Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Published: |
Beograd
Geografski Inst. Jovan Cvijić
2006
|
| Series: | Posebna izdanja / Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić
67 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: Theorethical-methodological bases of event tourism. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 153 S. graph. Darst. 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 8680029319 |
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Record in the Search Index
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САДРЖАЈ
ОПШТИ ПОЈМОВИ
И СТРУКТУРАЛНИ
ЕЛЕМЕНТИ
.7
МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ
ТУРИЗМА
.7
ОПШТИ
ПОЈМОВИ
И
ДЕФИНИЦИЈЕ МАНИФЕСТАЦИЈЕ
.7
Туристичке манифестације
(догађаји)
.7
Фестивали.
10
КЛАСИФИКАЦИЈА МАНИФЕСТАЦИЈА
.15
Класификација према пореклу
извођења
.15
Класификација
према перманентности у месту
одржавања
.17
Класификација
према рангу
одржавања
.18
Класификација
према масовности и
уложеним финансијским средствима
.20
Класификација према мотивима посетилаца
.20
Класификација према садржају
програма
.23
Уметничке манифестације
.28
Научно
-
стручне
.33
Привредне
.36
Спортске
.39
Верске
.51
Политичко-историјске
.56
Етнографске
.57
Забавне
.59
Туристичко
-
пропагандне (промотивне)
.61
ВЕЗА ПРИРОДНО
-
ГЕОГРАФСКИХ ТУРИСТИЧКИХ ВРЕДНОСТИ И
МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
.63
ПОВЕЗАНОСТ
РЕЉЕФНИХ
ЦЕЛИНА
И МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
.64
ПОВЕЗАНОСТ КЛИМА ТСКИХ УСЛОВА
И МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
.65
ВЕЗА ХИДРОГРАФСКИХ
OBJEKATA
И МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
67
ПОВЕЗАНОСТ ФЛОРЕ И ФА УНЕ
И ТУРИСТИЧКИХ
МАНИФЕСТАЦИЈА
68
МЕСТО АНТРОПОГЕНИХ ТУРИСТИЧКИХ ВРЕДНОСТИ
У ОРГАНИЗОВАНА МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
.70
МЕСТО ЕТНОГРАФСКИХ ВРЕДНОСТИ
У
ОРГАНИЗОВАЊУ
МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
.74
МЕСТО СПОРТСКО
-
РЕКРЕА ТИВНИХ
ОБЈЕКА
ТА
У
ОРГАНИЗОВАЊУ
МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
. .75
ЗНА
ЧАЈ
ПРИВРЕДЕ ПРИ ОРГАНИЗОВАН, У
МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
. .76
ЗНАЧАЈ
НАСЕЉА
KAO
МЕСТА
ОРГАНИЗОВАЊА
МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
.77
МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНИ ТУРИЗАМ У ОДНОСУ НА УКУПНУ ТУ РИСТИЧКУ
ГЮНУДУ
.81
ЕЛЕМЕНТИ
ОРГАНИЗОВАЊА
И
ПЛАНИРАЊА
МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ ТУРИЗМА
. 85
МОТИВИ
ОРГАНИЗОВАЊА
. 85
ПЛАНИРАЊЕ ОРГАНИЗОВАЊА
ТУРИСТИЧКИХ МАНИФЕСТАЦИИ
.87
ОРГАНИЗАТОРИ
МАНИФЕСТАЦИИ
. 87
АКТИВНОСТИ
ПЛАНИРАЊА
.
'ΖΖΣΖΖΖΖ.
88
МАНИФЕСТАЦИЈЕ
KAO
ТУРИСТИЧКИ ПРОИЗВОД
.93
ПРОПАГАНДА И
ПЛАНИРАЊЕ
ПРОПАГАНДЕ
.97
152
ЕКОНОМСКИ ЕФЕКТИ МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ
ТУРИЗМА
.102
АСПЕКТИ МАНИФЕСТАЦИОНОГ
ТУРИЗМА
.109
СОЦИО-КУЛТУРНИ АСПЕКТИ
.109
ЕКОЛОШКИ АСПЕКТИ
.113
ПСИХОЛОШКИ АСПЕКТИ.
