Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Polish |
Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy
2012
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. ukrain. Sprache u.d.T.: The Polish minority in the South-Eastern Ukraine |
Beschreibung: | 434, [2], VII, [1] s. il. - Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm. |
ISBN: | 9788389191083 |
Internformat
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie |c Helena Krasowska |
264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy |c 2012 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.7
Cel i zakres pracy
.11
Metoda pracy
.13
Ważniejsze opracowania polszczyzny na Ukrainie
.18
1.
Południowo-wschodnia Ukraina
-
historia i współczesność
.25
1.1.
Zarys historii badanego terenu
.27
1.2.
Charakterystyka obwodu donieckiego
.45
1.3.
Charakterystyka obwodu zaporoskiego
.55
1.4.
Skład narodowo-etniczny badanego terenu
.62
1.5.
Polacy w obwodach donieckim i zaporoskim
.71
2.
Mniejszość polska a ukraińska polityka narodowościowa
.95
2.1.
Status prawny mniejszości polskiej na Ukrainie
.97
2.2.
Regulacje prawne w dziedzinie oświaty i nauczania języka polskiego
. . 105
2.3.
Podstawy prawne działalności kulturalnej
.116
2.4.
Kościół rzymskokatolicki na Ukrainie w świetle prawa
.123
3.
Język polski na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie. Stan obecny.
. 139
3.1.
Znajomość języka polskiego w ocenie respondentów
.141
3.2.
Codzienny język respondentów w sferze rodzinnej
.145
3.3.
Kolejność nabywania języków
-
wielojęzyczność
.150
3.4.
Kontakty językowe polszczyzny z innymi językami
wschodniosłowiańskimi
.157
3.5.
Świadomość językowa w opinii respondentów
.164
3.6.
Uwagi o interferencjach językowych w polszczyźnie
.172
3.7.
Surżyk jako zjawisko socjolingwistyczne
.178
4.
Zakres i funkcje języka polskiego
.185
4.1.
Polityka językowa państwa i regionu
.185
4.2.
Język polski w edukacji
.196
4.3.
Język organizacji polonijnych
.207
4.4.
Środki masowego przekazu w języku polskim
.212
4.5.
Kościół rzymskokatolicki a język
.228
4.6.
Funkcje języka polskiego
.243
5.
Tożsamość kulturowo-narodowa: rodzaje, wymiary i składniki
. . 247
5.1.
Kryterium więzi krwi
.253
5.2.
Kryterium dokumentów
.262
5.3.
Kryterium wyznaniowe
.273
5.4.
Kryterium językowe
.284
5.5.
Składniki tożsamości polskiej
.292
6.
Pejzaże pamięci. O przeżywaniu polskości na badanym terenie
. . 305
6.1.
Konteksty świadomościowe wybranych jednostek
.308
6.1.1.
„W domu my rozmawiali zawsze po polsku"
.308
6.1.2.
„Język polski przechowałem w kopalni"
.312
6.1.3.
„Jestem inny"
.316
6.1.4.
Inni wśród obcych
.319
6.2.
Pamięć polskiej kultury narodowej
.321
6.2.1.
Wkład Jelskich w rozwój medycyny w Doniecku
.321
6.2.2.
Andrzej Korwacki
-
ojciec sadownictwa w Melitopolu
.326
6.2.3.
Ludwik Godlewski
-
zapomniany polski malarz
.331
Zakończenie
.339
Aneks
.349
Respondenci
.389
Bibliografia
.393
Spis map, tabel i wykresów
.417
Wykaz skrótów
.420
Summary
.421
Резюме.
429
Summary
The Polish Minority in the South-Eastern Ukraine
The Ukraine shares borders with seven countries: Russia, Belorussia, Poland,
Slovakia, Hungry, Moldova and Romania. The Ukraine, against a European back¬
drop, is characterised by un-even terrain and un-even distribution of it's popula¬
tion. The country's borders changed frequently over the course of history which in
turn inspired efforts to achieve independence. The administrative and territorial
divisions of the Zaporojian and Donetsk oblasts as well as how they have changed
over time are described me in chapter
1.1.
