Finding their way at sea: the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Houten
Hes & de Graaf
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 167 S. Ill., zahlr. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789061944904 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Finding their way at sea
Autor: Pflederer, Richard L
Jahr: 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword by Mr. Tony Campbell 9
Author s Preface 13
Chapter i Beginnings 17
In the history of cartography, the development of portolan charts is
atypical in that there are no known precursors, no apparent evolution
leading to the arrival of the genre; as far as we know, they suddenly
appeared at the end of the 13th century. The likely connections with
the nearly contemporary introduction of two related navigational
tools - the magnetic compass and the portolani or manuscript sailing
instructions - are discussed. Finally, this chapter summarizes the
scholarly research and outright speculation which have attempted
to explain their origins.
Chapter 2 Systems of Geography: grids and radiais 31
Ptolemy s system of geography, developed in the 2nd century A.D.,
is based on a rectangular grid which was has been used in various
forms on most later maps (including the Mercator projection). The
portolan charts, however, are based on an overlapping array of ra-
dial lines (rhumbs), which forms a distinctive background pattern
on the chart. This chapter discusses the two systems and explores
the advantages and disadvantages, and offers a justification for the
selection of the radial model for Mediterranean Sea navigators.
Chapter 3 Seamen and Scientists: The Practical vs. the Theoretical 39
In general, most other types of maps and charts were produced by
learned men applying the scientific and mathematical fundamentals
of cosmography, geography and geometry as they were understood
during their time. Portolan charts, on the other hand, seem to have
been developed by mariners for mariners, with an emphasis on
practicality and functionality. This chapter delves into some of the
consequences of the differing approaches.
Chapter 4 Navigation and Cartography: A Symbiotic Relationship 49
Sea charts are a fundamental tool of navigators; the practice of navi-
gation at sea would be difficult at best without access to the informa-
tion offered by the charts. Yet producing the cartography depends
on the specific knowledge of place as determined and reported by
pilots and navigators. This chapter explores the relationship between
these inextricably linked fields of study.
Chapter 5 An Imperfect Technology 63
The lack of a sound technical foundation for this genre did not present
serious problems when navigation was limited to the enclosed waters
of the Mediterranean Sea, but problems did arise in the expanses of
the open ocean. This chapter discusses the nature of these anoma-
lies, the limits they imposed on ocean navigation and the attempted
remedies. While generally quite creative, these attempts tended to
be only partially successful at best.
Chapter 6 Ports 73
The charts were initially produced in Genoa, Venice and Palma de
Mallorca, among the leading commercial port cities of the Mediter-
ranean Sea at the time, but over the decades and centuries produc-
tion moved to several other ports on that sea, to other European
ports, and eventually to the colonies of the European powers. This
chapter chronicles the migration of the technology to these centers
as a reflection of the growing mobility within the European conti-
nent during this period. We also touch on the later and more limited
diffusion to colonial ports in the context of the rise of European
expansion generally. The eventual acceptance of this style by Arab
and Ottoman mariners and the relatively few examples of surviving
charts produced in these cultures are also highlighted.
Chapter 7 Cartographers and Mariners 85
Hundreds of cartographers and thousands of pilots, many anony-
mous, played a role in this story. It is impossible to mention all of
them, but this chapter covers some of the more notable producers
and users of these charts.
Chapter 8 Beyond the Mediterranean Sea and into the Atlantic 105
Sailing and navigating in the open ocean is qualitatively different
from the far shorter voyages within the Mediterranean Sea. This
chapter shows how these differences impacted the production of
portolan charts after the Portuguese began the European expansion
in the second half of the 15th century with their tentative expeditions
into the Atlantic and on the coast of West Africa.
Chapter 9 The Indian Ocean and onwards to the Orient 123
The achievements on the west coast of Africa notwithstanding, the
greater prize was yet to be realized. The riches of the orient lay across
the Indian Ocean, through the South China Sea and into the Sea of
Japan. But in this era, the Dutch and British would eventually take
the lead and the chart making would evolve to London, Amsterdam
and finally their overseas colonies.
Chapter 10 The Transition to Modern Admiralty Charts 139
European seafaring began in earnest with the production of porto-
lan charts which over the centuries eventually evolved into modern
Admiralty-type charts. This chapter examines the transition, espe-
cially the period when printed charts first began to gain acceptance.
Appendix: Survey of the scholarly literature of the subject 155
Bibliography 157
Index 161
Picture credits 165
Acknowledgements 166
About the author 167
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| isbn | 9789061944904 |
| language | English |
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| spellingShingle | Pflederer, Richard L. Finding their way at sea the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them Schifffahrt (DE-588)4116383-7 gnd Portolan (DE-588)4175396-3 gnd |
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| title | Finding their way at sea the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them |
| title_auth | Finding their way at sea the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them |
| title_exact_search | Finding their way at sea the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them |
| title_full | Finding their way at sea the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them Richard Pflederer |
| title_fullStr | Finding their way at sea the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them Richard Pflederer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Finding their way at sea the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them Richard Pflederer |
| title_short | Finding their way at sea |
| title_sort | finding their way at sea the story of portolan charts the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them |
| title_sub | the story of portolan charts, the cartographers who drew them and the mariners who sailed by them |
| topic | Schifffahrt (DE-588)4116383-7 gnd Portolan (DE-588)4175396-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schifffahrt Portolan |
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