A grammar of Macedonian:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English Macedonian |
| Published: |
Bloomington, Ind.
Slavica
2012
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Personenregister Register // Sachregister |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. [451]-462) and indexes |
| Physical Description: | xx, 485 p. Kt. 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780893573850 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Macedonian |c Olga Mišeska Tomić |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Macedonian language |x History | |
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| adam_text | Titel: A grammar of Macedonian
Autor: Tomić, Olga Mišeska
Jahr: 2012
Table of Contents
Preface ...........................................................................................................................xv
Abbreviations and Symbols........................................................................................xvii
Part One: Preliminaries ...................................................................................1
Chapter 1
Socio-Historical Considerations.......................................................................................3
1. Macedonia as Ethnic, Political, and Geographical Term...............................3
2. The Socio-Linguistic Status of Macedonian.....................................................6
3. Number of Speakers............................................................................................9
Chapter 2
From Common Slavic to Macedonian.........................................................................11
1. Two Periods......................................................................................................11
2. Characteristic Phonological and Morphonological Features in the
Old Period.........................................................................................................13
3. Characteristic Phonological and Morphonological Changes in the
Modern Period..................................................................................................15
4. Morphosyntactic Changes................................................................................18
5. The Macedonian Dialects.................................................................................21
6. Phases in the Development of the Macedonian Lexicon...............................26
Chapter 3
Balkan Aspects of Macedonian Grammar....................................................................31
1. The Balkan Sprachbund Features....................................................................31
1.1. Balkan Sprachbund Features of the Macedonian
Verbal System..........................................................................................32
1.2. Balkan Sprachbund Features of the Macedonian
Nominal System.......................................................................................35
2. Macedonian and the South Slavic Dialectal Continuum................................36
viii
A Grammar of Macedonian
Chapter 4
An Outline of Macedonian Phonology........................................................................41
1. Vowels ..............................................................................................................41
2. Consonants........................................................................................................44
3. Relationship between Phonology and Orthography......................................50
4. Morphophonemic Alternations........................................................................53
4.1. Velar - Alveo-Palatal Alternations: /k/~/tJ7, /g/~/3/, / x/-/J7...............53
4.2. Velar = Dental Alternations: /k/~/ts/, /g/-/z/, /x/~/s/............................54
4.3. Dental or Velar ~ Alveo-Palatal Alternations: /t, k/ - /k /,
/d, g/ « /g /, /V - /l/, /n/ - /ji/( /stf ~ /JV...................................................55
4.4. Alternations of Various Consonants with /f/.........................................55
4.5. Alternation M3/ » /tJV...............................................................................56
4.6. Isolated Consonantal Alternations.........................................................56
4.7. Vowel ~ Zero Alternations ....................................................................56
4.8. Etymological Length Alternations ........................................................59
5. Prosody.............................................................................................................59
6. Prosodie Behaviour of Clitics .........................................................................62
6.1. Prosodie Behaviour of Adnominal Clitics.............................................62
6.2. Prosodie Behaviour of Clausal Clitics....................................................63
Part Two: The Nominal Phrase .....................................................................71
Chapter 5
The Structure of the Nominal Phrase...........................................................................73
1. Linearization Pattern.........................................................................................73
2. Nouns and Noun Equivalents..........................................................................74
3. Determiners and Quantifiers ...........................................................................76
4. Prenominai Modifiers......................................................................................79
5. Postnominal Modifiers and Complements .....................................................85
6. Reordering of Modifiers...................................................................................91
7. Direct and Indirect Modification.....................................................................93
8. Floating Quantifiers..........................................................................................95
9. Semi-Lexical Heads..........................................................................................97
Chapter 6
Agreement Categories.................................................................................................103
1. Formal Markers of Relationships within the Nominal Phrase....................103
2. Gender.............................................................................................................103
Table of Contents ix
2.1. Types of Gender ...................................................................................103
2.2. Gender with Nouns...............................................................................106
2.3. Gender with Pronouns..........................................................................114
2.4. Gender with Modifiers, Determiners and Quantifiers........................115
3. Number...........................................................................................................118
3.1. Types of Plural Number wih Nouns....................................................119
3.2. Number with Modifiers, Determiners and Quantifier........................134
Chapter 7
The Category of Definiteness and Articles ...............................................................137
1. Definiteness.....................................................................................................137
2. Indefinite Articles and Indefinite Nominal Phrases.....................................140
2.1. Forms and Status of the Indefinite Articles ........................................140
2.2. Indefinite Articles and Specificity.......................................................143
3. Definite Articles and Definite Nominal Phrases..........................................146
3.1. Forms of the Definite Articles .............................................................146
3.2. Deixis and Anaphora.............................................................................149
3.3. Definite Articles in Modified Nominal Phrases..................................151
3.4. Definite Articles, Basic Deictics and
Double Definitization .......................................................................153
3.5. Formal Analysis of the Definite Article...............................................155
3.6. Special Use of the Definite Article.......................................................157
