Restructured electric power systems:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2010
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| Schriftenreihe: | IEEE Press series on power engineering
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., publication |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 307 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470260647 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149524731527168 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Restructured electric power systems
Autor: Zhang, Xiao-Ping
Jahr: 2010
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CONTRIBUTORS
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
Xiao-Ping Zhang
1.1 Introduction of Electric Power Systems 1
1.2 Electric Power Generation 2
1.2.1 Conventional Power Plants 2
1.2.1.1 Fossil Fuel Power Plants 2
1.2.1.2 CCGT Power Plants 3
1.2.1.3 Nuclear Power Plants 3
1.2.2 Renewable Power Generation Technologies 4
1.2.2.1 Wind Energy Generation 4
1.2.2.2 Ocean Energy Generation 5
1.2.2.3 Photovoltaic Generation Systems 6
1.2.2.4 Bioenergy 6
1.2.2.5 Geothermal Energy 7
1.2.2.6 Hydrogen 7
1.3 Structure of Electric Power Systems 7
1.3.1 Structure 7
1.3.2 Benefits of System Interconnection 9
1.4 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission 11
1.4.1 The Concept of Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission 11
1.4.2 Economic Comparison of Extra-High Voltage and Ultra-High Voltage
Power Transmission 13
1.4.3 Ultra-High Voltage AC Power Transmission Technology 14
1.4.4 Ultra-High Voltage DC Technology 14
1.4.5 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission in China 15
1.4.6 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission in the World 17
1.5 Modeling of Electric Power Systems 17
1.5.1 Transmission Lines 17
1.5.2 Transformers 18
1.5.3 Loads 19
1.5.4 Synchronous Generators 20
1.5.5 HVDC Systems and Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) 20
1.6 Power Flow Analysis 20
1.6.1 Classifications of Buses for Power Flow Analysis 20
1.6.1.1 Slack Bus 20
1.6.1.2 PV Buses 21
1.6.1.3 PQ Buses 21
1.6.2 Formulation of Load Flow Solution 21
1.6.3 Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method 22
1.6.4 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method 24
1.6.5 DC Load Flow Method 25
1.7 Optimal Operation of Electric Power Systems 26
1.7.1 Security-Constrained Economic Dispatch 26
1.7.1.1 Classic Economic Dispatch Without Transmission Network
Power Loss 26
1.7.1.2 Security Constrained Economic Dispatch 28
1.7.2 Optimal Power Flow Techniques 28
1.7.2.1 Development of Optimization Techniques in OPF Solutions 28
1.7.2.3 OPF Formulation 30
1.7.2.4 Optimal Power Flow Solution by Nonlinear Interior
Point Methods 31
1.8 Operation and Control of Electric Power Systems-SCAD A/EMS 34
1.8.1 Introduction of SCADA/EMS 34
1.8.2 SCADA/EMS of Conventional Energy Control Centers 36
1.8.3 New Development Trends of SCADA/EMS of Energy Control Centers 37
1.8.3.1 New Environments 37
1.8.3.2 Advanced Software Technologies 38
1.9 Active Power and Frequency Control 39
1.9.1 Frequency Control and Active Power Reserve 39
1.9.2 Objectives of Automatic Generation Control 40
1.9.3 Turbine-Generator-Governor System Model 40
1.9.4 AGC for a Single-Generator System 42
1.9.5 AGC for Two-Area Systems 43
1.9.6 Frequency Control and AGC in Electricity Markets 43
1.10 Voltage Control and Reactive Power Management 44
1.10.1 Introduction of Voltage Control and Reactive Power Management 44
1.10.2 Reactive Power Characteristics of Power System Components 45