Originally these areas were just a wil¬
derness populated by nomadic peoples. Later, these lands formally became part of
Poland and the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century these lands formed part of
the Jekaterynoslaw and Tauride provinces under the Russian Empire. In the pe¬
riod
1917-1920
the Ukrainian Peoples Republic was formed. In the interwar pe¬
riod this was the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (the republic was divided
into districts).
The Donetsk
oblast
is deemed to be the most industrialised part of the
Ukraine. Donetsk, also known as the "City of Roses," was founded in
1869
thanks
to a Welsh entrepreneur. He built metallurgical plants and coal mines in several
settlements founded in the 17th century. The other most important industrial
towns, apart from Donetsk, are: Artiomowsk, Gorlowka, Jenakijewo,
Kramatorsk,
Makiejewka, Mariupol and Torez. Poles lived in these towns thereby contributing
to their growth. There were (and are) Roman Catholic churches, where Poles
played an important role especially after
1991.
The Zaporizhia
Oblast
was found¬
ed in
1939
and its capital is Zaporizhia. The other big towns are Berdyansk,
Melitopol and Tokmak, which are also inhabited by Poles.
The national-ethnic make-up of the
oblast
analysed by me, where the largest
ethnic group are Ukrainians, is presented in chapter
1.4.
The second largest group
are Russians. Several groups contributed to the development of this area, including:
Bulgarians, Germans, Greeks, Jews, Czechs, Tatars, Poles, Armenians and others.
421
Summary
Representatives of these ethnic groups and nations live in the area to this day. The
area was characterised by the penetration of different cultures. Industrialisation
and Stalinisation was to lead to the development of a single state organism and
titular nation, i.e. Russian. From a language perspective this policy was a success.
Once the Ukraine became independent, associations for each of the aforemen¬
tioned ethnic groups were founded which led to the teaching of minority lan¬
guages. Multiculturalism and tolerance were discouraged.
Poles in the south-eastern Ukraine first lived as migrant workers, were refugees
and were later sent to work in the mines. They were repressed and treated like a "fifth
column" due to their catholic faith and Polish origin. They experienced humiliation
and were to disappear from the Ukrainian national map as a result of the seventy
years of Soviet policy. Chapter
1.5
deals with the subject of Poles in this region.
As is commonly known, Poles were good specialists in various fields. They
were respected by Russians and representatives of other nations as hard-working,
cultural and honest people. It is worthwhile considering how difficult the conditions
in which Poles lived, learned and worked were. And despite these conditions, they
earned a reputation as worthy citizens in this corner of central-eastern Europe.
As an independent country following
"perestroïka"
the Ukraine stared to set
its own laws. It adopted and ratified a constitution as a guarantee of rights which
was complemented by acts and laws; legal regulations regarding selected aspects
of problems with ethnic minorities are described in chapter
2.
It seems that the
most important aspect is that Ukrainian authorities appreciated the role and im¬
portance of the ethnic and national minorities living in the country as well as the
richness of their cultures, languages and religions etc.
The aim of this chapter was to present the basic principles of law relating to
national minorities. I have presented several acts and decrees as well as citations
from the Ukrainian constitution. They describe which societies are legally deemed
to be minorities, what the state guarantees these groups, the principles regarding
the formation of associations and minority organizations. I have mainly focused
on the Polish minority living in the Donetsk and Zaporojian oblasts. Afterwards
I describe the current situation of Polish organisations in the examined area.
There are very few Polish organisations given the size of the area and there are
over two thousand members of Polish organisations in the Donetsk and Zaporojian
oblasts. There are ten independent organisations with eleven regional branches.