4. Articles in Generic Nominal Phrases.............................................................162
Chapter 8
Pronominals.................................................................................................................165
1. Types of Pronominals....................................................................................165
2. Personal Pronouns..........................................................................................165
2.1. Forms of Personal Pronouns................................................................165
2.2. Use of Personal Pronouns ....................................................................166
2.3. Use of Reflexive Clitic Pronouns........................................................171
3. Possessive Pronominals.................................................................................179
3.1. Possessive Pronominal Forms .............................................................179
3.2. Use of Possessive Pronominal Forms in the
Nominal Phrase.....................................................................................180
3.3. Beneficiary Pronominal Clitics............................................................185
4. Wh Words....................................................................................................190
4.1. koj..........................................................................................................190
4.2. kakov, kolkav and cij ............................................................................191
X A Grammar of Macedonian
4.3. sto...........................................................................................................192
4.4. koga, kade, kamo, and kako .................................................................194
5. Indefinite Prominals.......................................................................................195
5.1. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from the wh Word
sto what ...............................................................................................195
5.2. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from the wh Word
koji who ..............................................................................................197
5.3. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from the wh Word
koj2 who/which ..................................................................................199
5.4. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from the wh Word
kakov what kind , kolkav what size and cij whose ......................200
5.5. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from Adverbs ..................................205
6. Deictics ...........................................................................................................208
6.1. Adjectival Deictics ...............................................................................208
6.2. Adverbial Deictics ................................................................................210
Part Three: The Clause....................................................................................215
Chapter 9
The Structure of the Clause........................................................................................217
1. Ordering of the Clausal Constituents............................................................217
1.1. Marked Transitive Declarative Clauses ..............................................217
1.2. Intransitive Clauses ..............................................................................219
1.3. Impersonal Clauses...............................................................................221
2. Clausal Clitic Clusters ...................................................................................227
2.1. The Clausal Clitic System....................................................................227
2.2. Derivation of the Clausal Clitics .........................................................232
3. Morphologically Marked Case Forms..........................................................236
3.1. Oblique Pronominal Forms..................................................................236
3.2. Oblique Case F orms of Nouns Functioning as
Internal Arguments...............................................................................237
3.3. Oblique Case Forms in Adjuncts.........................................................242
3.4. Vocative Case Forms............................................................................245
4. Clitic Doubling...............................................................................................249
4.1. Clitic Doubling of Lexical Direct Objects..........................................249
4.2. Clitic Doubling of Lexical Indirect Objects........................................253
4.3. Clitic Doubling of wh Words............................................................256
Table of Contents __xi
Chapter 10
Aspectual Distinctions.................................................................................................263
1. Aspectual Distinctions in the Macedonian Verb System ............................263
2. Aspect and Aktionsart....................................................................................266
3. Aspect, Telicity, and Argument Structure....................................................267
4. Inner and Outer Prefixes................................................................................270
5. Prefixations with More than One Prefix.......................................................275
6. Semelfactive Suffixes....................................................................................278
7. Suffixes which Assign Unlimited Number of
Punctual Temporal Intervals .........................................................................280
8. The Imperfective Suffix -uva and Iterativity................................................282
Chapter 11
Simple and Compound Tenses...................................................................................289
1. From Proto Slavic to Macedonian ................................................................289
2. Forms and Usage of the Present Tense.........................................................293
3. Forms and Usage of the Simple Past Tense .................................................298
4. Types of Participle in the Macedonian Compound Tenses.........................303
4.1. Passive Participles ................................................................................304
4.2. i-Participles..........................................................................................308
4.3. The Relationship of Participles and Clausal Clitics ...........................312
5. Be Present Perfect with /-Participles..........................................................316
6. Be Past Perfect.............................................................................................319
7. Have Perfects...............................................................................................322
8. Be Perfects with Passive Participles ..........................................................326
9. Use of the be Auxiliary in Passive Constructions.....................................328
10. Evidential......................................................................................................332
Chapter 12
Mood Structures..........................................................................................................339
1. Mood Categories............................................................................................339
2. Imperatives.....................................................................................................343
3. Forms of Verbs Used in Subjunctive and Conditional Clauses..................349
4. Typical Uses of Subjunctive Structures........................................................357
4.1. Subjunctive Structures as Complements of
Lexical Modal Verbs............................................................................358
4.2. Subjunctive Structures as Complements of
Intentional Verbs ..................................................................................364
xii
A Grammar of Macedonian
4.3. Subjunctive Structures as Complements of
