Holdings: The vitamins :: THWS Bibkatalog

The vitamins: [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health]

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Combs, Gerald F. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Acad. Press 2012
Edition:	4. ed.
Subjects:	Vitamins Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Nutrition Nutrição Vitaminas (metabolismo) Vitaminen Vitamines Vitamin
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Physical Description:	XXVII, 570 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780123819802 0123819806

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adam_text	Contents Preface Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition How to Use This Book Parti Perspectives on the Vitamins in Nutrition 1. What is a Vitamin? 1. Thinking About Vitamins 2. Vitamin: A Revolutionary Concept Everyday Word or Revolutionary Idea? Vitamin or Vitamine? 3. An Operating Definition of a Vitamin Some Caveats 4. The Recognized Vitamins 2. Discovery of the Vitamins 1. The Emergence of Nutrition as a Science 2. The Process of Discovery in Nutritional Science Empiricism and Experiment 3. The Empirical Phase of Vitamin Discovery Diseases Linked to Diet Ideas Prevalent by 1900 Limitations of Empiricism 4. The Experimental Phase of Vitamin Discovery Requirements of Nutrition Research Major Forces in the Emergence of Nutritional Science An Animal Model for Beriberi Antiberiberi Factor Is Announced 5. The Vitamine Theory Defined Diets Revealed Needs for Accessory Factors Two Lines of Inquiry Two Lines of Inquiry Leading to the Discovery of the Vitamins xvii The Lines Converge 15 xix Funk s Theory 15 xxi Impact of the New Concept 15 xxiii Elucidation of the Vitamines 17 xxv 6. Elucidation of the Vitamins 17 New Animal Model Reveals New Vitamin: C 17 Fat-Soluble A: Actually Two Factors 18 Vitamin A Prevents Rickets? 18 New Vitamin: D 19 ß-Carotene, a Provitamin 19 3 Vitamin A Linked to Vision 19 The Nature of Vitamin D 19 3 Ą Multiple Identities of Water-Soluble В 20 4 Vitamin B2: A Complex of Several Factors 20 4 Components of the Vitamin B2 4 Ą Complex 20 4 Λ Vitamin B2 Complex Yields Riboflavin 20 4 r Vitamin B2 Complex Yields Niacin 21 D Impact of an Animal Model for Pellagra 22 ■τ B2 Complex Yields Pyridoxine 22 / B2 Complex Yields Pantothenic Acid 22 8 A Fat-Soluble, Anti-Sterility Factor: Vitamin E 23 8 Antihemorrhagic Factor: Vitamin К 23 8 Bios Yields Biotin 24 8 Anti-Anemia Factors 25 9 Antipernicious Anemia Factor 26 11 Vitamin B12 Isolated 27 12 Vitamins Discovered in Only Five Decades 27 12 7. Vitamin Terminology 27 12 8. Other Factors Sometimes Called Vitamins 29 9. The Modern History of the Vitamins 29 13 Recommended Reading 30 13 14 14 14 14 15 3. Properties of Vitamins 33 1. Chemical and Physical Properties of the Vitamins 34 Classifying the Vitamins According to Their Solubilities 34 Vitamin Nomenclature 40 VII Contents 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Vitamin A 40 Vitamin A Nomenclature 41 Chemistry of Vitamin A 41 Vitamin A Biopotency 42 Vitamin D 42 Vitamin D Nomenclature 43 Vitamin D Chemistry 43 Vitamin D Biopotency 44 Vitamin E 45 Vitamin E Nomenclature 45 Vitamin E Chemistry 45 Vitamin E Biopotency 46 Vitamin К 46 Vitamin К Nomenclature 46 Vitamin К Chemistry 47 Vitamin К Biopotency 47 Vitamin С 47 Vitamin С Nomenclature 48 