.115
ДРУШТВЕНО
-
ПОЛИТИЧКИ АСПЕКТИ
.117
ТУРИСТИЧКА
ВАЛОРИЗАЦИЈА МАНИФЕСТАЦИЈА
.121
ЗАЮЬУЧАК
.133
SUMMARY
.137
ЛИТЕРАТУРА.
144
САДРЖАЈ
.152
153
SUMMARY
In the present tourist offer, event tourism can contribute to broader
tourist demand and interest, especially if related to the natural and man-made
(anthropogenic) values of a tourist place (region). The aim of events, as a
special kind of social phenomena, is to satisfy various concrete needs.
Depending on this, they have their specific character and contents (artistic
gatherings, entertainment, sports events, economic conferences, religious,
educational, and other manifestations); their importance may range from purely
local (only for that one tourist town, village etc) to global.
Research by theoreticians of tourism, up to now, shows that event
tourism was not adequately studied. The research included only very large
(global) events, and events interesting as cultural and artistic (additional)
elements of the tourist offer of a town or region. Geographic background was
not considered as an approach to this study.
The subject of this paper is study of event tourism from the tourist-
geographical point of view. This approach evaluates components such as
geographical ambience, location, structure and organization of event tourism.
The aim of the research is to systematize the scope (size) of those events
that have been happening with some permanence (tradition). To understand
event tourism, the paper also points out the following distinct tasks for further
studying:
•
to define the general notion and structural elements of manifestations;
•
to define factors important for the holding of such events;
•
to determine the elements of classification, in accordance with
importance, character, location where the event is taking place, motive,
manner and content of organizing, all this in order to estimate the degree
of tourist attractiveness and value of the contents of event tourism.
The general notion, and abstract noun, „manifestation" is derived from
Latin
„manifestare".
This word means „to show or express something publicly,
to declare". To manifest something, in human society, means to state one's
opinion or attitude publicly, to declare or show it, or, to take part in such
activity. The Oxford Dictionary says that manifestation is „The action of
manifesting or the fact of being manifested; the demonstration, revelation, or
display of the existence, presence, qualities, or nature of some person or thing
.
(also)". A public act on the part of a government intended as a display of its
power and determination to enforce some demand; also, a collective action (e.
g. a
procession, public meeting, wearing of badges, etc). Adapted by a political
party, etc, for the sake of calling attention to its views. Also manifestation
means displaying one's mood or attitude (psychological, or generally in life),
such as joy, fear, anger, and manifestation means a group (collective) action of
approval, rejoicing, honoring and supporting some person or social cause.
137
Festivals
are often mentioned in this context and various on-stage events such
as folk dances for a large audience. Festivals.are often seen as reflecting the
traditions of the people who live in some region, and also being part of the
cultural and civilization ambience. In English, recently it has become usual to
say „events" for all such manifestations, and for sports events (such as
championships), various conferences (on political, economic, scientific issues,
etc.; this is why „conference tourism" is sometimes mentioned) and for other
similar public gatherings. So we are talking about manifestation tourism which
means event tourism (those are synonyms).
From the point of view of tourist business, events ought to be interesting
because of their contents, and thus able to attract tourists. Events from national
to global level of importance usually are interesting enough. Such events are
complex; they are important also for other areas of life and work. Therefore, in
organizing them, other motives are taken into consideration. Events are
important for tourism; this is easy to prove if we observe the levels of tourist
business in various resorts, regions, and countries. As an attractive factor and
motive, events are the basis of this particular kind of tourism
-
event tourism.
What is common in many theoretical approaches to the problems of
event tourism is a desire of theoreticians to define what it is, and to divide it
into classes or categories. It is important to notice, however, that professional
and scientific considerations of this matter did not go deep enough into the
essence and importance of event tourism. Here we shall examine some
definitions. Mainly they are based on the kind of event, or importance of event.
But, in fact, events are held also in places and spaces that are not
predominantly touristic. For such areas, a manifestation on the local or regional
level may be a start, the beginning of the development of tourism, attracting
mainly the visitors who are already there and some population from the
immediate vicinity. But if the event proves to be in some way attractive or
valuable, when it is held for the second or third time it will be more popular
(previous visitors will spread positive propaganda by talking to others) and
perhaps it may expand its contents and program, thus contributing to the
development of tourism and to related other businesses in the village, town or
area. This may attract visitors and sponsors from other, more distant,
touristically emittive areas, further increasing the number of visitors and
improving organization. Assisted by good propaganda in the mass media, this
approach will widen the tourist regions and improve the offer and the business
results.
