Vitamin A and carotenoids: chemistry, analysis, function and effects
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge
RSC Publ.
2012
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| Series: | Food and nutritional components in focus
1 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 583 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781849733687 1849733686 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Vitamin A and carotenoids |b chemistry, analysis, function and effects |c ed by Victor R. Preedy |
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| _version_ | 1804149576974729217 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Vitamin A and carotenoids
Autor: Preedy, Victor R
Jahr: 2012
Contents
Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Context
Chapter 1 Retinol, Retinoic Acid, Carotenes and Carotenoids: Vitamin A
Structure and Terminology 3
Gerald Wollard
1.1 Introductory Remarks 3
1.2 Structure and Function of Carotenoids 4
1.2.1 Central Carotenoid Chain 4
1.2.2 The End Ring Systems 5
1.3 Biosynthesis 6
1.3.1 Biosynthetic Pathway 6
1.3.2 Key Observations for Carotenoid Biosynthesis 7
1.4 Trivial Names of Carotenoids 8
1.4.1 Origins of Trivial Names 8
1.4.2 Major Nutritional Carotenoids 9
1.4.3 Provitamin A Carotenoids 9
1.4.4 Ambiguities in Trivial Names 9
1.5 IUPAC Definitions 9
1.5.1 Systematic Names 9
1.5.2 Semi-systematic Names 11
1.6 Stereochemistry of Carotenoids 14
1.6.1 Stereoisomers 14
1.6.2 Geometric Isomers 14
1.7 Structure of Retinol 15
1.7.1 Prototypical Vitamin A Compounds 15
1.7.2 Chemical Nature of Retinol 15
1.7.3 Retinol Systematic Name 16
1.7.4 Retinol Semi-systematic Name 16
Contents
1.7.5 Retinol Trivial Names 16
1.7.6 Retinol cis-trans Isomerism 16
1.7.7 Retinol from Symmetrical Cleavage of
Carotenoids 17
1.8 Retinoids: Derivatives of Retinol 17
1.8.1 Retinal 18
1.8.2 Retinoic Acid 18
1.8.3 Retinoid Geometric Isomers 19
Key Facts 20
List of Abbreviations 21
References 21
Chapter 2 Vitamin A in the Context of Other Vitamins and Minerals 23
Jennifer H. Lin and Kuang- Yu Liu
2.1 Sources of Vitamin A and Other Vitamins and
Minerals 23
2.2 Intakes of Vitamin A as well as Other Vitamins and
Minerals Around the World 24
2.2.1 In the Malnourished Countries 24
2.2.2 In the USA and Europe 26
2.3 Interaction of Vitamin A with Other Vitamins and
Minerals 27
2.3.1 Vitamin A and Zinc 27
2.3.2 Vitamin A and Iron 28
2.3.3 Vitamin A and Vitamin D 29
2.4 Chronic Disease Prevention with Supplementation of
Vitamin A Alone or in Combination with Other
Vitamins and Minerals 29
2.4.1 Cancer Prevention 31
2.4.2 Prevention of Vascular Events 32
2.4.3 Prevention of Other Diseases 32
2.5 Conclusion 33
Summary Points 33
Key Facts 33
Definition of Words and Terms 34
List of Abbreviations 35
References 35
Chapter 3 The Importance of ß-Carotene in the Context of Vitamin A 39
Hans K. Biesalski and Donatus Nohr
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 ß-Carotene as Antioxidant and/or Pro-oxidant 41
3.2.1 Antioxidant/Pro-oxidant Activities 41
3.2.2 Radical Scavenging Properties 41
3.2.3 Singlet Oxygen Quenching 41
Contents ix
3.3 Necessity of Vitamin A 42
3.3.1 How Much ß-Carotene is Needed to Ensure
Sufficient Vitamin A Supply? 44
3.3.2 For Embryonic Development and Pregnant
Women 44
3.4 ß-Carotene as Provitamin A 44
3.4.1 Natural Sources of ß-Carotene 44
3.4.2 Bioavailability of ß-Carotene 45
3.4.3 The Role of ß-Carotene as Provitamin A for
Vegetarians 46
3.4.4 Supply of the Population with Preformed
Vitamin A 47