As usual, any attempt to form such organisations is met with difficulties and or¬
ganisers can wait a long time for a decision. The length of time that organisers
must wait depends upon the official dealing with the case.
422
Summary
The issue of education for national minorities from the perspective of prevail¬
ing Ukrainian laws is described in chapter
2.2.
All minorities have the right to
organise classes, provide courses and to teach their own languages. Similarly,
Poles living in the Ukraine have the possibility to learn Polish in various ways.
Based upon the information provided by teachers, it is known that the number of
individuals learning Polish increases annually. It can only be hoped that with
time, Ukrainian law will match the demands of users of the language
/
languages.
National and ethnic minorities grow mainly due to the preservation and
presentation of their national cultures or ethnic origins, as discussed in Section
2.3.
There are acts which state that each national minority has the right to express
and promote their own cultural heritage.
Poles living in the south-eastern Ukraine are quite well organized and fully exer¬
cise their rights. The list of folk, vocal and amateur-dramatic groups is significant.
With the approval of local authorities, high-standing Polish art exhibitions or
presentations of regional Polish cultures are organized. Polish newspapers are
printed, outdoor painting, recitals and concerts are organised. Poles are character¬
ised by a high level of culture in this melting pot of different groups.
The activities of the Roman Catholic Church in this region are described in
chapter
2.4.
The Ukrainian government has also issued several legal acts in this
field which provide for the freedom of religious expression. A list of churches,
chapels and parishes in the Donetsk and Zaporojian oblasts is provided following
the discussion of these acts.
The contemporary standing of the Polish language among Poles in the south¬
eastern Ukraine demonstrates the complexity of the problems, which is reflected
above all in the social stratification of the Polish language. My sources in the older
and middle generations living in the Donetsk and Zaporojian oblasts use a form
of Polish used in the south-eastern and north-eastern regions of Poland as well
as general Polish (for those born in the hear of Poland) which stretches to the
Khmelnytsky, Volyn and Zhitomir areas. The native language for these people was
Polish. Over the course of their lives, they began to learn and use Ukrainian as
well as Russian. Some of those questioned also use written and spoken Polish to
this day. Others gladly make the most of the opportunity to speak Polish where
they reminisce and remember various stories. For some, the only Polish they re¬
member are often-used phrases or prayers learned during childhood. The middle-
aged and younger generations born in the Donetsk and Zaporojian oblasts are
only just learning Polish due to their awareness of their roots. They learn Polish
from Russian or Ukrainian.
423
Summary
The Polish of those surveyed in the south-eastern Ukraine was and is always
in contact with Ukrainian and Russian. My sources constantly roamed before
finally settling in the Donetsk and Zaporojian oblasts. The migratory movements
were as a result of, among others, the political situation (deportation), forced la¬
bour in the industrial towns of Donetsk and Zaporizhia as well as later voluntary
migration (in search of work). The social status of the survey's participants un¬
doubtedly had an effect on their linguistic abilities. Some participants went to
Polish school, some were self-taught. The sources were from various professions,
however, the majority represent the higher classes.
The fact that the sources were bilingual or trilingual wasn't surprising because
the social and economic situation required them to learn new languages. Using two
or three closely tied languages, the participants easily switch between them. Some¬
times, they do this consciously, however, often not. To a significant extent, it depends
on the situation. Often, the change in linguistic-code occurred when the partner
in the discussion changed. The subject of the discussion also played an important
role as did the place and general situation: official or un-official. The quantitative cri¬
teria suggest it is possible to identify single switches (when the change in code is
not repeated) and multiple switches (dependent upon a variety of factors). Sources
are able to comfortably switch to another code to a better or worse effect.
With such closely related linguistic codes, it is not surprising that interference
occurs among Poles. These interferences occur in the phonetic, inflectional, syn¬
tactic systems as well as in vocabulary. The most frequently occurring interfer¬
ences have been described. The Polish of my sources was in a Russian and Ukrain¬
ian setting far away from the current Polish border. Up to
1990,
these people were
completely isolated from the Polish media and culture. Literature was very rare.