We see that the authors who discuss large events are stressing the
attractiveness, tradition, economic importance, and several other aspects. But
this can be applied to smaller events also. There are possibilities for organizing
such events in Serbia or other countries on Balkan, for instance, but economic
criteria, and figures about possible numbers of visitors, are not available in the
current situation.
138
How to assess the tourist value of an event? Those events that are
organized with the intent to attract visitors of various origin and from various
social groups, by presenting to them various elements of work, traditions and
customs, various artistic or sports achievements, connected to tourist resorts or
regions (motivationally or organizationally) are events of tourist character. And
one of the aims is to induce the visitor to look at other elements of the tourist
offer at that locality. Therefore, the following definition should be adequate:
Tourist-type events are those public performances or showings,
exhibitions, single or multiple stage happenings, and various other categories of
human achievement, that stand out by their specificity, accomplishing effects
and aims in tourism, and are organized in all human settlements that have their
interest in doing so.
Interests are various, they depend on the organizer. Events follow from
the need to solve various problems
--
economic, cultural, in sports, etc. Events
are organized in order to promote natural, economic, cultural-historic and other
values and special qualities of a human settlement or an area, all to the benefit
of tourism. Manifestations (events) serve to satisfy needs such as:
•
Economic needs (increased income from tourism and other branches of
economy, increased employment); promotion of the locality where the
event is held (for tourist purposes, attracting capital and investment,
etc.);
•
socio-cultural needs (uniting for better organizing; social and cultural
advancement of the region; increased interest and participation of the
local population in the events connected with the event; strengthening of
the regional traditions and values); ecological (construction of new
buildings, improvement of infrastructure, protection of regional
traditions and values); and,
•
Socio-political needs (strengthening of the position
ofthat
region;
increasing of the political influence of individuals or groups).
When events are organized, natural and man-made tourist values are
connected causally to each other. Tradition and permanence are important,
because the visitors, while they are still at the event, may already plan a
possible next visit; attractiveness of the event, and its individuality (difference
from others) ought to make sure that a sufficient number of visitors arrive every
time.
Events, important for tourism may be classified on the basis of seven
criteria: Origin, permanence, level, area, number of perticipants and visitors,
amount of finance, and visitors' motives.
By origin, events may be: those with tradition, those organized to
present various human accomplishments, and those organized to present a
territory with attractive tourist values.
139
Events
which are traditional (for the participants, and for the visitors)
are further subdivided into two categories, the participatory events (where the
participants are the same as the audience, they are both at the same time ~ such
are various religious rituals and other religious gatherings, and some
recreational sports programs) and presentational events where the line is clearly
drawn between the participants on the one side and the audience at the other
side.
Events which ought to present various human achievements may be
professional or amateur in character. They display what was done in one year,
or in several years, in various sports, arts, sciences, or branches of economy and
technology. Tourist-oriented programs often accompany these.
To present a territory with attractive tourist values, appropriate
manifestations may be organized. Occasion may vary (ethnographic values,
celebrating significant events from the past, presenting some economic
achievements, etc.).
According to permanence of being held at the same location through the
years, events are divided into those that happen always, or sometimes, in one
location, those that happen each time in another location, and those that happen
in several locations simultaneously.
Events that happen constantly or occasionally in one and the same
location are an element of the tourist offer
ofthat
place. Such places are usually
the great centers of the economy, spas, and mountain, lake, and seaside resorts.
Various attractive events from national to global level are organized in
another location each time. These are usually sports contests, and artistic and
economic shows. They are sufficiently attractive to bring a large number of
performers and visitors, which increases the touristic value of the location
where the event happens that year. Depending on the level, the attractiveness
means a financial profit; various regions are interested for it, and so the event
travels around.
Events held simultaneously in several places also may be from national
to global level of importance. They are sports, artistic and economic events.
Examples are the Olympic Games, and world or continental championships,
great exhibitions (such as EXPO) at regional, national or international levels.
According to level, and contents, events are classified as local, regional,
national and international. International ones are divided into: national with
some international participation, regionally international, continental, and
planetary. Main criteria for determining this are: geographic origin and number
of visitors; importance; the amount of financial and other material investment
needed for organization of the event; effects that come from an event, as
specified by norms and rules set by the organizers themselves; geographic
origin and number of participants; and, the contents of the event's program.