3.4.5 Basic Need for ß-Carotene to Ensure a
Sufficient Intake to Meet the Vitamin A
Requirement? 48
Summary Points 50
Key Facts 50
Definition of Words and Terms 51
List of Abbreviations 51
References 52
Chapter 4 Vitamin A in the Context of Supplementation 55
Frank T. Wieringa, Marjoleine A. Dijkhuizen and
Jacques Berger
4.1 The Rational for Vitamin A Supplementation 55
4.2 Vitamin A Supplementation for Children between 6
and 59 Months of Age 56
4.3 Vitamin A Supplementation for Whom? And does it
Work? 58
4.3.1 Vitamin A Supplementation of Newborns 58
4.3.2 Vitamin A Supplementation for Women
Directly after Delivery 58
4.3.3 Vitamin A Supplementation of Pregnant
Women 59
4.3.4 Vitamin A Supplementation and HIV Infection 60
4.3.5 Vitamin A Supplementation and Measles
Infection 60
4.4 Time for Reflection 61
4.5 Vitamin A and the Immune System 62
Summary Points 64
Key Facts 64
List of Abbreviations 66
References 66
Contents
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Chapter 5 The Chemistry of Vitamin A 73
Alessandra Gentili
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Physicochemical Properties 76
5.2.1 Appearance and Solubility 76
5.2.2 Chemical Stability 76
5.3 Spectral Properties 77
5.4 Mass Spectrometry 82
Summary Points 82
Key Facts 84
List of Abbreviations 86
References 86
Chapter 6 Nomenclature of Vitamin A and Related Metabolites 90
Niketa A. Patel
6.1 Introduction 90
6.2 Nomenclature 91
Summary Points 93
Key Facts 93
Definition of Words and Terms 93
List of Abbreviations 94
Acknowledgements 94
References 94
Analysis
Chapter 7 Structural Analysis of Vitamin A Complexes with DNA
and RNA 97
H. A. Tajmir-Riahi and P. Bourassa
7.1 Introduction 97
7.2 Analytical Methods 98
7.2.1 FTIR Spectroscopy 98
7.2.2 CD Spectroscopy 98
7.2.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 99
7.2.4 Molecular Modelling 100
7.3 Structural Characterization 100
7.3.1 FTIR Spectra of Retinoid-DNA and Retinoid-
RNA Complexes 100
Contents xi
7.3.2 CD Spectra of Retinoid-DNA and Retinoid-
RNA Complexes 100
7.3.3 Fluorescence Spectra and Stability of Retinoid-
DNA and Retinoid-RNA Complexes 102
7.3.4 Docking Studies 107
Summary Points 109
Key Facts 110
List of Abbreviations 110
Acknowledgements 110
References 110
Chapter 8 Encapsulation of Vitamin A: A Current Review on
Technologies and Applications 113
Beatrice Albertini, Marcello Di Sabatino and Nadia Passerini
8.1 Introduction 113
8.1.1 Vitamin A Supplementation: Aims and
Problems 114
8.1.2 Why Encapsulate Vitamin A? 114
8.2 Encapsulation Technologies 115
8.3 Development of Dietary Supplements 117
8.3.1 Stabilization and Protection 117
8.3.2 Bioavailability Enhancement 122
8.4 Final Remarks and Future Perspectives 123
Summary Points 124
Key Facts 125
Definition of Words and Terms 125
List of Abbreviations 126
References 126
Chapter 9 Thermal Degradation of ß-Carotene in Food Oils 129
A lam Zeb
9.1 Introduction 129
9.2 Thermal Degradation of ß-Carotene in Oils 131
9.2.1 Kinetics of ß-Carotene Degradation 131
9.2.2 Thermal Degradation Products of ß-Carotene 132
9.3 Role of ß-Carotene during Thermal Degradation 134
9.3.1 Antioxidant Action 134
9.3.2 Pro-oxidant Action 134
9.4 Fate of Food Oils 136
Summary Points 137
Key Facts 138
Definition of Words and Terms 138
List of Abbreviations 139
References 139
xii Contents
Chapter 10 Provitamin A Carotenoids: Occurrence, Intake and
Bioavailability 142
Torsten Bohn
10.1 Introduction 142
10.2 Occurrence of Provitamin A Carotenoids in the Diet 145
10.3 Dietary Intake of Provitamin A Carotenoids 147
