Do species exist?: principles of taxonomic classification
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-Blackwell
2012
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 219 - 227 |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIII, 245 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 240 mm x 170 mm |
| ISBN: | 9783527332076 3527332073 9783527664283 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Werner Kunz
Do Species Exist?
Principles of Taxonomic Classification
WILEY-BLACKWELL
Contents
Foreword XI
Preface XV
Color Plates XVII
Introduction 1
1 Are Species Constructs of the Human Mind? 5
2 Why is there a Species Problem? 9
2 1 Objective of the Book 9
2 2 Can Species be Defined and Delimited from one Another? 10
2 3 What Makes Biological Species so Special? 12
2 4 Species: To Exist, or not to Exist, that is the Question 15
2 5 The Reality of Species: Ernst Mayr vs Charles Darwin 19
2 6 The Constant Change in Evolution and the Quest of Taxonomy
for Fixed Classes: can these be Compatible? 20
2 7 Can a Scientist Work with a Species Without Knowing what a
Species is? 23
2 8 The Species as an Intuitive Concept and a Cognitive Preset
in the Human Mind 24
2 9 Taxonomy's Status as a Soft or Hard Science 27
2 10 The Impact of the Species Concept on Nature Conservation
and the Allocation of Tax Money 30
2 11 Sociological Consequences of a Misunderstood Concept
of Race 31
2 12 Species Pluralism: How Many Species Concepts Exist? 33
2 13 It is One Thing to Identify a Species, but Another to Define
what a Species is 39
2 14 The Dualism of the Species Concept: the Epistemic
vs the Operative Goal 41
VI Contents
3 Is the Biological Species a Class or is it an Individual? 45
3 1 Preliminary Note: Can a Species have Essential Traits? 45
3 2 Class Formation and Relational Group Formation 47
3 3 Is the Biological Species a Universal/Class or an Individual? 49
3 4 The Difference Between a Group of Objects as a Class and a Group
of Objects as an Individual is a Fundamental One 51
3 5 Artificial Classes and Natural Kinds 54
3 6 The Biological Species Cannot be a Natural Kind 56
3 7 The Biological Species as a Homeostatic Property Cluster 58
3 8 Polythetic Class Formation or Grouping According to Family
Resemblance 60
3 9 The Linnaean System is Based on Fundamental Assumptions that
are Irreconcilable with a Contemporary Worldview of Science 61
3 10 Comparison of the System of Organisms with the Periodic
Table of Chemical Elements 63
3 11 The Relational Properties of the Members of a Species are the Essence
of the Species 64
4 What are Traits in Taxonomy? 67
4 1 Preliminary Note 67
4 2 What Basic Rule Defines Traits as Being Taxonomically
Relevant? 68
4 3 What is the Relevance of Differences in Genes Between Two
Species? 71
4 4 In Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a Single Gene Controls
Many Phenotypes 73
4 5 What is the Relevance of Differences in Traits between Two
Species? 74
4 6 Traits that are Used by the Species to Distinguish Themselves 76
47A Species cannot be Defined by Traits 80
4 8 What are Homologous Traits? 82
4 9 The Vertebrate Eye and the Squid Eye: They Cannot be Homologous
Nor can they be Non-Homologous 84
4 10 The DNA Barcoding Approach - is Taxonomy Nothing more than
Phylogenetic Distance? 86
5 Diversity within the Species: Polymorphisms and the Polytypic
Species 93
5 1 Preliminary Note 93
5 2 Differences in Traits do not Necessarily Mean Species
Differences 94
5 3 Superfluous Taxonomic Terms: Variation, Aberration,
Form, Phase, Phenon 96
5 4 What are Races or Subspecies? 97
Contents VII
5 5 Are Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow (Cotvus corone and C comix)
in Eurasia and the Guppy Populations on Trinidad
Species or Races? 99
5 6 What are Morphs? 100
5 7 What are Mutants (in a Taxonomic Sense)? 103
5 8 Allelic Diversity 104
5 9 How Long is the Lifetime of Allelic Polymorphisms? 105
5 10 Stable Polymorphisms - The Selective Advantage is Diversity 306
5 11 Are Differences between Species Due only to Differences in
Allelic Frequency Distribution, Such that there are no Truly
Species-Specific Traits? 108
5 12 Partially Migratory Birds - an Example of Genetic
Polymorphisms 110
5 13 Intraspecies Morphs in the Burnet Moth Zygaena ephialtes 114
5 14 The Color Pattern Polymorphism of the Shells of the
Brown-Lipped Snail Cepaea nemoralis 116
5 15 The Beak Polymorphism in the Black-Bellied Seedcracker
Finch Pyrenestes ostrinus 118
5 16 The Beak Polymorphism in the Darwin Finch Geospiza fortis 119
5 17 Intraspecies Morphs in the Garter Snake Thamnophis ordinoides 121
5 18 Urbanization in Certain Bird Species is based on Genetic
Polymorphism 121
5 19 The Mimicry Morphs of the Female Swallowtails
of the Genus Papilio 123
5 20 The Morphs of the Brood-Parasitic Cuckoo Female
Cuculus canorus 125
6 Biological Species as a Gene-Flow Community 127
6 1 The Definition of the Gene-Flow Community 127
6 2 The Connection of Organisms in a Gene-Flow Community