1.10.3 Devices for Voltage and Reactive Power Control 45
1.10.4 Optimal Voltage and Reactive Power Control 47
1.10.5 Reactive Power Service Provisions in Electricity Markets 47
1.11 Applications of Power Electronics to Power System Control 48
1.11.1 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) 48
1.11.2 Power System Control by FACTS 49
References 50
2 RESTRUCTURED ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
AND ELECTRICITY MARKETS 53
Kwok W. Cheung, Gary W. Rosenwald, Xing Wang, and David I. Sun
2.1 History of Electric Power Systems Restructuring 53
2.1.1 Vertically Integrated Utilities and Power Pools 54
2.1.2 Worldwide Movement of Power Industry Restructuring 54
2.1.2.1 Nordic Countries 55
2.1.2.2 Great Britain 55
2.1.2.3 Continental Europe 55
2.1.2.4 New Zealand 56
2.1.2.5 Australia 56
2.1.2.6 United States 57
2.2 Structure of Electricity Markets 58
2.2.1 Stakeholders 58
2.2.2 Market Evolution 60
2.2.3 Market and Reliability Coordination 62
2.2.4 The SMD Framework 64
2.2.4.1 Transmission Service 64
2.2.4.2 Energy Market 64
2.2.4.3 Ancillary Service Market 64
2.2.4.4 Market Monitoring and Mitigation 64
2.3 Design of Electricity Markets 65
2.3.1 Market Design Objectives 65
2.3.1.1 Secure and Reliable Operation of Power System 65
2.3.1.2 Risk Management Facilities for Market Participants 65
2.3.1.3 Open and Transparent Market Performance 66
2.3.1.4 Phased Implementation of Market Migration 66
2.3.2 Market Design Principles 66
2.3.2.1 Establish Trading Mechanisms for Energy Resources 67
2.3.2.2 Establish Open Access for Transmission Services 67
2.3.2.3 Harmonize System Operation with Market Operation 68
2.3.3 Energy Market Design 68
2.3.4 Financial Transmission Rights Market Design 69
2.3.5 Ancillary Service Market Design 70
2.4 Operation of Electricity Markets 72
2.4.1 Criteria for Successful Market Operation 72
2.4.1.1 Power System Reliability 72
2.4.1.2 Market Transparency 73
2.4.1.3 Financial Certainty 73
2.4.1.4 Operational Market Efficiency 74
2.4.2 Typical Business Processes Timeline 75
2.4.2.1 New Zealand Electricity Market 75
2.4.2.2 PJM Markets 78
2.5 Computation Tools for Electricity Markets 81
2.5.1 SCED and Associated Market Business Functions 83
2.5.1.1 Classic OPF 83
2.5.1.2 SCED for Market Clearing 84
2.5.1.3 Joint Optimization of Energy
and Ancillary Services 85
2.5.1.4 SCED Formulation Example 86
2.5.2 Optimization-Based Unit Commitment 88
2.5.2.1 Market-Oriented Unit Commitment Problem 88
2.5.2.2 Advances in Unit Commitment Methods 89
2.5.2.3 SCUC Example Problem: Reliability Commitment 91
2.5.2.4 SCUC Performance Consideration 92
2.5.3 System Implementation 93
2.5.4 Future Direction 94
2.6 Final Remarks 95
References %
3 OVERVIEW OF ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
PROBLEMS AND MARKET POWER ANALYSIS________________________________99
Xiao-Ping Zhang
3.1 Game Theory and Its Applications 99
3.2 Electricity Markets and Market Power 100
3.2.1 Types of Electricity Markets 100
3.2.1.1 Bid-Based Auction Pool / PoolCo / Spot Market 100
3.2.1.2 Bilateral Agreements, Forward Contracts,
and Contracts for Differences 101
3.2.2 Competition Types 102
3.2.2.1 Perfect Competition 102
3.2.2.2 Imperfect or Oligopolistic Competition 103
3.3 Market Power Monitoring, Modeling, and Analysis 103
3.3.1 The Concept of Market Power 103
3.3.2 Techniques for Measuring Market Power 104
3.3.2.1 The Price-Cost Margin Index 104
3.3.2.2 The Herfindahl-Hirschan Index 104
3.3.2.3 Estimation of Pricing Behavior Through
Simulation Analysis 105