10.4 Detection of Provitamin A Carotenoids in Food Items
and Body Tissues 147
10.5 Aspects of Bioavailability of Provitamin A
Carotenoids 149
10.5.1 Overview of Provitamin A Carotenoid
Absorption 149
Summary Points 156
Key Facts 156
Definition of Words and Terms 157
List of Abbreviations 158
References 158
Chapter 11 Vitamin A - Serum Vitamin A Analysis 162
Ronda F. Greaves
11.1 Introduction 162
11.1.1 Preamble 162
11.1.2 Definitions, Nomenclature and Terminology 163
11.1.3 Role of Vitamin A in the Body 164
11.1.4 Pathophysiology 164
11.2 Measurement 166
11.2.1 Overview of Method 166
11.2.2 Pre-analytical Considerations 167
11.2.3 Sample Preparation for Analysis 167
11.2.4 Chromatographic Analysis 168
11.3 Standardisation 169
11.3.1 Reference Measurement System 169
11.3.2 Primary Calibrators 170
11.3.3 Secondary Calibrators 170
11.4 Interpretation of Results 170
11.4.1 Reference Intervals 170
11.4.2 Biological Variation 172
11.4.3 Additional Analytes 172
11.5 Method Validation 172
11.5.1 Analytical Range 172
11.5.2 Imprecision 173
11.5.3 Recovery 173
11.5.4 Interference 173
Contents xiii
11.6 Quality Specifications 174
11.6.1 Internal Quality Control 174
11.6.2 External Quality Assurance 174
11.7 Needs and Opportunities 175
Summary Points 175
Key Facts 178
Definition of Words and Terms 179
List of Abbreviations 181
Acknowledgements 181
References 181
Chapter 12 Liquid Chromatography-based Assay for Carotenoids in
Human Blood 184
Taiki Miyazawa, Kiyotaka Nakagawa and Teruo Miyazawa
12.1 Introduction 184
12.2 Occurrence of Carotenoids in Human RBC 186
12.2.1 HPLC Analysis of Standard Carotenoids 186
12.2.2 Extraction of Carotenoids from Human RBC 188
12.2.3 HPLC Analysis of RBC Carotenoids 189
12.2.4 Xanthophylls are a Potential Antioxidant in
RBC 193
12.3 Antioxidant Effect of Lutein towards Phospholipid
Oxidation in RBC 194
12.3.1 Lutein Supplementation Study 194
12.3.2 Lutein Inhibits RBC Phospholipid Oxidation 195
12.4 Conclusions 198
Summary Points 199
Key Facts 199
Definition of Words and Terms 199
List of Abbreviations 200
References 200
Chapter 13 Capillary Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Fat-soluble
Vitamins and ß-Carotene 204
Sheng Zhang and Li Jia
13.1 Introduction 204
13.2 CLC 205
13.2.1 Features 205
13.2.2 Instrumentation 205
13.2.3 On-line Sample Pre-concentration 208
13.3 Applications of CLC 208
13.3.1 Fat-soluble Vitamins 208
13.3.2 ß-Carotene 211
xiv Contents
13.4 Future Prospects of CLC 212
Summary Points 214
Key Facts 215
Definition of Words and Terms 217
List of Abbreviations 218
References 218
Chapter 14 Assay of Carotenoid Composition and Retinol Equivalents in
Plants 221
Sangeetha Ravi Kumar and V. Baskaran
14.1 Introduction 221
14.2 Assay Methods for Carotenoids 223
14.2.1 Extraction of Carotenoids 223
14.2.2 Purification by Open Column
Chromatography 225
14.2.3 TLC for Separation and Isolation of
Carotenoids 225
14.2.4 Spectrophotometric Estimation 225
14.2.5 HPLC Analysis 228
14.2.6 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric
Analysis of Carotenoids [LC-MS,
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization
(APCI)] 229
14.3 Carotenoid Composition in Plants 229
14.4 Calculation of RE in Plants 231
14.5 Conclusions 245
Summary Points 245
Key Facts 246
Definition of Words and Terms 247
List of Abbreviations 247
Acknowledgements 248
References 248
Chapter 15 LC-NMR for the Analysis of Carotenoids in Foods 250
Chisato Tode and Makiko Sugiura
15.1 Introduction 250
15.2 Sample Preparation Techniques for Carotenoids 251