Includes the Genealogical Connection 130
6 3 The Species is a Gene-Flow Community, Not a Reproductive
Community 131
64A Species Concept Requires Both Connection and Delimitation 133
6 5 The Concept of the Gene-Flow Community in Eukaryotes
and in Bacteria 134
6 6 Uniparental Propagation in Eukaryotes 135
6 7 Why do the Individuals of a Species Resemble Each Other? 138
6 8 Isolation by Distance 140
69A Decrease in Lateral Sexual Gene Flow, together with Local
Adaptation, Creates Races 141
6 10 The Adaptation of Breeding Times in Birds to the Annual
Maximum Food Supply 143
6 11 Are Migratory and Sedentary Birds Able to Crossbreed? 144
VIM Contents
6 12 Are Geographically Distant Populations of Stonechats (Saxkola torquata)
or Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) Genetically Compatible? 146
6 13 Are Univoltine and Bivoltine Butterflies Able to Crossbreed? 148
6 14 Speciation Genes, Pre- and Postzygotic Barriers 149
6 15 Hybrid Incompatibility 151
6 16 Haldane's Rule and the Genes for Postzygotic Incompatibility 153
6 17 Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation 155
6 18 Sympatric Speciation in the Fruit fly Rhagoletis, in Cichlids
and in the Fire Salamander 159
6 19 Reproductive Incompatibility is Different than Phylogenetic
Distance 161
6 20 Phylogenetic Distance and Reproductive Incompatibility in Two Species
Pairs, Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) and Brown Bear (U arctos), in
Comparison to Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Coyote (C latrans) 162
6 21 The Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and the Greenish Warbler
(Phylloscopus trochiloides), a False and a True Model
for the Ring Species 163
6 22 Allopatrically Separated Populations are Always Different
Species 165
6 23 Species Hybrids as Exceptions without Evolutionary
Consequences 167
6 24 The Example of Some Duck Species: Extinction through
Hybridization 269
6 25 The Origin of Reproductive Isolation Through Reinforcement 171
6 26 Hybridogenic Speciation 173
6 27 Is the Italian Sparrow (Passer italiae) a Hybrid Species? 176
6 28 Gene theft between two Species of Galapagos Ground Finches 178
6 29 Gene theft between two Species of Green Frogs (Pelophylax ridibwida
and P lessonae) 180
6 30 How many Genes Must Mutate for the Origin of New Species? 181
6 31 The Problem of Smooth Boundaries between two Gene-Flow
Communities 183
7 The Cohesion of Organisms Through Genealogical
Lineage (Cladistics) 187
7 1 Preliminary Remarks on Descent Connection 187
7 2 The Problem of Displaying the Phylogenetic Tree in the Case
of Biparental Reproduction 189
7 3 What are Species Boundaries in Cladistics? 191
7 4 How is a Cladistic Bifurcation Defined? Apomorphies and
Autapomorphies 194
7 5 Descent is not the Same Thing as Kinship: The Concepts
of Monophyly and Paraphyly ] 96
7 6 Why are Paraphyla used Despite their Inconsistency? 199
7 7 Monophyly and Paraphyly on Different Hierarchical Levels 202
Contents
7 8 Gene Trees are not Species Trees 204
7 9 The Concepts of Monophyly and Paraphyly cannot be Applied to
Species 206
7 10 Paraphyly and Anagenesis are Mixed Classifications 208
7 11 The Cladistic Bifurcation of a Stem Species Always Means the
End of the Stem Species 210
7 12 The Phylocode 212
8 Outlook 217
References 219
Scientific Terms 229
Index 239 |
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| spelling | Kunz, Werner 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)1109772483 aut Do species exist? principles of taxonomic classification Werner Kunz Weinheim Wiley-Blackwell 2012 XXXIII, 245 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 240 mm x 170 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 219 - 227 Zuordnung (DE-588)4192420-4 gnd rswk-swf Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 gnd rswk-swf Art (DE-588)4143113-3 gnd rswk-swf Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 s Art (DE-588)4143113-3 s Zuordnung (DE-588)4192420-4 s DE-604 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3994895&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025225501&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Do species exist? principles of taxonomic classification |
| title_auth | Do species exist? principles of taxonomic classification |
| title_exact_search | Do species exist? principles of taxonomic classification |
| title_full | Do species exist? principles of taxonomic classification Werner Kunz |
| title_fullStr | Do species exist? principles of taxonomic classification Werner Kunz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Do species exist? principles of taxonomic classification Werner Kunz |
| title_short | Do species exist? |
| title_sort | do species exist principles of taxonomic classification |
| title_sub | principles of taxonomic classification |
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| topic_facet | Zuordnung Systematik Art |
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