORPHO-SYNTACTIC IDIOSYNCRACIES 1427
51.1.4.1. FIRST- AND SECOND PERSON 1427
51.1.4.2. THIRD VS. REFLEXIVE THIRD PERSON 1429
51.1.4.3. COREFERENTIAL MARKER - VKAY ~ +CIC 1433
51.2. COSUBORDINATE CLAUSES 1439
51.2.1. CONCOMITANT CIRCUMSTANCES 1439
51.2.2. TEMPORAL SETTINGS 1446
51.2.3. MISCELLANEOUS ADVERBIALS 1452
51.2.4. COORDINATE CLAUSES 1458
51.2.5. COSUBORDINATION TO LOWER CLAUSES O F COMPLEX TRANSITIVES 1461
51.2.6. REDUPLICATIVE USE 1463
51.2.7. CA- AND PI- 1463
51.2.8. ADJUNCT TO INALIENABLY POSSESSED NOMINALS 1465
IMAGE 21
CONTENTS XXXVI I
51.3. PERIPHRASIS WITH APPOSITIONALS 1467
51.3.1. COSUBORDINATION TO EXPLETIVE PI- CLAUSES 1468
51.3.1.1. DIFFERENT SPLITTING 1472
51.3.2. PERIPHRASTIC COMPLEX TRANSITIVES - PI- AND FULL VERBS 1473
51.4. AS INDEPENDENT CLAUSES 1474
51.4.1. DECLARATIVE 1475
51.4.2. REPLY 1480
51.4.3. INTERROGATIVE 1481
51.4.4. OPTATIVE - COMMAND AND PROHIBITION 1482
51.5. ADNOMINAL CLAUSES 1484
51.6. QUASI-NOMINAL CLAUSES 1489
51.6.1. AS AN INTRANSITIVE SUBJECT 1489
51.6.2. EXCLAMATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 1492
51.7. NOMINALIZATIONS O F APPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS 1493
51.7.1. NOMINAL CLAUSES 1493
51.7.2. RELATIVE CLAUSES 1495
PART 10: NON-INFLECTING WORDS
CHAPTER 52 NON-INFLECTING WORDS IN GENERAL 1501
52.1. PARTICLES AND ENCLITICS 1501
52.2. CONSTITUTION 1504
52.3. FUNCTIONS 1509
52.4. TWO EXCLAMATIVE PARTICLIZERS 1508
52.4.1. VPC PCICI 1508
52.4.2. VPC +NAA ~ +NII 1512
52.5. LINKERS (LINKING SUFFIXES) 1513
52.5.1. FOLLOWING NON-INFLECTING WORDS 1514
52.5.2. FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS 1516
CHAPTER 53 PARTICLES 1518
53.1. INTERJECTIONAL/EXCLAMATIVE 1518
53.2. SENTENCE WORDS 1522
53.3. SENTENCE ADVERBIALS 1524
53.4. ADVERBIALS 1531
53.5. CONJUNCTIONALS 1535
53.6. EXPLETIVE SENTENCE FILLERS 1541
IMAGE 22
XXXVIII CONTENTS
CHAPTER 54 ENCLITICS 1544
54.1. REACTIVE 1544
54.2. EXPRESSIVE 1550
54.3. EXPRESSIVE (NEGATIVE) 1553
54.4. REPORTATIVE/QUOTATIVE 1555
54.5. COORDINATING 1559
APPENDIX SUFFIX LIST 1565
REFERENCES/SOURCES 1577
INDEX: SUBJECTS 1602
INDEX: AUTHORS AND PERSONS 1654
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Miyaoka, Osahito 1936- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1146982399 |
| author_facet | Miyaoka, Osahito 1936- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Miyaoka, Osahito 1936- |
| author_variant | o m om |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040595951 |
| classification_rvk | EE 1940 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)820429257 (DE-599)DNB1021551007 |
| dewey-full | 497.14 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 497 - North American native languages |
| dewey-raw | 497.14 |
| dewey-search | 497.14 |
| dewey-sort | 3497.14 |
| dewey-tens | 490 - Other languages |
| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040595951 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:26:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783110278200 9783110278576 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025423797 |
| oclc_num | 820429257 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | LI, 1658 S. Kt. 240 mm x 170 mm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | De Gruyter Mouton |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Mouton grammar library |
| series2 | Mouton grammar library |
| spelling | Miyaoka, Osahito 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)1146982399 aut A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) by Osahito Miyaoka Berlin De Gruyter Mouton [2012] LI, 1658 S. Kt. 240 mm x 170 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mouton grammar library 58 Yupik-Sprache (DE-588)4190451-5 gnd rswk-swf Zentral-Yupik (DE-588)1029907080 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Zentral-Yupik (DE-588)1029907080 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Yupik-Sprache (DE-588)4190451-5 s 1\p DE-604 Mouton grammar library 58 (DE-604)BV000018422 58 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025423797&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Miyaoka, Osahito 1936- A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) Mouton grammar library Yupik-Sprache (DE-588)4190451-5 gnd Zentral-Yupik (DE-588)1029907080 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4190451-5 (DE-588)1029907080 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_auth | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_full | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) by Osahito Miyaoka |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) by Osahito Miyaoka |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) by Osahito Miyaoka |
| title_short | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_sort | a grammar of central alaskan yupik cay |
| topic | Yupik-Sprache (DE-588)4190451-5 gnd Zentral-Yupik (DE-588)1029907080 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Yupik-Sprache Zentral-Yupik Grammatik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025423797&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000018422 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT miyaokaosahito agrammarofcentralalaskanyupikcay |