Verbs of Perception..............................................................................368
5. Bare Subjunctives ..........................................................................................370
6. Subjunctive Structures as Complements of Modal Clitics and the
Expression of Futurity ...................................................................................377
6.1. Forms.....................................................................................................377
6.2. The Function of the Future Tenses in Positive
Non-Negated Clauses...........................................................................381
6.3. Negated Future Tenses.........................................................................388
6.4. Future Conditional Tenses ...................................................................389
6.5. Ke will and bi would with Subjunctive Complements
Introduced by Subjunctive Markers ....................................................390
7. Conditional Sentences ...................................................................................393
8. Subjunctive Structures as Nominal Modifiers and as Adjuncts..................399
Chapter 13
Interrogative Clauses ..................................................................................................405
1. Types of Interrogative Clauses.......................................................................405
2. Interrogative Clauses with Yes-No Questions..........................................405
2.1. Syntactic and Prosodie Behavior.........................................................406
2.2. Yes-No Interrogative Markers in Embedded Clauses ....................410
2.3. Yes-No Interrogative Markers in Clauses with
Negated Future Tenses.........................................................................411
2.4. Li as a Focus Marker ............................................................................412
2.5. Marked Alternatives for dali................................................................416
3. Wh Interrogative Clauses ...........................................................................418
3.1. Syntactic and Prosodie Analysis..........................................................418
3.2. Usage of wh Words in Questions with Bare Subjunctives..............420
3.3. Usage of wh Words in Embedded Interrogative Clauses................421
3.4. Embedded Subjunctive Clauses with wh Words .............................422
3.5. Wh Words Followed by the Interrogative Marker li.......................424
3.6. Multiple wh Questions ......................................................................425
Chapter 14
Relative Clauses..........................................................................................................429
1. Types of Relative Clauses .............................................................................429
2. Noun-Antecedent Relative Clauses ..............................................................429
2.1. Relativizers of Restrictive Noun-Antecedent
Relative Clauses....................................................................................430
Table of Contents x¡¡¡
2.2. Relativizers of Appositive Noun-Antecedent
Relative Clauses....................................................................................437
3. Pronoun-Antecedent Relative Clauses .........................................................439
3.1. General Pronoun-Antecedent Relative Clauses..................................440
3.2. Specific Pronoun-Antecedent Relative Clauses .................................444
4. Free Relative Clauses ....................................................................................447
5. Syntactic Structure and Function of the Relative Clauses...........................449
References .......................................................................................................451
Author Index ..................................................................................................463
Subject Index..................................................................................................467
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Author Index Abney, Steven 304 Ammann, Andreas 370 Anagnostopoulou, Elena 251,252 Andriotes, Nikolaos 3,4,7 Amaudova, Olga 155,218 Aronson, Howard 290 Arsenijević, Boban 267,286 Asenova, Petja 290, 340 Auwera, Johan van der 370 Avram, Larisa 187 Elsőn, Mark 425 Emonds, Joseph 101 Erb, Marie Christine 234 Bach, Emon 263 Barshi, Immanuel 187 Вenešová, Eva217,218 Benveniste, Emil 87 Berent, Gerald 251 Bojadžiev, Todor 291 Borer, Hagit 267 Boškovié, Željko 234 Bouchard, Denis 91, 118 Breitbarth, Ann 234 Browne, E. Wayles 235 Bužarovska, Eleni 342, 399,400,440,449 Giannakidou, Anastasia 251, 252 Giusti, Giuliana 92,141,156,185 Gołąb, Zbigniew 31 Golden, Marija 427 Grosu, Alexander 422 Cepenkov, Marko 161,239, 319 Chierchia, Gennaro 118 Chomsky, Noam 234 Cinque, Guglielmo 79, 87,92, 93, 94 Coene, Martine 187 Comrie, Bernard 34, 263, 266,291 Darden, Bill 291 Demiraj, Shaban 339 Dimitrova-Vulchanova, Mila 73,91,92,118, 141,156, 173,176,185 Di Sciullo, Ana-Maria 274,275 Dixon, Robert Malcom Ward 92 Dučevska, Aneta 379 Filip, Hana 269 Fine, John 4 Firbas, František 217 Franks, Steven L. 66, 251 Friedman, Victor 9,22, 23, 35,41, 53,105, 227, 290, 302, 304, 332, 333, 433 Hacking, Jane 397 Hajičová, Eva 217, 218 Hammond, Nichols G. L. З Haspelmath, Martin 188, 231 Herrity, Peter 7 Heusinger, Klaus von 143 Hubbard, Phillip 290 Isac, Danijela 370 Izvorski, Roumyana 422 Jakab, Edit 370 Jackendoff, Ray 304 Jacobsen, William 290 Joseph, Brian 339, 344 Julien, Marit 234 Käyne, Richard 234 Kenesei, Istvan 218 King, Tracy Holloway 251,412 Kiss, Katalin 218 Koledarov, Petăr 3,4
464 A Grammar of Macedonian Koneski, Blaže 11, 12,13,14,15, 16,18,19, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 36, 37, 60,100, 119,121,127,128,150,168,172,239, 240,242, 245,265,266, 298, 303, 304, 305, 306, 318, 319, 348, 352, 361, 378, 381,383 Koneski, Kiril 361 Kombin, Blagoja 8,437 Krapova, Iliyana 340, 364 Kretschmer, Paul 7 Krifka, Manfred 267 Kucarov, Ivan 290 Landman, Fred 422 Larson, Richard 85,235 Lehmann, Winfred 289 Levin, Beth 304 Lindstedt, Jouko 31 Longobardi, Giuseppe 118,155 Lunt, Horace G. 5,11, 12, 304, 309, 320, 382, 394 Marelj, Marijana 171,173,175, 364 Markovik, Maijan 22, 90 Marušič, Franc 85 Meillet, Antoine 7 Migdalski, Krzysztof 263,291 Mindak, Jolanda 319 Minnis, Kate 361, 362 Minova-Gurkova, Liljana 113,114,417, 430,432,435,436 Mirčev, Kiril 339 Misirkov, Krste Petkov 8 Mitkovska, Liljana 88,174 Motapanyane, Virginia 343 Newmark, Leonard 290 Niederle, Ľubor 4 Novakov, Predrag 267 Pancheva, Roumyana 180 Panevová, Jarmila 217 Penčev, Jordan 291 Petruševski, Dime 3 Philippaki-Warbuiton, Irene 343 Prifti, Peter 290 Pulevski, óorgi 8 Racin, Kočo 161 Ramchard, Gillian 267 Rappaport, Malka 304 Reinhart, Tanya 173 Remetió, Slobodan 39 Riemsdijk, Henk van 101,234 Rivero, Maria Luisa 175, 176,231, 234, 343, 357,412 Rudin, Catherine 342,407,412,417,425, 426 Sandfeld, Kristian 239, 240 Šapkarev, Kuzman 239 Savicką, Irena 42,43,45, 46 Scatton, Ernest 263 Schieids, Kenneth 291 Schwyzer, E. 7 Sedláček, Jaroslav 290 Sgall, Petr 217,218 Shih, Ch’uang 79,92 Siljanoski, Velko 44 Slabakova, Roumyana 274,275 Smith, Carlota 277 Sobolev, Andrej 239 Spasov, Ljudmil 42, 43,45,46 Sproat,
Richard 79, 92 Stateva, Penka 187 Stieber, Zdzisław 362 Stojanovič, Danijela 364 Šuplinovski, Spase 7 Svenonius, Peter 274 Teodorescu, Alexandra 93 Terzi, Arhonto 343 Tomič, Olga Mišeska 8, 17, 19, 33, 73, 91, 92, 111,147,155,176, 182,183,186, 232, 234, 293, 308, 313, 343, 349, 364, 365,380, 691,393,400 Topolinjska, Zuzanna 39, 73, 79, 82, 92, 94, 100,104,113,119,133,140, 141, 143, 145,154,170, 240, 253, 341, 342, 383 Trubetzkoy, Nikolai 31 Vendler, Zeno 266 Verkuyl, Henk 267 Vidoeski, Božidar 12, 21, 22, 23, 61
Author Index Wackemagel, Jacob 314 Wasow, Thomas 304 Wendland, Peter 7 Zwicky, Arnold 62 465