3.3.2.4 Oligopoly Equilibrium Analysis 105
3.3.3 Oligopolistic Equilibrium Models 105
3.3.3.1 Bertrand Equilibrium 106
3.3.3.2 Cournot Equilibrium 106
3.3.3.3 Supply Function Equilibrium 106
3.3.3.4 Stackelberg Equilibrium 107
3.3.3.5 Conjectured Supply Function Equilibrium 107
3.3.4 Market Power Modeling Using Equilibrium Models 107
3.4 Application of the Equilibrium Models in the Electricity Markets 109
3.4.1 Bertrand Equilibrium Model 109
3.4.2 Cournot Equilibrium Model 109
3.4.3 Supply Function Equilibrium Models in Electricity Markets 111
3.4.3.1 Application of Supply Function Equilibrium Models 111
3.4.3.2 Electricity Network Modeling 113
3.4.3.3 Modeling of Contracts 114
3.4.3.4 Choosing the Appropriate Strategic Variable 114
3.4.3.5 Conjecture Supply Function Equilibrium Model 114
3.4.4 Conjectural Variation and CSF Equilibrium Models 115
3.5 Computational Tools for Electricity Market Equilibrium Modeling and Market
Power Analysis 115
3.5.1 Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints (MPEC) 116
3.5.2 Bilevel Programming 117
3.5.3 Equilibrium Problems with Equilibrium Constraints (EPEC) 117
3.5.3.1 Formulation of Single-Leader-Follower Games
as an MPEC 117
3.5.3.2 Formulation of Multi-Leader-Follower Games
as an EPEC 119
3.5.4 NCP Functions for MPCCs 120
3.5.4.1 The Fischer-Burmeister Function 120
3.5.4.2 The Min-Function 120
3.5.4.3 The Chen-Chen-Kanzow Function 120
3.6 Solution Techniques for MPECs 121
3.6.1 SQP Methods 121
3.6.2 Interior Point Methods 121
3.6.2.1 Interior Point Methods with Relaxed
Complementarity Constraints 121
3.6.2.2 Interior Point Methods with Two-Sided Relaxation 122
3.6.2.3 Interior Point Methods with Penalty 123
3.6.3 Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) Methods 124
3.6.4 Artificial Intelligence Approach 124
3.7 Solution Techniques for EPECs 125
3.7.1 Diagonalization Solution Methods 126
3.7.1.1 Nonlinear Jacobi Method 126
3.7.1.2 Nonlinear Gauss-Seidel Method 126
3.7.2 Simultaneous Solution Methods 127
3.8 Technical Challenges for Solving MPECs and EPECs 128
3.9 Software Resources for Large-Scale Nonlinear Optimization 129
References 132
4 COMPUTING THE ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM:
USES OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MODELS 139
Ross Baldick
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Model Formulation 140
4.2.1 Transmission Network Model 141
4.2.1.1 Physical Model 141
4.2.1.2 Commercial Network Model 142
4.2.1.3 Economic Model 145
4.2.2 Generator Cost Function and Operating Characteristics 146
4.2.2.1 Physical Model 146
4.2.2.2 Economic Model 147
4.2.3 Offer Function 147
4.2.3.1 Commercial Model 147
4.2.3.2 Economic Model 148
4.2.4 Demand 149
4.2.4.1 Physical Model 149
4.2.4.2 Commercial Model 149
4.2.4.3 Economic Model 149
4.2.5 Uncertainty 150
4.2.5.1 Physical Model 150
4.2.5.2 Commercial Model 150
4.2.5.3 Economic Model 150
4.3 Market Operation and Price Formation 151
4.3.1 Physical Model 151
4.3.2 Commercial Model 151
4.3.3 Economic Model 152
4.4 Equilibrium Definition 152
4.5 Computation 154
4.5.1 Analytical Models 154
4.5.2 Numerical Solution 156
4.5.3 Fictitious Play 157
4.5.4 Mathematical Program with Equilibrium Constraints and
Equilibrium Program with Equilibrium Constraints 160
4.5.5 Specialized Solution Methods 160
4.6 Difficulties with Equilibrium Models 160
4.7 Uses of Equilibrium Models 161
4.7.1 Market Rules Regarding the Changing of Offers 162
4.7.2 Single Clearing Price Versus Pay-as-Bid Prices 162
4.7.3 Divestitures 163
4.8 Conclusion 163
Acknowledgment 163
References 164