If we classify events in accordance with number of participants and
visitors and with amount of finance (cost of organizing), we will be able top
140
specify, in greater detail, which events are large, and how attractive they are.
The amount of finance expended, and the volume of construction activity
(building work) at the site of an event, tell us of what rank and how important
the event is.
Events may also be classified by the visitors' motives, which depend on
the people's needs and interests. Motive is what makes a visitor come to an
event. There are five main motivational groups: physical, psychological, inter¬
personal, cultural, and status-related (prestige) group of motives.
The prestige and inter-personal motivations are best satisfied by staying
at a resort with plenty of events. Greater number (mass) of participants and
visitors will produce a stronger psycho-social effect.
Each event, in fact, contains some entertaining elements, and some
educative elements also, each presents some human achievement (in sport, art,
business, science). In the above-quoted classifications we notice some
similarities, but also some differences in determining the kinds, or sorts, of
event tourism. Noticeably, many authors do not treat the expertly-scientific,
political, and religious (faith) events as separate. Also, these classifications
cannot show us which manifestations are attractive or in some way unique. The
notion of „culture" is so general in meaning, that characteristic and
recognizable features of individual events are not so easily defined. Instead of
saying that „cultural" events are all one sort, it would be more appropriate to
classify them in accordance with their cultural contents, into four categories:
ethnographic, artistic, religious, and political-historical.
There are events aimed to present and promote the special qualities of
the tourist offer of a place or region. Some authors classify them as (separately)
entertainment, sports, and cultural events, but such events are basically
propaganda for an area, and, as such, should be seen as one single kind, the
touristically-propagandic events.
Research shows that classifications have been, until now, very broadly
generalized, and insufficiently detailed. By analyzing them in this paper work is
re-classified them by author into the following nine sorts of event tourism:
artistic, expertly scientific, economic (business), sports, religious, politically or
historically oriented, ethnographic, entertainment and touristically propagandic
events.
Artistic events are connected, by their contents, with culture and art. According
to the form in which they are performed, these may be classified as: theatrical
performances (amateurish and professional), musical performances (of classical
music, gospel, choruses which means choirs, children's, folk, and modern
popular-entertainment), photo or video or film events (reviews and showings,
festivals of short or full-length films, amateur-made or professional, with or
without actors, and animated films which means cartoons); artistic colonies (for
painters, sculptors, mixed arts, applied arts, art workshops, mixed visual and
applied arts); literary events (literary meetings and evenings, poetry evenings,
141
competitions in oration, memorials devoted to remembering the life and work
of some great author), and mixed events, containing several or all elements of
human artistic expression so that none of them predominates). Expertly
scientific events are by their nature essentially educational; people are brought
together to exchange scientific and expertly knowledge from various areas.
Such events are: congresses, scientific or expertly sessions, symposia and
seminars, organized to discuss various branches of science, business and
education.
Economic (business) events are organized to present and promote the
newest scientific, technical or economic achievements. Such events are: fairs,
reviews and expositions of products, econo-educational and econo-folklore
shows.
Sports events may be defined as events characterized by creative and
complex sporting, recreational or entertaining activities, performed in
accordance with some pre-determined program, and achieving such touristical
effects and results that this makes them socially and economically important for
a village, town, or other location. We may discern four kinds: complex
sporting-touristic events, sports-propagandic ones, professional-sports events,
and recreationally-sporting events.
Religious events are those connected, by their contents and importance,
to faith. These may be linked to a particular holly day, or to locations set aside
for religious rituals, or to some events from the history of the church, or to days
of remembering and celebrating important prophets, saints, or apostles.
Politically or historically oriented events are those organized to promote
one particular political program, or to mark some particular historical date, the
anniversary of some event important for history or politics. Within this
program, an appropriate cultural or entertaining program may be organized.
Ethnographic events are a showing of folk customs, beliefs, rituals, and
ancient forms of productive work (labor). Particularly important are:
celebrations of successful harvest or wheat-thrashing, reviews of folklore
dances, ancient magical or religious rituals.
Entertainment events are all sorts of events meant to relax and amuse
the visitors in a tourist resort. These may contain elements from all other sorts
of events. Fishermen's evenings are well-known, in this context; balls
(splendorous dances); sailing or rowing regattas, summer fun. But these are not
exclusively one or exclusively other, in practice there is much mixing and
intertwining. If an event has one single, unchanging element, usually some
other programs or events are offered as support.