Subject Index ablative 88 abbreviation 41,42 accent 51 grave 51 accomplishments 266,267 perfective 267 achievements 266,267 perfective 267 activities 266 imperfective 267 adjective 18,21,53, 56, 57, 65, 66, 74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,131,114,115, 128, 135,138,139, 141,152,153,155,156, 157,160, 222, 248,284,289,304,311 articled 74,138,156 color- 82 comparative 82, 83 coordinated 93 definite 248 de-nominal 80 de-verbal 80 “genuine” 94 indefinite 141 long 139, 248 masculine 56, 79, 83, 115, 139 masculine singular 139, 248 material 82 modality- 92 predicate- 313 primary 80 quantitative 144 relational 81, 94 superlative 82, 83 verbal 302 adjective phrase 94,156 bare 94 complex 156 coordinate 158 direct modification- 94 adjunct 94,166,169,236,238,241,242֊ 45, 267,268,270,272, 316, 399-404, 412,422-24,447,448 prepositional 242 topicalized locative 412 ‘wh’- 422 adjunction 426 leftward 234 adverb 60, 80,82, 83, 84, 93,154,166, 173,190,194, 205-08, 210, 213, 227, 284, 324, 340, 341,403 concessive 212 distal locative 211 distal temporal 212 indefinite 205-06, 210 interrogative 194, 205, 236 interrogative locative 340 locative 224, 227 locative indefinite 205 locative ‘wh’- 341 modifying 83,155 modal indefinite 205 pronominal 207,213,440 proximate locative 211 quantitative indefinite 205 sentential 427 temporal indefinite 205 ‘wh’- 369,443,448 adverbials 218,225,226, 227, 315, 413, 414 clause-initial 225 prepositionless 270 time- 269 affix 19, 267, 286, 289 verbal 289 word-formative 27 agent 86, 87, 89,91,304,365 implicit 176 involuntary 175 pronominal 365
468 A Grammar of Macedonian agreement 99,102,103-35,141,159,179, 180, 236,358,364 formal 103 gender-106-18 number- 103,115,118-38 subject- 233, 234, 235 subject/verb-166 tense- 233 verbal 100 agreement features 218,220,234 agreement marker 405,414 agreement node 406 agreement phrase 115, 234, 345,406 direct object 233, 349 indirect object 233, 349 tense 233,234,406 subject 233, 234, 345,406 affricates 14,48 affrication 48 aktionsart 266-67 alphabet Macedonian 50 Serbian Cyrillic 50 Latin 41, 50 Albania 5, 9, 11,12,21, 22, 37, 241,291, 293, 341,393,400, southern 291, 293, 341,400 Albanians 10, 12 Alexander the Great 3, 5, 6, 7 anaphora 146,149-50 Anatolian Greeks 10 anteriority 323 aorist see tense apodosis 33, 393, 395, 396, 397, 399 apposition 153, 185 archaic morphological form 12 Aromanians 10, 12 argument 35 external 162, 163, 166, 173 internal 163,166, 237^12 non-oblique 166 oblique 166 ‘wh’- 422,423,424 argument structure 175, 265-68 Argument Suppression 175 article 11,25, 76, 78, 88, 92, 93, 95, 117, 118, 137-64, 187, 253,267 definite 19, 24, 35, 52, 62, 63, 73, 87, 101,102, 106, 120,139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146-61, 162, 164, 183,441 feminine 52,161 indefinite 77,90, 139,140-45, 164֊ 66,248,250,254,449 morphologically conditioned 152 neuter 159 postpositive 19, 35, 241 specific indefinite 254 unmarked 139,141 zero 142 aspect 21, 264-88,289,290, 291,293, 298, 306, 325 imperfective 261,265-68,273-75, 282-86, 291, 271,293-94, 296, 298-300, 302-03, 305-07, 309, 319, 328, 343, 350-55, 374, 377, 393 perfective 261,265-67,269-71,273, 282-86, 291-94,296, 298-303,
305-08, 310-12, 319, 326, 328, 329, 343, 347, 350-55, 374, 377, 393 aspectual phrase 274, 275 assimilation 4, 61 progressive 45 regressive 45, 52 attributives 80, 81-84, 91 Austro-Hungarian Empire 7 auxiliary 134, 234,287, 288,289, 291, 315-19, 329,379 ‘be’ 20,289,290,291,234,303,304, 309, 351,352,379, 387, 408 clitic ‘be’ see clitics ‘have’ 19,33,234, 291,307,315, 316, 322-25,361,379, 408 imperfect ‘be’ 319-21, 326-31, 334, 350-52, 383 impoverished 190 modal 383 negated ‘have’ 408-10 non-clitic ‘be’ 222,228, 316, 328, 407,410 non-clitic conditional modal 407 subjunctive ‘be’ 352, 353 auxiliary phrase 233
Subject Index back-formation 106 Balkan Sprachbund 21, 33, 35, 37, 38, 339,357,377 Balkanism 23,31 Balkanist 240 Balkans 3֊5,11-12,31,290,405 base (form) 264,265,268,270,271, 273, 274, 282,283,292,294, 299, 300, 301, 304, 307,309,310,312, 319,343,344, 355 aorist 293, 303, 305, 309, 310, 311, 312.353.354 non-prefix ed 283 present/imperfect 293, 303, 305, 309, 310.311.312.353.354 Bible 11,20,339 borrowing 11, 27,41,42,46, 371 boundedness 266,267 Bulgaria 4, 5, 6, 8,9, 10,21,26, 229 Bulgarians 5,14 Bulgars 4 byti 354 case (form) 33,192,193,444 accusative 37,167, 236 clitic-doubled 41 dative 37, 39,167 genitive 37 instrumental 37,240 locative 37 morphologically marked 37, 235-48 nominative 37,167, 245 oblique 21, 39,235-48 synthetic-analytic 238 vocative 37, 53,245—49 case marker 18, 36, 108, 255,256 accusative 37,106,237, 238,241, 245 oblique 37, 38 c-command 366 Central European Sprachbund 187 Classicism 5 Clement 31 clausal constituent 217, 315 clausal clitic cluster 227-35, 313 clausal clitic system 227-32 clause 25, 62, 63-66, 67, 131, 134,135, 140,142,163,171,175,176,182,186, 469 217,218,234, 253, 263, 282, 289, 312, 313, 317, 318, 321, 339, 340, 343,347, 349,356, 361,362, 391,392 adverbial 224 ako- 394 appositive relative 430-39 colloquial 391 complex 297 conditional 227,346,349-52 conditional modal 386 declarative 218 declarative transitive 218 embedded 363, 366,410 embedded interrogative 194, 420-21 embedded subjunctive 422-24 emotionally charged 160 emphatic 162,402 existential 225 existential impersonal 225 existential subjunctive 422,424 extemporal 162 finite 335,
339 free relative 447-49 general pronoun-antecedent relative 437-42,448 generic 296 imperative 339, 341, 343, 345, 348, 349 impersonal 221-29 indefinite 144 indicative 34, 326, 338, 341, 342, 345, 346, 349, 352, 355 indicative subordinate 340 interrogative 65,192,228, 346,40527 intransitive 219-21 main 32, 333, 336, 358, 364, 366, 367,370,386,390,438,447 marked declarative 218 modifying 251 negative 65, 346, 391 negative imperative 68, 345 negative interrogative 350,411,415 negative subjunctive 418 neutral 217 nominal 155 non-existential impersonal 226
470 A Grammar of Macedonian noun-antecedent relative 430-40, 447,449 positive 65,66, 346, 369 positive declarative 218 positive imperative 68 positive interrogative 350 positive non-negated 363, 381-88 potentialis 227 pronoun-antecedent relative 427, 439-47,449 prototypical 217 prototypical indicative 348 realis conditional 394 relative 86, 93, 94, 100,155, 160, 194, 209,258,429-49 restrictive relative 430-37,438 S-V-O-219 small 240 southeastern Macedonian 25,26 specific pronoun-antecedent relative 437,444-47 subjectless 414 subjunctive 326, 338, 342, 348,34952,355,365,393,401,420 subordinate 427 tensed 20 transitive 218, 226 types of 70 unmarked declarative 218, 315 upper 363 western Macedonian 25,26 ‘wh’ interrogative 418-28 clitics 35, 38, 62-70,165,176-89,22734,248-59, 312-15, 318, 346, 378, 407,409,412,416, 435 accusative 222,224, 230, 234, 252, 255,259, 260,367, 433,436 adnominal 62-64 argument-187,189 auxiliary (‘be’) 22, 188,194, 222, 224,227, 229, 234, 291, 303, 304, 308, 317, 319, 321, 325, 326, 328, 334, 336, 360, 379, 386, 387-89, 408,421 beneficiary dative 185-90 clausal 24, 25, 63-65,187, 188,194, 227, 232-36,312-15,318 conditional modal 227, 389, 390, 392,399,409 dative 35, 40, 165, 175, 181, 182, 185,187,188,189, 194, 224, 230, 234, 254,259, 260, 366 dative reflexive 169,173-81 D-linked 253 enclitic 224, 227,312,405 ethical dative 188,189 expectative modal 227, 326, 337, 378, 379, 388, 390-92 interrogative (li) 64, 227, 228, 393 modal 34, 227, 228,234, 325, 334 343, 352, 360-63, 374, 377-84, 388-94, 399,409,410,411,440 negation- 227, 228, 233,234, 358,
360,391 negative modal 388 personal 175,180,182, 230 phonologically enclitic 25, 73, 185, 224,228,407 phonologically proclitic 25, 228, 313 possessive 62,63,144,179,180-85, 188, 189,236 pre-verbal 185,186, 313 pronominal 19,35, 62,66,68,168, 170, 175, 187, 194, 222, 224,227, 229,230,234,236, 249,260, 329, 349, 358, 366, 367,409, 419,433 reflexive 167,171-79,222, 224,226, 230, 330 resumptive 258,260,433,436 simple 62 special 62 subjunctive mood- 227,233,234 types of 62 Wackemagel 314 ‘will’- 33 clitic cluster 227-32,233 clitic-doubling 11, 35, 36, 38-40,102, 144,169,175,185,249-59 obligatoiy 250 clitichood314 verbal 314 cliticization strategy 65, 68-70 commands 343,345, 348, 370 comment 217,218