The striking Surzhyk phenomenon is also reflected in the spoken language of
the survey's participants. This phenomenon partly applies to the Polish language
as well as to the code which is intertwined with Ukrainian and Russian. For this
reason and due to it's uniqueness and originality, I have discussed this subject
more extensively. Surzhyk is used by older and middle-aged people who are often
either family or neighbours. These people are well ware of the fact that they are
using a "mixed language": Ukrainian and Russian. The results of my study show
that those most often speaking Surzhyk were born in villages.
As a result of language policy which favours Russian, changes were observed
in families and neighbourhoods. Only a small part of the Polish minority in the
Donetsk
(4.1%)
and Zaporojian
(4.0%)
Oblasts treat Polish as their native language.
Officially,
19.3%
of Poles in Donetsk treat Ukrainian as their native language,
424
Summary
whilst
75.7%
treat Russian in the same way. In the Zaporojian
Oblast,
however, the
proportions are
38%
Ukrainian and
56.8%
Russian. During the course of my stud¬
ies which I started in
2007,
1 did not hear about any Poles using Polish on a daily
basis. It is probably the case that those who treated Polish as their native tongue
were born in pre-war Poland and the language they used at home was Polish. The
Russian language in the surveyed area played an important role in recent times
and continues to be the most common language used. It is still used in high-cul¬
ture such as in the theatre, cinema, schools and libraries.
As a result of the Ukraine reclaiming its independence, the use of the Ukrainian
language is becoming more widespread on an annual basis in particular in middle
and higher education. In the education system, Polish features only as required or
optional subject. In the field of education, we have people of various ages who
wish to learn Polish. There are two reasons for this. The first is the willingness to learn
the language of the forefathers and the second is the desire to emigrate to Poland.
Russian is also dominant in religion (see chapter
4.3).
Even during Polish
masses, it is often the case that only the fixed elements of the mass are in Polish
whilst the readings, gospels and sermons are in Russian. In the Ukraine, there is
no act which stipulates which language should be used in the Catholic Church.
The
„Polacy Donbasu"
newspaper plays an important role, thanks to which
members of the older generation who don't have access to the internet, have the
ability to come in to contact with written Polish. The Polish Cultural Society of
Donbass publishes the
"Polacy Donbasu"
newspaper, prepares the
"Polska Fala
Donbasu"
radio show, the "TV
Polaków Donbasu"
TV show and maintains
a website. The editors are the same people. These were all founded by the previous
chairman
Ryszard Zielinski.
Currently, the responsibility for all tasks has fallen to
Walentyna Staruszko.
It is clear that just one person isn't able to take on all of these
tasks which additionally require certain technical skills, such as those required to
maintain a website. Moreover,
Walentyna Staruszko
is a Polish teacher and edits
(in Russian) the
"Golos Nastojatiela"
which is published each Sunday. It contains
the reflections of the parish priest and targets Catholics living in Donetsk (see
chapter
4.4).
Chairpersons of Polish organisations are faced with a difficult task. The areas
where these organisations function are far away from the Polish border and coope¬
ration as well as the presentation of modern Poland is often not an easy task.
In this case the continued development of the Polish language and the other
subjective aspects of the Polish identity are in the hands of these chairpersons
and associations.
425
Summary
Currently, in the Donetsk and Zaporojian oblasts the Polish language has
a symbolic, cognitive and economic function. The significant symbolic impor¬
tance of the Polish language is a characteristic of the older generation as the lan¬
guage provides them with a sense of identity. It also occurs that people who are
"still in hiding" ask their loved ones to arrange the presence of a catholic priest
and prayer in Polish before they pass away.
Problems with group and individual national identity are presented in chap¬
ter
5.