15.2.1 Sample Preparation 251
15.2.2 LC-NMR 252
15.3 Measurement of Extracted Samples 253
15.3.1 Analysis of Sample 1 (Tomato Juice) 253
15.3.2 Analysis of Sample 2 (Palm Oil) 254
15.3.3 Analysis of Sample 3 (Satsuma Mandarin
Orange Juice) 256
Contents xv
Summary Points 257
Key Facts 257
Definition of Words and Terms 258
List of Abbreviations 259
References 260
Chapter 16 LC-DAD-tandem MS Analysis of Retinoids and Carotenoids:
Applications to Bovine Milk 261
Alessandra Gentili and Fulvia Caretti
16.1 Introduction 261
16.2 Practical Details and Techniques 263
16.2.1 Chemicals and Materials 263
16.2.2 Standard Solutions 263
16.2.3 Analytical Techniques 263
16.2.4 Sample Treatment 265
16.2.5 Identification and Quantification of Vitamin A
and Carotenoids by LC-DAD-MS 266
16.2.6 Identification and Quantification of Retinyl
Esters by LC-tandem MS 267
16.2.7 Method Validation 267
16.3 Concentrations of Retinoids and Carotenoids in
Bovine Milk 267
16.4 Methodological Considerations Summary Points 275
Summary Points 276
Key Facts 276
Definition of Words and Terms 278
List of Abbreviations 279
References 279
Chapter 17 HPLC-DAD-MS (ESI+) Determination of Carotenoids
in Fruit 282
Pasquale Crupi, Victor R. Preedy and Donato Antonacci
17.1 Introduction to Carotenoids 282
17.1.1 Carotenoids in Foods: Presence and Structural
Features 282
17.1.2 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids 284
17.1.3 Physiological and Nutritional Properties of
Carotenoids 285
17.2 Carotenoid Analysis in Fruit 286
17.2.1 General Analytic Procedure 286
17.2.2 HPLC Separation of Carotenoids 287
17.2.3 DAD and ESI+-MS Identification and
Quantification of Carotenoids 288
Contents
Summary Points 297
Key Facts 298
Definition of Words and Terms 299
List of Abbreviations 299
References 300
Chapter 18 Thin-layer Chromatographic Analysis of Pro-vitamin A
Carotenoids 303
A lam Zeb
18.1 Introduction 303
18.2 TLC Analysis 305
18.2.1 Stationary Phases 305
18.2.2 Mobile Phases 308
18.2.3 Applications of Scanning Densitometry 308
18.3 Advantages of TLC Analysis of Pro-vitamin A
Carotenoids 310
Summary Points 311
Key Facts 311
Definition of Words and Terms 312
List of Abbreviations 312
Acknowledgements 312
References 313
Chapter 19 Extraction of Carotenoids from Plants: a Focus on
Carotenoids with Vitamin A Activity 316
Anita Oberholster
19.1 Introduction 316
19.2 General Properties 317
19.3 Preparation of the Sample 319
19.4 Choice of Solvent and Extraction 320
19.5 Saponification 321
19.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 324
Summary Points 327
Key Facts 327
Definition of Words and Terms 328
List of Abbreviations 328
References 329
Contents xvii
Chapter 20 Quantification of Carotenoids, Retinol, and Tocopherols in
Milk and Dairy Products 332
Beatrice Duriot and Benoit Graulet
20.1 Introduction 332
20.2 Usual Concentrations in Milk and Dairy products and
Variation Factors 333
20.3 Determination 336
20.3.1 Extraction Procedures 336
20.3.2 Quantification 340
20.4 Conclusion 348
Summary Points 348
Key Facts 349
Definition of Words and Terms 349
List of Abbreviations 350
References 351
Chapter 21 Simultaneous Ultra-high-performance Liquid
Chromatography for the Determination of Vitamin A and
Other Fat-soluble Vitamins to Assess Nutritional Status 355
Fernando Granado-Lorencio, Inmaculada Blanco-Navarro
and Belen Perez-Sacristän
21.1 Introduction 355
21.2 Fat-soluble Vitamins and Related Compounds 356
21.2.1 Vitamin A 356
21.2.2 Vitamin E 358
21.2.3 Vitamin D 358
21.2.4 Coenzyme Qi0 359