Subiect Index complement 32, 73, 85, 88, 156,233,235, 308, 315,316, 341, 345, 357-70, 373, 376, 377, 390-92,400,401, 403,410, 418,420,447 finite 340 infinitival 364 indefinite 399 indicative 358 lexical 399 subjunctive 251, 358, 359, 364, 365, 369,386, 392,423,424 ‘that’- 368 ‘wh’- 368 complement phrase 426 complementizer 27, 339, 365,411 da- 339 mood- 380,414 indicative 341,342,343,401 interrogative 405,406 non-clitic 406,407 subjunctive 402 ‘that’- 32,340 complementizer node 406 compound (word) 89, 94, 95 conditionals 339,397 conjunction 85, 304, 341, 393, 398 adversative 85 cumulative 85 consonant 7,13,14,15, 17, 24,41,42, 44-52,55-60, 80,81,109, 110,113, 115,120,146,148,205,210, 237,245, 246,304,310,311,344 affricate 47 alveo-palatal 17,48 alveo-dental 310 assimilated 45,52 dental 14,15,47, 53,54,120 dental-alveolar 46 devoiced 44, 52 fricative 14,42,45,46,47,48, 49, 52,245 geminate 15,49, 50, 52,147 labio-dental 45, 52 lateral 14,41,47,48,51 nasal 14 palatal 14,48,51,53,55, 79,81 plosive 264 stop 14,15,46,48,49, 52 471 trill 14 unvoiced 46, 56 velar 46 voiced 44, 45,47, 52 voiceless 14,17,44, 45 consonantcluster 15 consonant deletion 60 contraction 17, 60 contrastive context 173,184 coreferentiality 171 counterfactuality 334 Croats 7 Cyril and Methodius 11,12,31 Cyrillo-Methodian tradition 12 Dative Disclosure 176 datives 176 non-argumental 176 declension 18,19, 237 lexical 36 declension marker 38 synthetic 38 analytic 38 definiteness 35, 103,137, 249, 251, 253, 254, 270,434 definites 250 novel 250 weak 250 definitization 153 double 153-54 deictics 73,157, 166,
208-13,440, 444 adjectival 208-09 adverbial 210-13 basic 76, 208,209 directional 210 distal 73, 76, 166, 208, 209,211,212, 440 locational 210 modal 212 proximate 73, 78, 146,146, 208, 209, 210,211 qualitative 73, 208, 209 quantitative 73, 92, 209 temporal 208, 210, 211, 212 unmarked 209 definite expression 138 derivation 53,59,145,195, 232, 355 de-adjectival 53
472 A Grammar of Macedonian de-nominal 53 determiner 21, 74, 76, 97, 99, 103,115֊ 17,118,134, 135,137, 138,139,141, 144,153,165,190, 191, 199,208 articled 138 deictic 116,142,153, 154, 155, 166 definite 150 demonstrative 19,25, 75, 76-79, 91, 209, 240 distal 76 indefinite 144, 248 indefinite non-specific 145 interrogative 190 possessive 201 proximate 25 qualitative 201 quantitave 201 determiner node 155,156 determiner phrase 62, 73, 115, 156 definite 250 specific 250 non-specific 250 devoicing 56 progressive 56 dialect complex 14, 21,22,24 dialect group 37 diminutives53, 111, 128, 129,159,247 direction 211, 243,244 disagreement marker 416 discourse 40, 93, 138, 143,217,218, 220, 252 dispalatalization 13-14 emotive context 139,159 emphasis 166,425 ‘equi’ deletion 358 eventuality 263, 267,270, 275,178,280, 282, 290 294, 297, 301, 302, 317, 331, 347, 355, 372 future 347 habitual 347 past 347 stative 282 telic 267,270, 275, 286 temporally bounded 282 evidentiality 19, 20, 34, 64, 182,220, 290, 293, 316, 318, 325, 326, 332, 333, 335, 336 reported 326, 333 evidentials 32, 34,290, 332-37 exceptional case marking 340,359, 366 exhortative marker 370 existential generalized quantifier 422 experiencer 86 expletives 227 feature 104,119, 133,138,139,142,153, 175,270,290, 326, 340 agreement- 218,218, 220, 234 areal 187 aspectual 275 definiteness-156 evidentiality- 326 formal 165,166, 315 functional 101 gender 147,179, 184,226, 236 inherent semantic 271 lexical 101, 268 morphological 152 number- 147,179, 184, 226,236, 326, 358, 364 person- 184, 236, 326, 358, 364 specificity- 267,240
strong 349 tense- 326 “feel-like X” construction 176 focus (node) 92,93,95, 218, 252,256, 313,316,410,447 contrastive 218,219 information- 218 focus marker 412 Focus (Phrase) 218,219,220, 226,413 fimetion word 27, 29, 51 homophonie 51 portmanteau-114 functional head 99,234 functional node 235 functional projection 66 futurity 296, 340, 361, 362, 378, 379 negated 362 positive 361 gender 18, 79,103-20, 135,148, 159, 160,165 266,170, 179,190,191,197, 199,200, 208, 222, 226, 236, 245, 246, 258,260, 293, 304, 308, 309,431,432,
Subiect Index 434,435,436,437,438, 441,444,446, 447 feminine 18,103,104,106, 107, 108, 109,113 ,114,118,120,124,238 grammatical 103-05 masculine 18, 103,104, 109, 111, 113,118,123,129,167,236 neuter 18, 103,104, 111, 112,115, 116,120,131,132,135 natural 103-05,107,113,114,118, 237 virile 105 gender marker 18,108, 111, 115 generative analysis 95, 343, 366 generative grammar 73, 93, 115, 155, 218, 232, 234 gerund 303, 340 glides 44 grading 82 comparative 82 superlative 82 grammatical category 16,20, 103, 114, 290, 304 grammaticalization 266, 341 Greece 3,4, 5,6, 10, 12, 22, 170,229, 241,253,291,293,325 northern 10,13,170, 187, 241,253, 291,293,342 Greeks 4, 5, 6 Anatolian 10 ‘have’ perfect see tense humanness 252 idiom 189 imperative (mood) marker 343, 344 imperatives 339, 343-49, 370 surrogate 370 true 370 imperfect see tense impersonal construction see impersonals impersonals 173,174 indeñniteness 197,251 indefinites 251, 252 bare 256 contrastive 252 referential 251 473 infinitives 20, 32,264, 339, 340, 362, 377, 378,380 negated 345 short 340 initiator 173,176, 331 innovation 11 iotation 17 interjection 247 interrogative marker 405-12 li- see clitics ‘yes-no’ 410, 411 iterativity 282,283 jesmb 355 juncture 43,46, 49, 60 King Philip II 3, 7 labialization 42 languages/dialects Albanian 10,19, 28, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39,176, 290,291, 332, 339, 343, 368,393, 399 Ancient Greek 7 Arabic 28 Arli Balkan Romani 176, 339 Aromanian 10, 27, 31, 33,176, 291, 307, 332, 339, 365,400,402 Balkan 19, 20, 27,28,31,34,118, 142,176,232, 235, 253, 290, 307, 357,380,395,400 Balkan Romance 31, 32, 37,
366,401 Balkan Romani 19, 31 Balkan Slavic 32, 37,40, 180, 187, 290,340 Bosnian 6 Bulgarian 7-9,11-12,31,36,37, 111,141,176,182,263,290,308, 313, 339, 342, 368, 400, 401,405, 406,426 Common Slavic 11,18, 31, 34, 37, 237,248,290, 354, 355, 363, 378, 391 Croatian 6, 7,12, 50,166, 176,308 Czech 426 dialectal Bulgarian 340 Early Proto-Indo-European 289 East Slavic 12,261, 289
474 A Grammar of Macedonian East South-Slavic 7 English 41, 73,118,141,142,227, 252, 266,277,278, 282, 337, 363, 425,447 European 73, 74, 217, 304 foreign 48 Germanic 307 Greek 6, 7,12,14,26, 27,28,31, 32, 34,37,110,154, 235,266, 291, 332, 339, 340 French 115,118,307 Hittite 291 Indo-European 6, 7,291, 339,418 Italian 27,308 Late Proto-Slavic 289 Latin 10, 110 Macedo-Bulgarian 8 Macedonian passim, see also Macedonian dialects Modem Greek 19,176, 291, 339, 339, 343,368,371,400 Montenegrin 7, 11 Moravian 12 multiply ‘wh’ fronting 426-27 non-Slavic Balkan 19, 34, 380 non-Slavic European 304 Northern Greek 27 Old Church Slavonic 7, 8,12, 13-15, 18, 20,21,31,37, 263,313,339, 340 Persian 28 Polish 426 Paleo-Macedonian 7 Proto-Indo-European 289 Proto-Slavic 289,293, 303, 304 Romance 10, 27, 31, 307, 332 Romani 10, 31, 176 Romanian 31, 176, 307, 339, 343, 364 Russian 7, 12, 26,111,405 Sanskrit 291 Serbian 6, 7, 8-9, 11, 12,31,36,37, 39,40, 51, 166, 212, 308, 364, 380 Serbo-Croatian 6, 7, 9, 37,46,286, 290,426 “Slavenoserbski” 7 Slavic 8, 9,12,13, 19, 26,27, 31, 32, 74,263, 264, 267,174, 304, 307, 332, 339,425 southeastern Serbian 37, 38, 29,241, 290, 339, 380 South-Slavic 7, 11,12, 14, 36, 37, 38, 264.289.290, 340, 378,405 southern Serbian 38, 241,432 standard Bulgarian 42 standard Croatian 339, 364 standard Romanian 365 standard Serbian 38, 340, 365 Thraco-Phrygian 3 Thraco-Illyrian 7 Toriak Serbian 34 Turkic 290 Turkish 10, 11,17, 19, 28, 29, 31, 34, 41.42.56.115.266.290, 332,371 Upper Sorbían 289 Vulgar Latin 27 western Bulgarian 40 West European 73 West Slavic 13,263,289
western Romance 364 laterals 14, 47, 48 Left Periphery 74, 76, 92, 218, 219, 252, 255,313,316,414,447 lexical head 234 lexical meaning 269, 171,178, 270, 271, 272, 275, 283 lexicalization 266 lexicon 26-29, 76, 304 location 35, 237, 211,238, 243 Macedonia 3-10,12, 13, 14, 21, 22,26, 33, 68, 241, 405 Aegean 10 Ancient 4, 5 Byzantine 4 Classical 3, 5, 7 eastern 241 ethnic 3-5 geographical 3-5 Pirin- 11 political 3-5 Roman 4 western 392