Descriptions of the following identity criteria, largely based upon the subject
literature and the studies I have carried out, have been included:
>
Blood ties, i.e. I am Polish because my parents were Polish;
>
Documents and official annotations, resulting from blood ties;
>
Religion;
>
Language.
The situation of the Polish minority in the south-eastern Ukraine is particu¬
larly complicated. The answer to the question "who am I?" is difficult. This is par¬
ticularly so in the case of the studied region where Poles constitute but an insig¬
nificant proportion of the population and are highly dispersed. Interviews and
survey results for Polish respondents in south-eastern Ukraine are highlighted by
the Polish identity indicators in the specific towns which were surveyed.
This book also contains the opinions of individuals regarding additional fac¬
tors influencing their identity, e.g. place of birth. The studies show that a new type
of Polish culture is forming in the eastern Ukraine, as only certain elements of
Polish culture are being nurtured which is a result of the cultures lack of continu¬
ity. A new approach and methodology should be applied to the teaching of the
Polish language for the Polish minority of this region. Furthermore, a model for
the formation of the future Polish generation should be developed and which
should highlight specific aspects of national consciousness.
The subject of biographical memory has been described in chapter
6
and has
been split in to two separate study perspectives. The first part contains the spoken
biographies of selected individuals and their view of the Polish character and un¬
derstanding of this concept. The biographies or even the memoirs of the families
important for the Polish national culture were prepared based upon the subject
literature. Communication memories are important for us, which has been shown
in chapters
6.1.1-6.1.4,
as are the units which have contributed to the develop¬
ment of Polish culture. The two descriptions which have been presented differ
from the perspective of time, space and achievements. I have very briefly sum¬
marised the achievements of the Jelski family which is an important component
426
Summary
of Polish culture. The generation now living in Donetsk also played a significant
role as well as the older generations active in various periods of time on the bor¬
ders of the Republic. The family is an important observation point because it is
within a family that language patterns and attitudes towards languages as well as
ethnic groups are formed.
The Polish character in south-eastern regions of the Ukraine (resurgent of
relics, or more accurately, created, transferred from the Poland) is an important
part of the regional landscape but also of the knowledge regarding Poles living
beyond Polish borders. This book is part of the canon of research regarding the
Polish minority in Ukraine and abroad.
Translated by
KrzysztofKuchciński |
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Krasowska, Helena 1973- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1197942998 |
author_facet | Krasowska, Helena 1973- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Krasowska, Helena 1973- |
author_variant | h k hk |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV040348112 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)812208704 (DE-599)BVBBV040348112 |
format | Book |
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geographic | Ukraine Südost (DE-588)4621967-5 gnd |
geographic_facet | Ukraine Südost |
id | DE-604.BV040348112 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-10-04T04:00:08Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9788389191083 |
language | Polish |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025202225 |
oclc_num | 812208704 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 434, [2], VII, [1] s. il. - Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm. |
publishDate | 2012 |
publishDateSearch | 2012 |
publishDateSort | 2012 |
publisher | Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Krasowska, Helena 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1197942998 aut Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie Helena Krasowska Warszawa Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy 2012 434, [2], VII, [1] s. il. - Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. ukrain. Sprache u.d.T.: The Polish minority in the South-Eastern Ukraine Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine Südost (DE-588)4621967-5 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine Südost (DE-588)4621967-5 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025202225&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025202225&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Krasowska, Helena 1973- Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4621967-5 |
title | Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie |
title_auth | Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie |
title_exact_search | Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie |
title_full | Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie Helena Krasowska |
title_fullStr | Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie Helena Krasowska |
title_full_unstemmed | Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie Helena Krasowska |
title_short | Mniejszość polska na południowo-wschodniej Ukrainie |
title_sort | mniejszosc polska na poludniowo wschodniej ukrainie |
topic | Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Polen Volk Ukraine Südost |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025202225&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025202225&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT krasowskahelena mniejszoscpolskanapołudniowowschodniejukrainie |