5 HYBRID BERTRAND-COURNOT MODELS OF ELECTRICITY
MARKETS WITH MULTIPLE STRATEGIC SUBNETWORKS
AND COMMON KNOWLEDGE CONSTRAINTS_______________________________167
Jian Yao, Shmuel S. Oren, and Benjamin F. Hobbs
5.1 Introduction 167
5.2 Role of the ISO 170
5.3 The Hybrid Subnetwork Model 173
5.3.1 Two Existing Models 173
5.3.1.1 The Pure Cournot Model 173
5.3.1.2 The Pure Bertrand Model 174
5.3.2 The Hybrid-Bertrand-Cournot Model 175
5.3.2.1 The Firms Problems 175
5.3.2.2 The Market Equilibrium Conditions 176
5.3.2.3 Computational Properties 178
5.4 Numerical Example for the Subnetworks Model 180
5.5 Bertrand Model with Common Knowledge Constraints 183
5.5.1 The Firm s Problems 183
5.5.2 The Market Equilibrium Conditions 187
5.6 Numerical Example of Equilibrium with Common Knowledge Constraints 188
5.7 Concluding Remarks 190
Acknowledgments 191
References 191
6 ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM WITH REACTIVE POWER CONTROL 193
Xiao-Ping Zhang
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 AC Power Flow Model in the Rectangular Coordinates 194
6.3 Electricity Market Analysis Using AC Optimal Power Flow
in the Rectangular Coordinates 195
6.3.1 Modeling of Power System Components in Optimal Power Flow 195
6.3.1.1 Modeling of Transmission Line 195
6.3.1.2 Modeling of Transformer Control 196
6.3.1.3 Modeling of Generating Units 197
6.3.1.4 Generator Reactive Power Capability 197
6.3.1.5 Modeling of Loads 198
6.3.1.6 Bus Voltage Constraints 199
6.3.2 Electricity Market Analysis 199
6.4 Electricity Market Equilibrium Analysis 202
6.4.1 Nash Supply Function Equilibrium Model 202
6.4.2 Assumptions for the Supply Function Equilibrium Electricity
Market Analysis 202
6.4.3 Parameterization Methods for Linear Supply Functions
in Electricity Market Equilibrium Analysis 204
6.4.3.1 Intercept Parameterization 204
6.4.3.2 Slope Parameterization 205
6.4.3.3 Slope-Intercept Parameterization 205
6.4.3.4 Linear Slope-Intercept Parameterization 205
6.5 Computing the Electricity Market Equilibrium with AC Network Model 205
6.5.1 Objective Function for the Social Welfare for Imperfect Competition 205
6.5.2 Objective Function for the Maximization
of Profit of the Generating Firm 206
6.5.3 Formulation of Market Equilibrium Model 206
6.5.3.1 ISO s Optimization Problem 206
6.5.3.2 Nonlinear Complementarity Constraints 208
6.5.4 Formulation of the Optimization Market Equilibrium Problem
as EPEC 208
6.5.5 Lagrange Function for the EPEC Optimization Problem 209
6.5.6 Newton Equation for the EPEC Problem 211
6.5.7 Modeling of Reactive Power and Voltage Control 215
6.6 Implementation Issues of Electricity Market Equilibrium Analysis
with AC Network Model 216
6.6.1 Initialization of the Optimization Solution 216
6.6.2 Updating the Optimization Solution 217
6.6.3 Solution Procedure 217
6.7 Numerical Examples 218
6.7.1 Reactive Power and Voltage Control 218
6.7.1.1 Description of the Test Systems 218
6.7.1.2 Test Results of the 3-Bus System 218
6.7.1.3 The IEEE 14-Bus System 220
6.7.1.4 Discussions 221
6.7.2 Transformer Control 222
6.7.2.1 Description of the Test Systems 222
6.7.2.2 Test Results on the 5-Bus System 222
6.7.2.3 Test Results on the IEEE 30-Bus System 225
6.7.3 Computational Performance 227
6.8 Conclusions 228
6.9 Appendix 229
6.9.1 Second Derivatives for Power Mismatches
in Rectangular Coordinates 229
6.9.2 Second Derivatives for Transmission Line Constraints
in Rectangular Coordinates 229
6.9.3 Second Derivatives in Rectangular Coordinates 230
6.9.4 Second Derivatives of Transmission Line Constraints