Subject Index Macedonian dialects 8, 9, 10,11,13,14, 16, 17, 21-26,28, 34, 37, 40,41,43, 45, 46, 51,59, 60, 61, 62, 65,67,68, 70, 127,132, 148,158, 170,181,183, 198,239 archaic 23 central western 23 colloquial 78, 181, 193, 378,433 contemporary 15,18,240 eastern 37, 293, 340, 379,405,421 non-standard 107 northeastern 88 northern 14, 17,21-25, 37,148,166, 290,419,431 northwestern 68, 70, 409 older 342,401 progressive 23 rural 45 southeastern 15,16,17, 21-22,2426,59,61,129,148,159,211, 228, 290 southwestern 23, 34, 47, 60, 88,170, 180,181,194,196, 291, 293, 324, 328, 336, 342, 363, 374, 389,400 southwestemmost 40, 170,325 southern 148,290 standard 8-9,10,14,15,16,23, 26, 34, 38,41,43,44,46,47, 50, 51, 59, 60-62, 65, 67, 68, 107,132, 229,242,291,292,293, 311, 359, 363, 379, 390, 393,409,418,419, 431,433 vernacular 27, 28,430,432,435 west-central 8, 14, 23, 47, 61, 62, 325,328,341 western 8, 11, 14, 15, 17,19,21,22, 23, 24, 25,26,40, 41,59, 65, 68, 70,170,187,211,293,328,378, 390, 392, 393,403,409,419,431 Macedonian kingdom 4 Macedonians 4, 5,6, 8-10,11,12, 31 Ancient 7 Macedonian territory 4, 12, 37 metrical theory 66 middle construction see middles middles 173,174 generalizing 174 normative 174 475 potential 174 Middle Ages 5,18, 36 modal existential ‘wh’ construction 420 modal head 343 modal marker 343 modality 325, 340 expectative 326 modality (node) 343 modality phrase 380 modification 91,270, 296,400 direct 93, 95 indirect 93 parallel 93 modifier 35, 61, 73-75, 78, 79-100, 103, 115,118,121, 127,131, 139,144,145, 155,156,165, 167,182-87, 190, 196,
200,208,209,258,304,400,419,434, 435 adjectival 212 articled 75,154,166,181 articled possessive 181 attributive 91 clitic possessive 184 clausal 73, 91 color- 92, 93 definite 183 denominai possessive 82 direct 93, 94 focused 95 indirect 94, 95 interrogative 192, 193 interrogative ‘wh’- 257, 259 lexical 73, 85 material 92, 93 nominal 91, 93, 399-400,413 non-clitic possessive 184 noun-99,134,183 participial 90, 91 partitive 88 pejorative 196 phrasal 73 possessive 35, 79, 81, 181-84, 203, 248 possessive pronominal 187 postnommai 85-90,157, 158,180 prenominal 79-85, 158, 180 prepositional 89, 91 pronominal 75, 81-87, 185
476 A Grammar of Macedonian pronominal possessive 181,185 provenance- 81, 92, 93 quality- 92, 93 qualitative 144 quantitative 144, 203 relational 79 relative 192 mono-clausal (raising) structure 229,234, 380 mood categories 339—43 mood structure 263,296, 298, 303, 339403 mood marker 227, 228,233, 234,235, 343 Mood (node) 227, 343, 345, 349 Mood operator 349, 380 mood phrase 233,380 morpheme 46,311 aspectual 263 derivational 60 portmanteau- 107, 111, 112,115 morpheme boundary see morphemic boundary morphemic boundary 42-46,48,49, 51, 52 morphological change 12,13-18 morphology 37, 231, 298 imperative 68 participial 304 post-syntactic 231 morphophonemic alternation 53-59 automatic 56 dental ~ alveolar 55 dental « palatal 55 etymological length- 59 isolated consonant- 56 velar « alveolar 55 velar « palatal 55 vowel m zero 56-57 morphosyntactic change 18-21 name see noun narrated event 20, 289, 290, 384 narration 263 vivid 375 nasals 13,48 Naum 31 negation 234 negation marker 65, 67, 68, 227, 228, 358, 391,409,410,411,416,417 negation operator 364 nickname 159 nominal expression 19, 73, 76, 91,142, 152,187,241 definite 138, 150 prepositional 89 nominal phrase 63, 73-102,143,144, 145, 150, 153, 154,155,158, 181, 184, 203 bare singular generic 164 bare plural generic 164 definite 146—49, 161 generic 162-64 indefinite 143 marked 154 modified 151-53 non-pronominal 168 topicalized412 nominal predicate 64, 86, 93, 94, 135,142, 163,166,180, 222, 224,229, 234,408 nominalization 87, 89 Northern Greece 10,13, 170, 241,253, 291,293,342 noun 18, 19,23, 35, 37, 53, 54, 55,57, 58, 61, 62,
63,66, 74-76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103,104,105,106-14, 115,116, 118,119-34,135,138,140,141,142, 147,151,152,153,154, 155,156,157, 158, 159, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187, 191, 209, 222, 226, 236,237-42,243, 245, 246, 247, 252, 253,254, 259,260,265, 284,414,425,429,430,434,435,436, 437, 438 abstract74,107, ill, 120,125, 181, 191 agentive 104,108 animate 74, 75, 81,104,105, 107, 120, 163,191 articled 76,138,154,155,157,160, 181 common 74,107,119,138, 157, 159, 161, 181,238,244,246 composite 237 concrete 74, 81,107,120,125,191, 249,263,445,446 countable 18,120,127
Subject Index de-adjectival 110 definite 187,193,257,430 de-verbal 108 disyllabic 120,124 dropped 118 enumerable 195 feminine 106,107,108,109,110, 111, 113,115,120,147, 148,152, 170 feminine plural 146,148, feminine proper 109,245,247 feminine singular 102,115, 116,147 focused 413,414 generic 163 geographic 160 head-49, 80,81,94, 97,429 human74,104,105, 106,109, 111, 181,187,191,239,240 inanimate 74, 81,107,120,162,163, 191 indefinite 187,433 lexical 36 masculine 18, 79, 80, 81,105,106, 107,108,109,110,113,114,115, 120, 121,122, 125, 126, 128, 147 masculine plural 148 masculine proper 109,128,160,237, 242,243,245,246 masculine singular 102,115,120, 147,191,245 mass- 120,125,132,195 modified 260 monosyllabic 120,121 neuter 80, 81, 111, 115,123,124, 128,147 neuter singular 115,147,148 non-articled 244 non-human 107,248,448 non-specific 257 personal 159 plural 115,117,135,137 polysyllabic 120,124 primary 107 proper 74, 75, 101,102,107,109, 111, 113,125,126,137, 138, 139, 155,158,160, 237,238, 242, 243, 245,246,247, 248,251 qualificational 101,102,160 477 quantifier- 97 root- 106 specific 193 suffixed 110, 111 unique 438 verbal 126, 340, 359,403 noun equivalent 74,103,104, 115,118, 129,135, 154,157,240 noun phrase 35, 62, 73-74, 85, 93, 94, 95, 99, 103-04,115,119,131,137,142 definite 181 focused 413 indefinite 181 number 20, 79, 103,115, 118-35, 165, 170,179, 190,191,199, 200,208, 260, 293, 326,358,432,434,435,436,437, 438,441,446,447 augmented plural 113 collective plural 55, 120, 130, 132 countable plural 18 dual 19 enumerative plural 118,119, 128 general plural 119, 120,
121, 122, 123,124,125,126,128,129,130, 132 irregular general plural 125 neuter plural 18,113,146 nominal 18 pejorative 130 plural 113,116,119-34, 135,145, 152,159,166, 168 regular plural 123,129 singular 107, 111, 168 suppletive plural 129 numeral 52, 77,79, 96,105,117,118, 119, 128, 140, 141 articled 154 compound 78,119,140 lower 128 ordinal 80 para-78, 119,128 object 12,25, 39, 89,103,119,137,140, 146,149,150,158,159,162,164,175, 187, 217,218, 219, 222, 226, 232,236, 237, 238, 268,269,270,316 abstract 249 animate 249
478 A Grammar of Macedonian bare 253 bare indirect 256 clitic-doubled 36, 39,40,144, 232, 249 concrete 249 definite direct 36,40,251,252, 253, 254 definite indirect 255 definite lexical direct 249 direct 36, 37, 41, 99, 102, 166,168, 169,181, 182, 224, 235,236, 238, 240, 250, 251, 252,253, 257,257, 260, 266,411,433,434,436 direct lexical 39 double 240 human 249,253,258 inanimate 249 indefinite direct 250, 253 indefinite indirect 144, 254 indirect 166,168, 169,181,182,187, 224,235,236, 238,250,257,258, 260, 366,433,434,436 lexical direct 249-53 lexical indirect 39,253-56 non-human 249,432 non-specific 144, 250 personal pronominal 249 prepositional 169 raised 226 referentially identified 250 specific 144, 250,251,255 specific indirect 36,40 unique 250,437 obviation effect 364 Ohrid school 12, 26 orthography 43, 50-53 Ottoman Empire 5,6,31 Ottoman rule 11 palatalization 13, 14,48, 132 parentheticals 427 participant 267,270 definite 267 indefinite 267 participial phrase 85, 87 participle 12,18, 66, 80, 81, 89, 90, 114, 134, 135, 159, 160, 182, 222,234, 236, 263,289,291,292,303-37, 350,352, 408 active past 12,19,21,304 active present 303 attributive 81, 302, 304, 305 adjectival 306, 304 aorist /- 353 aorist-based /- 311, 353, 354 ‘have’ l-179 imperfect-based /- 353, 354 imperfective 306, 307 invariant 34, 322, 307 /- 20, 25,58, 64, 66,182, 221,224, 225,226,229,290,291,293,30812,313,316,317,319, 321,325, 326, 332, 333, 336, 345, 348, 353, 354, 355, 371, 374, 375, 377, 379 387, 389, 397, 399,407,408,409 passive 81,291, 304-08, 310, 312, 313, 314, 324, 326-28, 336, 355, 379, 387,
389, 397, 399,408 passive present 303 past 65,291, 308, 314, 315,316, 322, 324, 328 perfect 34 perfective 307 present 60 present-based l- 311, 354 predicative 21,81, 302, 304, 306 Proto-Slavic 303 verbal 306, 304 partitives 251 referential 251 passive construction see passives passives 172,173, 176,177, 328-32, 379 conditional 330-31 evidential 379 future tense- 330 fiiture-in-the-past tense- 330 past tense- 330 present tense- 330 pseudo-174 passivization 307 patient 86 patriarchate 31 perfect see tense perfectivity 286 perfectivization 263
