Principles of magnetic resonance imaging:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
San Francisco, Calif.
Stanford Univ.
2010
|
| Edition: | Ed. 1.1 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 221 - 223 |
| Physical Description: | XII, 226 S. Ill. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of magnetic resonance imaging |c Dwight G. Nishimura |
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| adam_text | Titel: Principles of magnetic resonance imaging
Autor: Nishimura, Dwight G
Jahr: 2010
Contents
Contents vii
Preface......................................................................xi
Acknowledgements...........................xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging..........................................1
1.2 Historical Notes ..........................................................2
1.3 Organization..............................................................2
2 Preliminaries 5
2.1 Complex Numbers........................................................5
2.2 Fourier Transforms......................................................6
2.2.1 One Dimensional ................................................6
2.2.2 Two Dimensional................................................7
2.3 Projections and the Central Section Theorem......................10
2.3.1 Projections............................10
2.3.2 The Central Section Theorem..................................11
2.4 Sampling..................................12
2.5 Rotation Matrices ........................................................15
2.6 Basic Probability.............................17
2.6.1 Random Variables................................................17
2.6.2 Random Processes........................19
2.7 Problems..................................21
3 Overview 23
3.1 Classical Description of MR......................23
3.1.1 Main Field Bo...........................24
3.1.2 Radiofrequency Field Bi....................24
3.1.3 Linear Gradient Fields G....................26
3.1.4 Bloch Equation..........................27
3.2 Conventional MR Imaging Methods .................29
vii
viii
CONTENTS
3.2.1 Selective Excitation.......................
3.2.2 2D Imaging Methods......................31
3.3 Other Approaches to MR Imaging..................40
3.4 Imaging Considerations ........................41
3.5 Instrumentation.............................41
3.6 Problems..................................43
4 Physics 45
4.1 Nuclear Spins...............................45
4.2 Interaction with a Static Magnetic Field...............46
4.2.1 Magnetization..........................46
4.2.2 Precession.............................47
4.3 Interaction with a Radiofrequency Field ..............48
4.4 Relaxation.................................50
4.4.1 Longitudinal Relaxation....................50
4.4.2 Transverse Relaxation.....................50
4.4.3 Relaxation Times of Biological Tissue........................51
4.5 Bloch Equation..............................51
4.6 Chemical Shift..............................53
4.7 Problems..................................56
5 Imaging Principles 57
5.1 Bloch Equation..............................57
5.1.1 Homogeneous Object, Uniform Field............58
5.1.2 Inhomogeneous Object, Nonuniform Field.........61
5.2 Signal Equation..............................63
5.2.1 Other Considerations of the Signal Equation.......65
5.3 Alternate Derivation: Signal Equation................69
5.4 Fourier Interpretation of the Signal Equation...........70
5.5 Illustration of the k-Space Perspective ...............72
5.6 Basic 2D Imaging Methods.......................74
5.6.1 2D Projection Reconstruction.................74
5.6.2 2D Fourier Transform.....................78
5.7 Sampling Requirements: 2DFT Imaging...............84
5.7.1 Field of View...........................84
5.7.2 Spatial Resolution........................89
5.7.3 DFT Image Reconstruction...................g3
5.8 Problems..........................................................g4
CONTENTS ix
6 Excitation 99
6.1 Basic Excitation Principles.......................100
6.1.1 General Formulation......................100
6.1.2 Rotating Frame Transformation ...............102
6.1.3 Graphical and Analytical Solutions .............104
6.2 Selective Excitation ...........................107
6.2.1 General Formulation......................109
6.2.2 Small Tip-Angle Approximation...............Ill
6.2.3 Refocusing ............................112
6.2.4 General Selective Excitation Example . . ..........114
6.3 Excitation k-Space Interpretation...................118
6.4 Selective Excitation Pulse Design...................120
6.5 Problems..................................124
7 Imaging Considerations 127
7.1 Off-Resonance Sources.........................127
7.1.1 Off-Resonance Effects on the FID...............129
7.1.2 Off-Resonance Effects on Imaging..............129
7.1.3 Echoes...............................134
7.1.4 Spin Echoes in Imaging.....................140
7.2 Tz Relaxation...............................144
7.3 Other Nonidealities...........................145
7.3.1 Radiofrequency Field Considerations............145
7.3.2 Gradient Field Considerations ................146
7.4 Image Contrast..............................147
7.4.1 Saturation Recovery.......................148
7.4.2 Inversion Recovery.......................152
7.5 Noise Considerations..........................154
7.5.1 Physical and Instrumental Parameters ...........155
7.5.2 Imaging Sequence Parameters ................159
7.6 Problems..................................166
8 Volumetric Imaging and Fast Imaging 175
8.1 Volumetric Imaging...........................175
8.1.1 3D Imaging by Multiple 2D Slice Acquisition.......175
8.1.2 3D k-Space Acquisition.....................178
8.1.3 Projective Imaging........................185
8.2 Fast Imaging ...............................186
8.2.1 k-Space Trajectories ......................186
8.2.2 Signal-Generation Approaches................191
X
CONTENTS
9 Spectroscopic Imaging 193
9.1 Effect of Chemical Shift on the Signal Equation..........193
9.2 Spectroscopic Imaging Methods ...................194
9.2.1 3D Fourier Transform Spectroscopic Imaging.......195
9.2.2 Spectroscopic Imaging with Time-Varying Gradients . . 198
9.2.3 N-Component Chemical Shift Imaging...........199
10 Flow Imaging 203
10.1 Flow Effects................................203
10.1.1 TOF Effects............................203
10.1.2 Phase Effects...........................205
10.2 Flow Imaging Methods.........................208
10.2.1 TOF-Based Methods.......................208
10.2.2 Phase-Based Methods......................210
11 Instrumentation 213
11.1 Main Field.................................213
11.2 Radiofrequency Field..........................214
11.3 Gradient Fields..............................217
A Useful Constants and Conversions 219
Bibliography 221
Index 224
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| spelling | Nishimura, Dwight G. Verfasser aut Principles of magnetic resonance imaging Dwight G. Nishimura Ed. 1.1 San Francisco, Calif. Stanford Univ. 2010 XII, 226 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 221 - 223 Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd rswk-swf Elektrotechnik (DE-588)4014390-9 gnd rswk-swf Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 s Elektrotechnik (DE-588)4014390-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025251331&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nishimura, Dwight G. Principles of magnetic resonance imaging Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd Elektrotechnik (DE-588)4014390-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120806-7 (DE-588)4014390-9 |
| title | Principles of magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_auth | Principles of magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_exact_search | Principles of magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_full | Principles of magnetic resonance imaging Dwight G. Nishimura |
| title_fullStr | Principles of magnetic resonance imaging Dwight G. Nishimura |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of magnetic resonance imaging Dwight G. Nishimura |
| title_short | Principles of magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_sort | principles of magnetic resonance imaging |
| topic | Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd Elektrotechnik (DE-588)4014390-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kernspintomografie Elektrotechnik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025251331&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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