Vitamin С Chemistry 48 Vitamin С Biopotency 49 Thiamin 49 Thiamin Nomenclature 49 Thiamin Chemistry 49 Riboflavin 50 Riboflavin Nomenclature 50 Riboflavin Chemistry 50 Niacin 51 Niacin Nomenclature 51 Niacin Chemistry 51 Vitamin B6 52 Vitamin B6 Nomenclature 52 Vitamin B6 Chemistry 52 Biotin 53 Biotin Nomenclature 53 Biotin Chemistry 53 Pantothenic Acid 53 Pantothenic Acid Nomenclature 53 Rantothenic Acid Chemistry 54 Folate 54 Folate Nomenclature 54 Folate Chemistry 55 Vitamin B12 55 Vitamin B12 Nomenclature 56 Vitamin B12 Chemistry 56 General Properties of the Vitamins 57 Multiple Forms of Vitamins 57 Vitamin Stability 57 Vitamin Analysis 59 Physiological Utilization of the Vitamins 59 Vitamin Bioavailability 59 Vitamin Absorption 59 Vitamin Transport 64 Tissue Distribution of the Vitamins 65 17. Metabolism of the Vitamins Some Vitamins Have Limited Biosynthesis Most Vitamins Require Metabolic Activation Vitamin Binding to Proteins Vitamin Excretion 18. Metabolic Functions of the Vitamins Vitamins Serve Five Basic Functions Recommended Reading 4. Vitamin Deficiency 1. The Concept of Vitamin Deficiency What Is Meant by the Term Vitamin Deficiency? Vitamin Deficiencies Involve Cascades of Progressive Changes Stages of Vitamin Deficiency 2. Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin Deficiencies Many Organ Systems Can Be Affected by Vitamin Deficiencies 3. Vitamin Deficiency Diseases: Manifestations of Biochemical Lesions Relationships Between Biochemical Lesions and Clinical Diseases of Vitamin Deficiencies 4. The Many Causes of Vitamin Deficiencies Primary and Secondary Causes of Vitamin Deficiencies Causes of Vitamin Deficiencies in Humans Causes of Vitamin Deficiencies in Animals Intervention is Most Effective in Early Stages of Vitamin Deficiency Recommended Reading Partii Considering the Individual Vitamins 5. 65 65 66 66 66 69 69 70 71 72 72 72 73 73 73 73 73 76 76 76 79 79 90 Vitamin A 93 1. The Significance of Vitamin A 94 2. Sources of Vitamin A 94 Dietary Sources of Vitamin A 94 Expressing the Vitamin A Activities in Foods 95 Foods Rich in Vitamin A 96 3. Absorption of Vitamin A 97 Absorption of Retinoids 97 Absorption of Carotenoids 97 Contents Carotenoid Metabolism Linked to Absorption 97 Mucosal Metabolism of Retinol 99 4. Transport of Vitamin A 100 Retinyl Esters Conveyed by Chylomicra in Lymph 100 Transport of Carotenoids 100 Impact of Abetalipoproteinemia 100 Vitamin A Uptake by the Liver 101 Retinol Transported Protein-Bound in the Plasma 101 Other Vitamin А -Binding Proteins Involved in Vitamin A Transport 103 Cellular Uptake of Retinol 104 Transport Roles of Vitamin A-Binding Proteins 105 Retinol Recycling 106 Plasma Retinol Homeostasis 106 Vitamin A in the Eye 106 Milk Retinol 107 5. Metabolism of Vitamin A 107 Metabolic Fates of Retinol 107 Role of Retinoid-Binding Proteins in Modulating Vitamin A Metabolism 109 Excretion of Vitamin A 110 6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin A 110 Vitamin A in Vision 110 Systemic Functions of Vitamin A 112 Vitamin A Regulation of Gene Transcription 112 A Coenzyme Role for Vitamin A? 115 Vitamin A in Embryogenesis 115 Vitamin A in Reproduction 116 Vitamin A in Bone Metabolism 116 Vitamin A in Hematopoiesis 117 7. Vitamin A in Health and Disease 118 Immune Function 118 Skin Health 122 Obesity 122 Drug Metabolism 123 Antioxidant Protection 