Subject Index person 16, 24,24, 33, 83, 114,165,166, 179,182,184,209,210, 212,223,224, 229,230, 231,232, 234, 236,266, 294, 323,298, 305, 306, 310, 312, 326, 329, 336, 345, 347, 358, 358, 361, 363, 364, 370,371,381,391,440,444 plural 21, 52,114, 165,168,180, 188, 234,294,299, 301, 310, 312, 316, 317, 318, 332, 343, 372, 374, 440,441 singular 16, 18, 21, 114,165, 166, 168,174,179, 189, 222,225, 226, 234, 292,294, 299, 301, 302, 310, 312,316,317,318,319, 331,332, 343, 372,440 phoneme 13,14,17, 23,24,41,42,48, 50, 52, 60, 61, 89,108,111,147, 245, 294, 299, 304 alveo-palatal 48, 53, 54 bilabial 53 consonantal 44 velar 54 vocalic 42 voiceless 17 phonemic distinction 45 phonemic feature 43 phonemic inventory 41,44 consonantal 44 vocalic 41 phonetic syntagmatics 14 phonological change 13,15-18,299 phonological process 39 phonological value 52 phonological word 26, 113, 345,346,407, 414,417,422,423 prosodically restructured 26, 63-65, 67,68,69,70,185 antepenultimately stressed 64-65,67, 70, 345,407,414,422 phonology 33,43-71 plosives 263 dental 263 palatal 263 voiceless 263 voiced 263 pluperfect see tense plural marker see number marker pluralia tantum 120,136 479 portmanteau morph 233,234 possessive form see possessives possessives 82, 182 clitic 182 non-clitic 182 pronominal 82 possessor 90,177 inanimate 90 postmodifier 197,447 Prague School tradition 217 predication 105 prefix 45, 51, 145,192,197, 262, 266, 268,269-77,284, 285, 292 additional 275-77, 284 external 273 inner 269-74 internal 273 lexical 272, 274 non-lexical 274 outer 269-74 productive 269 resultative 269 single 277
super-lexical 272, 273 prefixation 108, 262, 270, 271-77, 281, 282,283, 284,207 imperfective 271, 273, 282 iterative 281 non-semelfactive perfective 281 non-suffix ed 265 perfective 271,282,284 preposition 18,25, 36, 37, 62, 82, 86, 88, 175, 241, 243,244, 245, 258, 272, 331, 399,401-04 polysyllabic 62 prepositional phrase 37, 83, 85, 86, 98, 125, 153, 175,331,359,432 adjunct- 169 directional 37 possessive 185 postnominal 86 Preslav school 12,26 presumptiveness 388 probability 374 unrealized 374 process 210, 266, 267 procliticization 407 prohibition 340, 343, 345, 363, 370, 373
480 A Grammar of Macedonian pronominal head 442,449 indefinite 85 pronominals 25,165-212 alternative 195 demonstrative 165 distributive 195 foil 169 generalizing 195 indefinite 165,195-207 interrogative 165,190 masculine 170 negative 195 neuter 170 non-clitic 180 oblique 168 personal 165 possessive 179-85,192, 201 qualitative 192, 201 quantitative 192, 201 reflexive 165 relative 165,190, 191 pronoun 18,21, 38, 62, 74, 76,102,104, 114,139,165,166,167, 170,180,191, 192,197,199, 200,208, 209, 242,342, 367,419,429,440 alternative 197 anaphoric 251 basic (indefinite) 197,441 clitic 224,435 clitic-doubled 249 deictic 166, 440 demonstrative 19,24,236 full 232 generalizing 195,197,441 human 191,197 indefinite 85,195-96,197,423, 440, 442,443,444 interrogative 65-66, 67,137,192, 200, 227,256,441 negative 197,441 non-clitic 224, 236,432 Old Church Slavonic 18 personal 76, 86, 96, 166,224, 236, 439,440 qualitative 203 quantitative 203 possessive 203 reflexive 169 reflexive clitic 169,170,171-79 relative 190,191, 193 pronunciation 13,14,41,43, 46,47,51 prosodic sensitivity 61 phrase-level 61 word-level 61 prosody 61-62 protasis 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399 purpose 399 quantifier 19, 73, 74, 76-80, 83, 85, 91, 95,97, 99,101, 103, 105, 115, 118, 134,135,151,152,165,166, 167, 196, 213 coordinated 152 existential generalized 422 floating 95-96 interrogative 194 prenominai 207, 213 quasi-100 relative 128 universal 76, 96 universal articled 95, 166, 199 universal non-articled 78 vague 269 question 318, 375, 405-27 embedded 376,408,409 li- 407,409 multiple ‘wh’-425-27 negated 410 negative
417 tag- 417 ‘wh’-405,425 ‘yes-no’ 405,410,411,412,425 readiness 19,297, 362 “recension” 12 Macedonian 12,13 Serbian 37 recipient 176 reciprocals 171 reference 75,104, 119, 137,138,153, 157,158,168,172,182, 347, 429, 444 anaphoric 146, 171,172 contextually specified 444, 446 kataphoric 209 direct 85 disjoint 182, 364, 367, 369
Subject Index general 160,439 joint 358, 364, 367 non-identified 137 non-unique 430 non-uniquely identified 143 referentially specified 250 specific 289,439 unique 158,160,250,430 uniquely identified 137 referent 79, 80, 91, 94,114,127,137,138, 145, 150,158, 159, 166, 173 enumerative 207, 213 human 82 mass- 213 multiple 171 single 171 referentiality 251 relativizer 256,258,259,430-48 appositive 435-36,437,438 double 258,428 general 257,434 inflecting 431,433,435, 436,437, 439 invariant 38,257,400,404,431,433, 434,436,437,439,441,447,448 relativum generale 257,400 Renaissance 4 resultativeness 20,293,323,328 rheme 217 Roman Empire 4 Eastern 4 Roma (Gypsies) 10 root3,76, 106,109, 111, 117, 133,149, 150,162,166,264,311 Russians 11 Samuel’s kingdom 4 saturation 173 arbitrary 173 schwa 23, 51 semantic distinction see semantics semantics 85,144,171, 266, 270 semelfactivity 278 semi-lexical head 88, 97-102 sentence passim assertive 388 biclausal 364 complex 364 481 conditional 35, 363, 383 counterfactual 352 irrealis 33, 363, 383, 397 presuppositional 389 potentialis 397, 398 realis 33, 363, 383, 393 Serbia 6, 7, 21, 37 Serbs 5, 6, 11 sklavinia 4 South-European Sprachbund 187 South-Slavic dialectal continuum 36—40 spatial differentiation 25,146 triple 24, 146,208,211,212 specifier (node) 218, 234, 235, 316,414, 426 specificity 143—44,250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 267, 270 speech 62 carefUl 44 colloquial 42,43,44,49, 54, 59, 212, 285 educated 43,52 informal 390 non-standard 48 standardized 41 speech event 20, 34, 380 spelling 51, 52 stops 46 alveo-palatal 46 dental 48,49, 52 palatal 14
velar 46 strength 349 stress 16,23, 60, 61, 63, 66, 123,183, 349,409 antepenultimate22,23, 59, 111, 349 expressive 41 fixed 22, 23,61 fixed antepenultimate 59 free 25, 26 mobile 16 paradigmatically fixed 23 paradigmatically mobile 23 word-level- 66 stress pattem 66,140 stylistic effect 178 subject 25,135,162,166,171, 176,182, 217,218, 219, 220, 224, 227, 235, 236,
482 A Grammar of Macedonian 312, 315, 316, 317, 318, 331, 340, 347, 358, 361, 364, 365, 366, 367,381,401, 402,407,412,426,431,433,434,435, 447 anaphoric 364 covert 218 emphatic 365 dropped 365 focused 361 inanimate 171 non-emphatic pronominal 365 overt 218 post-verbal 410 pronominal 355, 357, 358, 360, 361 ‘wh’- 422 subject-to-object raising 366 subjunctive construction see subjunctives subjunctive (mood) marker 33, 227,228, 233, 234, 235, 342, 343, 378, 380, 383, 390, 391, 395,402,411, 412,416,447, 449 subjunctive structure see subjunctives subjunctives 32, 33, 339, 340, 345,352, 353, 354, 356, 357-68, 370, 377, 378, 388, 389, 391, 392, 393,394, 399,400, 401,403,404 bare 34, 370-72, 374,420 negated bare 373-75 non-negated bare 375, 376 subordinator 20, 340, 341 suffix 3, 16, 18, 21,26,27, 29, 39, 62,55, 56, 79, 80, 81, 82,105, 106,107,108, 111,112,113,115,116,120,121,122, 123,124,125, 128,129,130,131,133, 205, 236, 265,280, 308, 322,240, 358, 359 augmentative 112 collective 55 de-adjectival 108,110 de-nommal 108,110 de-verbal 108,110 diminutive 55, 112, 128 feminine 108, 111 imperfective 275, 280,282-88, 355 imperfectivizing 55 pejorative 112 plural 113,123, 343, 344, 345 semelfactive 278-81,282 zero- 111 suffixation 112,264, 282 de-adjectival 122 de-nominal 122 de-verbal 111 imperfective 343 suppletive form 264 syllable 13, 23, 59, 61,63,123,183, 310 antepenultimate 22, 23, 37, 59,60, 66, 183,409 open 16, 23,41,43, 59 penultimate 17, 23, 60 stressed 140 unstressed 26 telicity 267-70 telos 267 tense 233,289-337 aorist 12,16,17,20, 21 58,263, 278, 289-93,298,299, 300, 301,
302, 305,309,310,311,312,352,353, 354, 377 astigmatic aorist 21 ‘be’ perfect 26, 34, 290,292,293, 316-21,326-28,331,336,396 ‘be’ present perfect 316-19, 326-28 ‘be’ past perfect 319-21, 326-28 compound 234, 289,290, 293, 303, 316,318,319,322,332 compound past 290 conditional future 394, 395 evidential future 374, 376,380 evidential ftiture perfect 374,376m 380,381 future 32,227, 323, 325, 361, 377-92 future conditional 289-390 ftiture-m-the-past 32, 33, 227, 303, 326, 329, 330, 340, 343, 374, 376, 379, 380, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389 future perfect 325, 377, 379, 382 future perfect-in-the-past 325, 361, 377, 379, 380, 383 firture past 347 ‘have’ past perfect 32, 33, 34, 32225, 327 ‘have’ perfect 19,20,26, 322-26, 327, 328, 335, 396