21.3 Assessment of Nutritional Status 359
21.3.1 Nutritional Status of Vitamin A 361
21.3.2 Clinically Relevant Cut-Off Points for Vitamin
A Markers in Serum 362
21.4 Nutritional Status of Vitamin A and Other Fat-
soluble-related Compounds: a Multi-marker
Approach 363
21.4.1 Assessment of Fat-soluble Nutritional Status:
Analytical Perspective 363
21.5 Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography
(UHPLC) 364
21.5.1 Basic Concepts 364
21.5.2 Analysis of Fat-soluble Status in Biological
Matrices 365
21.6 Concluding Remarks 372
Summary Points 373
xviii Contents
Key Facts 374
Definition of Words and Terms 375
List of Abbreviations 375
References 376
Function and Effects
Chapter 22 Distribution and Concentrations of Vitamin A and their
Metabolites in Human Tissue 381
Ewa Czeczuga-Semenhik, Janusz W. Semeniuk and Adrkmna
Semeniuk
22.1 Introduction 381
22.2 Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Particular Human
Organs 383
22.2.1 General Reflections 383
22.2.2 Liver 384
22.2.3 Adipose Tissue 384
22.2.4 Skin 386
22.2.5 Eye 386
22.2.6 Female Reproductive System 387
22.2.7 Mammary Gland 389
22.2.8 Human Milk 389
22.2.9 Prostate Gland 390
22.2.10 Sigmoid 390
Summary Points 390
Key Facts 391
Definition of Words and Terms 392
List of Abbreviations 392
References 393
Chapter 23 Vitamin A Deficiency: An Overview 396
Teresa Barber, Guillermo Esteban-Pretel, Maria Pilar Marin
and Joaquin Timoneda
23.1 Introduction 396
23.2 Requirements 397
23.3 Intertissular Transport and Metabolic
Transformations of Vitamin A 398
23.4 Vitamin A Deficiency 400
23.4.1 Epidemiology and Incidence 401
23.4.2 Vitamin A Deficiency and Tissue Damage 403
23.4.3 Treatment and Prevention of Vitamin A
Deficiency 408
23.5 Perspective and Future Directions 409
Contents xix
23.6 Conclusions 410
Summary Points 410
Key Facts 411
Definition of Words and Terms 411
List of Abbreviations 413
References 413
Chapter 24 Retinoic Acid Receptors and their Modulators: Structural
and Functional Insights 417
Albane le Maire, William Bourguet, Hinrich Gronemeyer and
Angel R. de Lera
24 A Introduction 417
24.2 Retinoid and Rexinoid Receptor Ligand-Binding
Domains: Structure-Function Relationships 418
24.2.1 Structural Basis of RXR Action and
Modulation by Ligands 418
24.2.2 Structural Basis of RAR Action and
Modulation by Ligands 421
24.3 RXR and RAR Heterodimers: Structure and Synergy 422
24.3.1 Structural Basis of RAR-RXR LBD
Heterodimers 422
24.3.2 Subordination and Synergy in RAR-RXR
Heterodimeric Interactions 422
24.3.3 Structural Description of Full-length RXR
Heterodimers 424
24.4 Selective Retinoid and Rexinoid Receptor Modulators 425
24.4.1 RXR vs. RAR Selectivity as a Function of the
LBP Architectures 425
24.4.2 Modulators of RAR-RXR Heterodimers
Acting at the RAR Site 425
24.4.3 Modulators of RAR-RXR Heterodimers
Acting at the RXR Site 429
24.4.4 Modulation at Both Sites of the RAR-RXR
Heterodimer 431
24.5 Summary and Perspectives 431
Summary Points 432
Key Facts 433
Definition of Words and Terms 433
List of Abbreviations 434
Acknowledgements 434
References 435
Chapter 25
Contents
Retinole Acid in Development 438
Don Cameron, Trade Pennimpede and Martin Petkovich
25.1 Introduction 438
25.2 RA Metabolism and Signalling 438
25.3 RA in Development 439
25.3.1 Role of the Retinoid Receptors 440
25.4 RA Metabolism in the Control of Embryonic
Development 440
25.4.1 CYP26 Blocks RA Exposure to the Early
Embryo 441
25.4.2 CYP26 is Required for Early Head
Development 441
25.4.3 CYP26A1 and Caudal Development 442