in Rectangular Coordinates 234
6.9.5 Third Derivatives of Power Mismatches with Transformer Control 234
6.9.6 Third Derivatives of Transmission Line Constraints 235
Acknowledgments 237
References 237
7 USING MARKET SIMULATIONS FOR ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT
OF TRANSMISSION UPGRADES: APPLICATION
OF THE CALIFORNIA ISO APPRO A CH 241
Mohamed Labib Awad, Keith E. Casey, Anna S. Geevarghese, Jeffrey C Miller,
A. Farrokh Rahimi, Anjali Y. Sheffrin, Mingxia Zhang, Eric Toolson,
Glenn Drayton, Benjamin F. Hobbs, and Frank A. Wolak
7.1 Introduction 241
7.2 Five Principles 242
7.2.1 First Principle: Benefit Framework 243
7.2.2 Second Principle: Full Network Representation 245
7.2.3 Third Principle: Market Prices 246
7.2.4 Fourth Principle: Explicit Uncertainty Analysis 247
7.2.5 Fifth Principle: Interactions with Other Resources 249
7.3 Palo Verde-Devers NO. 2 Study 250
7.3.1 Market Model: PLEXOS 250
7.3.2 Project Description 252
7.3.3 Input Assumptions 253
7.3.3.1 Transmission 253
7.3.3.2 Loads 253
7.3.3.3 Generation 253
7.3.3.4 Uncertainty Cases 255
7.3.3.5 Market Price Derivation 256
7.3.4 Results 259
7.3.4.1 Benefit Category 1: Energy Savings 259
7.3.4.2 Uncertainty in Energy Benefit Estimates 261
7.3.4.3 Benefit Category 2: Operational Benefits 264
7.3.4.4 Benefit Category 3: Capacity Benefit 264
7.3.4.5 Benefit Category 4: Loss Savings 265
7.3.4.6 Benefit Category 5: Emissions 265
7.3.4.7 Summary of Results 265
7.3.5 Resource Alternatives 266
7.4 Recent Applications of Team to Renewables 266
7.5 Conclusion 267
Acknowledgments 268
References 268
INDEX 271
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| series2 | IEEE Press series on power engineering A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., publication |
| spelling | Restructured electric power systems ed. by Xiao-Ping Zhang Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2010 XX, 307 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier IEEE Press series on power engineering A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., publication Elektrizitätswirtschaft (DE-588)4014228-0 gnd rswk-swf Allgemeines Gleichgewicht (DE-588)4129904-8 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätswirtschaft (DE-588)4014228-0 s Allgemeines Gleichgewicht (DE-588)4129904-8 s DE-604 Zhang, Xiao-Ping Sonstige (DE-588)130890332 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025307508&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Restructured electric power systems Elektrizitätswirtschaft (DE-588)4014228-0 gnd Allgemeines Gleichgewicht (DE-588)4129904-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014228-0 (DE-588)4129904-8 |
| title | Restructured electric power systems |
| title_auth | Restructured electric power systems |
| title_exact_search | Restructured electric power systems |
| title_full | Restructured electric power systems ed. by Xiao-Ping Zhang |
| title_fullStr | Restructured electric power systems ed. by Xiao-Ping Zhang |
| title_full_unstemmed | Restructured electric power systems ed. by Xiao-Ping Zhang |
| title_short | Restructured electric power systems |
| title_sort | restructured electric power systems |
| topic | Elektrizitätswirtschaft (DE-588)4014228-0 gnd Allgemeines Gleichgewicht (DE-588)4129904-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elektrizitätswirtschaft Allgemeines Gleichgewicht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025307508&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zhangxiaoping restructuredelectricpowersystems |