Subiect Index ‘have’ present perfect 32, 33, 34, 322-25,327 historical present 295 experiential perfect 34, 291 imperfect 21, 52, 263,289-93,298, 299, 300, 302, 305, 309, 310, 319, 322,326,328,332,336,352,353, 354,355,356,377, 391 imperfective aorist 19, 33,263,292, 293,299 imperfective imperfect 291, 303, 355 imperfective past 285 imperfective present 287, 296, 354, 387 indicative present 296 negated future 388-90,411 new sigmatic aorist 23 old aorist 291 old sigmatic aorist 23 past 16,234,263, 283, 289, 290, 321, 325,328, 329,330, 352, 354, 358, 360, 363, 370, 375, 379, 387, 389, 391.394.408.440 past perfect 32, 292, 389 . perfect 34, 52,263,289, 290,291, 293, 392 perfective imperfect 293, 301, 302, 303, 354, 374 perfective present 351 pluperfect 289 positive future 388 positive future-in-the-past 388 perfective present perfect 377 present 16,234,263,292,293-98, 319,322,323,325,326,328,329, 330, 350, 355, 356, 358, 360, 361, 362, 364,370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 376, 377, 379,386, 387, 391, 393, 395.399.401.403.408.440 present perfect 34, 293, 317, 318, 387 retelling 290 sigmatic aorist 21 simple firture 378, 378, 379, 381, 385,386 simple past 290, 298-304 Tense (node) 218 tense system 279, 289 terminativity 275 483 theme 86, 87,176,217 theta-role 86 external 171 internal 171,175 topic (node) 92,217, 218, 252, 255 Topic (Phrase) 218,219,412 topicalization 253 toponym 11,47 macro- 5 trills 14,43 vocalic 48, 51 Turkey 10 Turks 10 Tsar Samuel 5 underlying structure 218 uniqueness 157 verb 19, 20,25, 32, 38, 53-55, 57, 59, 64, 66, 68, 73, 80, 81, 83, 95, 99,106,126,
152,156,166,167,169, 171-73,175, 176,178,179,185, 186, 187,194, 210, 217, 218-21, 224-27, 234, 235, 252, 254, 265-67, 269, 270, 274, 275,280, 281,283, 284, 287,289, 292-94,297, 299, 300, 304, 309, 310, 314, 316, 317, 322, 324, 329, 330, 332, 333, 339, 340, 342, 343-45, 347֊49, 352-55, 358, 359, 361-79, 383, 386, 391, 393-95, 399,400-03,406,407, 409, 412,414, 416,419,422-25,427,432,441,444 auxiliary 20,134, 234, 361 anticausative 175 base-271,282,299,305,309 causative 220 closed class of 178 cognate 227 control- 32, 357, 364, 366, 367 consequential ‘be’ 355 direct-object control 366 derived 311 emotional 341 evidential 392 existential 423 factive 341 finite 364, 380 imperative 349
484 A Grammar of Macedonian imperfective 19,59, 81, 220,264, 268,274, 279,281-83,295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 305, 309 317, 319, 322, 345, 347, 349, 350, 352, 370, 393.440 impersonal 227, 358, 356, 351,259 impersonal modal 359, 361, 362 inchoative 32, 357 indirect object control- 366 intentional 32,357,364,365,366, 367 intransitive 20, 220, 291, 304, 322 lexical 264, 365, 319, 321, 322, 336, 361, 377, 380, 383, 386, 389, 399, 408 lexical modal 358 main 342, 358, 361,366 meteorological 222 modal 32, 357, 359, 360, 272, 378, 423 monosyllabic 66 negative 345, 362, 378, 391,411,423 non-affixed 294 non-iterative imperfective 284 non-prefixed 266, 284 non-prefixed imperfective 285,287 non-prefixed perfective 285, 301, 305,312 non-suffixed 266, 343 objectless 269, perfective 60, 83, 85,220, 261, 26264,268,269,270,282,295,298, 299, 300, 301, 306, 310, 311, 312, 317, 319, 322, 325, 329, 345, 347, 350.352.370.393.440 perfective imperfect 81, 299; 300, 329,374 personal 358, 359, 399 prefixed 286, 287, 312 prefixed imperfective 293 prefixed perfective 284, 294, 295, 299, 301,302,305 reflexive perfective 269 semelfactive 279, 280, 282 semelfactive perfective 275, 282, 312 suffixed imperfective 295 suffixed perfective 293, 294,296 tensed 32, 33, 64, 66, 234-36, 313, 321,348, 377,379,388 transitive 20,220,291,293,304, 307, 322, 323, 327, 328, 329 unaccusative 293,307,308,324, 326, 327 unergative 293, 307, 308, 323, 327 volitional 32, 357 verb phrase 95, 232,233,234, 273, 275 verbal system 19,32,263-64 verbal particle 343 vocative form 27, 57 vocative expression 139 vocalic system 13,43 vowel
11,13,16, 17, 23,41-44,46,51, 56-58, 60, 61, 80, 81, 111, 113, 115, 120,123,131,139,147, 148,152, 237, 245, 246, 247, 265,285, 299, 301, 304, 305, 306, 310, 311, 312, 344, 354 back 43,47, 51 base 105 devoiced 44 epenthetical sequence of 47 front 14, 43,46, 51 long 43,60, 61 mid-central 41 mid-open 41 open 16 semi- 60,120, 294, 343, 344 short 61 stressed 61 unstressed 15,44,61 vowel length 45, 60 vowel reduction 16 ‘wh’ constituent 425-27 wish 318, 370 wonderment 175, 372,424 word passim adverbial ‘wh’- 190, 194,420,431, 436-38 articled 63 disyllabic 59 foreign 17, 46, 47, 48 flmction- 27,29,46,114,165 invariant ‘wh’- 190, 256, 341,430, 431 interrogative ‘wh’- 227, 257
Subject Index lexical 27, 61, 62 locative ‘wh’ 205 loan-14, 48,121,123 modal ‘wh’ 205 monosyllabic 66, 128, 245 native 46,47, 52 newly-introduced 47 onomatopoeic 48 phonological 22,23,61-63,66,68, 70, 111, 183,349,409,416,418, 425 polysyllabic 245 portmanteau-114 quantitative ‘wh’- 205 485 primary 106 temporal ‘wh’- 205 vernacular 28 ‘wh’- 78, 190-205, 207, 227, 228, 232, 249,256-59, 341, 376,41827,430-31,436,437,438, 441֊ 43,447,449 word boundary 45,48, 52, 61 word-formation 26, 31 word order 217 S-V-O- 217, 218 Yugoslav federation 6,8,9 Yugoslavia 8 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Műnaliien
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Tomić, Olga Mišeska 1935- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)172261252 |
| author_facet | Tomić, Olga Mišeska 1935- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Tomić, Olga Mišeska 1935- |
| author_variant | o m t om omt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040532416 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PG1158 |
| callnumber-raw | PG1158 |
| callnumber-search | PG1158 |
| callnumber-sort | PG 41158 |
| callnumber-subject | PG - Slavic, Baltic, Abanian Languages |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)794542226 (DE-599)BVBBV040532416 |
| dewey-full | 491.8/195 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 491 - East Indo-European and Celtic languages |
| dewey-raw | 491.8/195 |
| dewey-search | 491.8/195 |
| dewey-sort | 3491.8 3195 |
| dewey-tens | 490 - Other languages |
| discipline | Slavistik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040532416 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:25:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780893573850 |
| language | English Macedonian |
| lccn | 2012008694 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025378468 |
| oclc_num | 794542226 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xx, 485 p. Kt. 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Slavica |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tomić, Olga Mišeska 1935- Verfasser (DE-588)172261252 aut A grammar of Macedonian Olga Mišeska Tomić Bloomington, Ind. Slavica 2012 xx, 485 p. Kt. 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [451]-462) and indexes Geschichte Grammatik Macedonian language Grammar Macedonian language History Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Mazedonisch (DE-588)4124706-1 gnd rswk-swf Mazedonisch (DE-588)4124706-1 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025378468&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025378468&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025378468&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025378468&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Sachregister |
| spellingShingle | Tomić, Olga Mišeska 1935- A grammar of Macedonian Geschichte Grammatik Macedonian language Grammar Macedonian language History Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Mazedonisch (DE-588)4124706-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4124706-1 |
| title | A grammar of Macedonian |
| title_auth | A grammar of Macedonian |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Macedonian |
| title_full | A grammar of Macedonian Olga Mišeska Tomić |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Macedonian Olga Mišeska Tomić |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Macedonian Olga Mišeska Tomić |
| title_short | A grammar of Macedonian |
| title_sort | a grammar of macedonian |
| topic | Geschichte Grammatik Macedonian language Grammar Macedonian language History Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Mazedonisch (DE-588)4124706-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Grammatik Macedonian language Grammar Macedonian language History Mazedonisch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025378468&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025378468&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025378468&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025378468&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tomicolgamiseska agrammarofmacedonian |