25.5 RA Signalling in Organogenesis 444
25.5.1 Heart 444
25.5.2 Eye 445
25.5.3 Limb 446
25.6 RA Signalling and Germ Cells 449
25.7 Concluding Remarks 450
Summary Points 450
Key Facts 450
Definition of Words and Terms 451
List of Abbreviations 451
References 452
Chapter 26 Retinol/Vitamin A Signaling and Self-renewal of Embryonic
Stem Cells 457
Jaspal S. Khillan, Himanshu Bhatia and Liguo Chen
26.1 Introduction 457
26.2 Regulation of Pluripotency of ES Cells by Retinol 458
26.3 Retinol Up-regulates the Expression of Nanog and
Oct4 459
26.4 Self-renewal of ES Cells by Retinol is Independent of
Retinoic acid 460
26.5 ES Cells Lack Enzymes that Metabolize Retinol into
Retinoic Acid 461
26.6 Mechanism of Retinol Function in Self-renewal of ES
Cells 462
26.6.1 Retinol Function is Mediated via Activation of
the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway 462
26.6.2 Retinol Activates PI3 kinase Signaling
Pathway via IGF1 Receptor 464
Contents xxi
Summary Points 465
Key Facts 465
Definition of Words and Terms 466
List of Abbreviations 467
References 467
Chapter 27 Retinoic Acids and their Biological Functions 470
Joseph L. Napoli
27.1 Introduction 470
27.2 Bioanalytical Analysis of RA Isomers 471
27.3 9cRA as an Endogenous Pancreas Autacoid 472
27.4 Pancreas 9cRA Varies Inversely with Blood Glucose 473
27.5 Pancreas Islet ß-cells Biosynthesize 9cRA 473
27.6 Increased 9cRA in the Rbpl-mx Mouse 476
27.7 Function of 9cRA in the Pancreas Islet ß-Cell 477
27.8 Conclusions 479
Summary Points 480
Key Facts 481
Definition of Words and Terms 481
List of Abbreviations 481
References 482
Chapter 28 Vitamin A and Cancer Risk 485
Siddhartha Kumar Mishra and Mi Kyung Kim
28.1 Introduction 485
28.2 Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin A 486
28.3 Epidemiological Studies on Vitamin A and Cancer
Risk 487
28.3.1 Breast Cancer 487
28.3.2 Gastric Cancer 489
28.3.3 Cervical Cancer 489
28.3.4 Head and Neck Cancer 489
28.3.5 Colorectal Cancer 490
28.3.6 Lung Cancer 490
28.3.7 Prostate Cancer 490
28.4 Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with Vitamin A
and Cancer Risk 491
28.5 Conclusions 494
Summary Points 494
Key Facts 495
Definition of Words and Terms 495
List of Abbreviations 496
References 497
xxii Contents
Chapter 29 Vitamin A and Immune Function 501
Charles B. Stephensen
29.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 501
29.2 Vitamin A Deficiency and Childhood Mortality 502
29.3 The Immune System 503
29.4 Vitamin A and Innate Immunity 504
29.4.1 Epithelial Surfaces 504
29.4.2 Granulocytes 505
29.4.3 Natural Killer Cells 507
29.4.4 Monocytes/Macrophages 507
29.5 Vitamin A and Adaptive Immunity 507
29.5.1 Antigen-presenting Cells 507
29.5.2 Thymic Function 509
29.5.3 Peripheral T-cells 509
29.5.4 Vitamin A and Mucosal Targeting of Immune
Cells 510
29.5.5 B-cells and Antibody Responses 510
29.6 Conclusions 511
Summary Points 511
Key Facts 512
Definition of Words and Terms 512
List of Abbreviations 513
References 514
Chapter 30 Vitamin A and Brain Function 516
Christopher R. Olson and Claudio. V. Mello
30.1 Introduction 516
30.2 Altered Vitamin A Signaling Affects Spatial Learning
in Rodents 517
30.3 Altered Vitamin A Signaling Affects Vocal Learning
in Songbirds 518
30.4 Vitamin A Metabolism is Regulated Within the Brain 521
Summary Points 525
Key Facts 526
Definition of Words and Terms 527
List of Abbreviations 528
Acknowledgements 528
References 529
Contents xxiii
Chapter 31 The Importance of Vitamin A during Prgenancy and