Touristically propagandic events have represent tourist offer of tourist
settlements and regions, in receptive tourist areas.
An event, depending on its rank, sort, quality, attractiveness and time of
holding, may influence people, forming in them some new opinions, habits and
needs, thus pointing them to new tourist destinations.
142
The main criteria of classification used in this paper are the following:
traditionality, time, place, rank, area of organizing, duration (number of days an
event lasts), and number of participants and visitors (on-lookers, audience).
These criteria, together with the content of the manifestation, influence also the
attractiveness. So do the many other, accompanying events, often not in any
programmatic connection with the main event. Up to now, theoretical research
points to inadequate approach to the study of event tourism. Most of all
theoretical researches are given as problematic of the biggest international
events (sports, economic, etc) and events, interested as cultural and arts
elements of touristic offer. In this researches, geographical basic, as approach of
this investigations is not taking as primary motive. Natural geographical
elements and event tourism interrelationship primary shows the geographical
position and specific of the natural geographical elements, whether they present
motive or location (space) of the performing.
Many villages, towns, other settlements, regions and whole states
(economically rich or poor) have an interest to organize large events, capable of
satisfying tourist demand. This refers primarily to large sporting or economic
events, and to events of regional-international character.
For countries in transition, tourist events are a way to direct their
touristic offer and marketing towards attractive values at their various localities,
so as to become recognized as important tourist destinations. For South-East
European countries, forms of event tourism based on man-made touristic values
are also a foundation for future closer cooperation in culture, sports, art, and
economy with other European and extra-European countries, especially with
nearby countries, the fatherland-countries of ethnic minorities (from which
these minorities originate), states with similar traditions and culture of living
(spiritually and culturally close) but also with the economically most developed
countries of the world. In economically undeveloped regions, many tourist
events are being organized recently, which shows that this form of tourism may
serve as the foundation for a more general development of tourism, and thus for
better overall economic advancement of such regions and countries.
Examples from the practice of tourism are indicating to us that better
and wider study of event tourism is necessary. This paper is an attempt to
contribute to the theoretical understanding of event tourism.
143 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bjeljac, Željko |
| author_facet | Bjeljac, Željko |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bjeljac, Željko |
| author_variant | ž b žb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040484559 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)816245585 (DE-599)GBV72093298X |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Serbien |
| id | DE-604.BV040484559 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:25:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8680029319 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025331710 |
| oclc_num | 816245585 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 153 S. graph. Darst. 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Geografski Inst. Jovan Cvijić |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Posebna izdanja / Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić |
| spelling | Bjeljac, Željko Verfasser aut Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma Željko Bjeljac Beograd Geografski Inst. Jovan Cvijić 2006 153 S. graph. Darst. 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Posebna izdanja / Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić 67 PST: Theorethical-methodological bases of event tourism. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Wirtschaftsgeografie (DE-588)4066446-6 gnd rswk-swf Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd rswk-swf Veranstaltung (DE-588)4125453-3 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Veranstaltung (DE-588)4125453-3 s Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 s Wirtschaftsgeografie (DE-588)4066446-6 s DE-604 Geografski Institut Jovan Cvijić Posebna izdanja 67 (DE-604)BV008905274 67 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025331710&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025331710&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bjeljac, Željko Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma Wirtschaftsgeografie (DE-588)4066446-6 gnd Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd Veranstaltung (DE-588)4125453-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066446-6 (DE-588)4018406-7 (DE-588)4125453-3 (DE-588)4054598-2 |
| title | Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma |
| title_auth | Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma |
| title_exact_search | Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma |
| title_full | Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma Željko Bjeljac |
| title_fullStr | Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma Željko Bjeljac |
| title_full_unstemmed | Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma Željko Bjeljac |
| title_short | Teorijsko-metodološke osnove manifestacionog turizma |
| title_sort | teorijsko metodoloske osnove manifestacionog turizma |
| topic | Wirtschaftsgeografie (DE-588)4066446-6 gnd Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd Veranstaltung (DE-588)4125453-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsgeografie Tourismus Veranstaltung Serbien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025331710&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025331710&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008905274 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bjeljaczeljko teorijskometodoloskeosnovemanifestacionogturizma |