Childhood: Impact on Lung Function 532
Hans K. Biesalski and Donatus Nohr
31.1 Introduction 532
31.2 The Vicious Cycle 533
31.2.1 Dietary Vitamin A Supply 533
31.3 Vitamin A During Pregnancy and Lactation 536
31.3.1 Concerns Against the Recommendation to
Supply Vitamin A or Vitamin A-rich Food
During Pregnancy 538
31.3.2 Relevance of the Mother s Vitamin A/ß-
Carotene Intake for the Fetal Vitamin A
Status 539
31.4 The Influence of Vitamin A on the Maturation and
Differentiation of the Lung 540
31.4.1 Vitamin A Kinetics During Fetal Lung
Development 541
31.4.2 Consequences of Marginal Deficiency 542
31.5 The Influence of Vitamin A Supply for the Postnatal
Development of the Lung in Preterm Infants 543
31.5.1 Retinol Serum Levels in Neonatals 544
31.5.2 Relevance of Breastfeeding for the Vitamin
A/ß-Carotene Supply of the Newborn 545
31.6 Supplementation of Newborns with Vitamin A 546
Summary Points 547
Key Facts 548
Definition of Words and Terms 548
List of Abbreviations 549
References 549
Subject Index 555
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| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040501797 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:25:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781849733687 1849733686 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025348562 |
| oclc_num | 814676445 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-526 |
| owner_facet | DE-526 |
| physical | XXIII, 583 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | RSC Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Food and nutritional components in focus |
| spelling | Vitamin A and carotenoids chemistry, analysis, function and effects ed by Victor R. Preedy Cambridge RSC Publ. 2012 XXIII, 583 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Food and nutritional components in focus 1 Vitamin-A-Gruppe (DE-588)4136308-5 gnd rswk-swf Carotinoide (DE-588)4147357-7 gnd rswk-swf Vitamin-A-Gruppe (DE-588)4136308-5 s Carotinoide (DE-588)4147357-7 s DE-604 Preedy, Victor R. Sonstige (DE-588)1053842163 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025348562&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Vitamin A and carotenoids chemistry, analysis, function and effects Vitamin-A-Gruppe (DE-588)4136308-5 gnd Carotinoide (DE-588)4147357-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4136308-5 (DE-588)4147357-7 |
| title | Vitamin A and carotenoids chemistry, analysis, function and effects |
| title_auth | Vitamin A and carotenoids chemistry, analysis, function and effects |
| title_exact_search | Vitamin A and carotenoids chemistry, analysis, function and effects |
| title_full | Vitamin A and carotenoids chemistry, analysis, function and effects ed by Victor R. Preedy |
| title_fullStr | Vitamin A and carotenoids chemistry, analysis, function and effects ed by Victor R. Preedy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vitamin A and carotenoids chemistry, analysis, function and effects ed by Victor R. Preedy |
| title_short | Vitamin A and carotenoids |
| title_sort | vitamin a and carotenoids chemistry analysis function and effects |
| title_sub | chemistry, analysis, function and effects |
| topic | Vitamin-A-Gruppe (DE-588)4136308-5 gnd Carotinoide (DE-588)4147357-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vitamin-A-Gruppe Carotinoide |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025348562&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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