123 Cardiovascular Health 124 Anticarcinogenesis 124 8. Vitamin A Deficiency 126 Detection of Vitamin A Deficiency 129 Treatment of Vitamin A Deficiency 131 9. Vitamin A Toxicity 132 Embryotoxic Potential of High Levels of Vitamin A 133 Carotenoid Toxicity 134 10. Case Studies 135 Instructions 135 Casei 135 Case 2 135 Case 3 136 Case Questions and Exercises 136 Recommended Reading 137 6. Vitamin D 139 1. The Significance of Vitamin D 140 2. Sources of Vitamin D 141 Distribution in Foods 141 Biosynthesis of Vitamin D3 142 Bioactive Vitamin D Analogs 145 3. Enteric Absorption of Vitamin D 145 Micelle-Dependent Passive Diffusion 145 4. Transport of Vitamin D 146 Transfer from Chylomicra to Plasma 146 Tissue Distribution 147 5. Metabolism of Vitamin D 147 Metabolic Activation 147 Catabolism 149 Regulation of Vitamin D Metabolism 149 6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin D 150 Vitamin D3 as a Steroid Hormone 150 1 ,25-(OH)2-D3 as the Metabolica! ly Active Form 151 Pathways of Vitamin D Function 151 Roles of Vitamin D in Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism 155 Vitamin D Functions in Non-Calcified Tissues 161 7. Vitamin D in Health and Disease 163 Autoimmune Diseases 163 Risk of Falling 167 Cardiovascular Health 167 Anticarcinogenesis 167 Healthful Vitamin D Status 170 8. Vitamin D Deficiency 171 Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency 171 Signs of Vitamin D Deficiency 172 Vitamin D Deficiency in Humans 172 Vitamin D Deficiency in Animals 174 9. Vitamin D Toxicity 175 10. Case Studies 176 Instructions 176 Casei 177 Case 2 177 Case Questions and Exercises 178 Recommended Reading 178 Vitamin E 181 1. The Significance of Vitamin E 182 Contents 2. Sources ot Vitamin E 182 Distribution in Foods 182 Synthetic Forms 185 Expressing Vitamin E Activity 18.5 Dietarv Sources of Vitamin E 18 5 3. Absorption of Vitamin E 185 Micelle-Dependent Diffusion 185 Role of Mucosal Receptors 185 Uptake into Lymphatic Circulation 185 4. Transport of Vitamin E 186 Roles of Lipoproteins 186 Cellular uptake 187 Tissue Tocopherols 189 5. Metabolism of Vitamin E 191 Oxidation of the Chroman Croup 191 Redox Cycling 192 Oxidation of the Phytyl Side Chain 192 Other Metabolism 193 6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin E 193 Vitamin E as a Biological Antioxidant 193 Interrelationships of Vitamin E and Other Factors in Antioxidant Defense 195 Physiological Roles of ROS 196 Pro-Oxidant Potential of Vitamin E 198 Non-Antioxidant Functions of Vitamin E 198 7. Vitamin E in Health and Disease 198 ROS of Metabolic Origin 199 ROS of Exogenous Origin 200 Disorders Involving Oxidative Stress 200 Diseases Involving Inflammation 203 Cardiovascular Health 203 Anticarcinogenesis 205 Other Conditions 206 9. Use in Food Animals 206 8. Vitamin E Deficiency 206 9. Vitamin E Toxicity 208 10. Case Studies 208 Instructions 208 Case 1 209 Case 2 209 Case Questions and Exercises 210 Recommended Reading 210 8. Vitamin К 213 1. The Significance of Vitamin К 214 2. Sources of Vitamin К 214 VitamersK 214 Dietary Sources 215 Bioavailability 215 Intestinal Microbial Synthesis 216 3. Absorption of Vitamin К 217 Micellar Solubilization 217 Active Transport of Phylloquinone 21 7 Other Vitamers Absorbed by Diffusion 21 7 4. Transport of Vitamin К 217 Absorbed Vitamin К Transferred to Lipoproteins 217 Tissue Distribution 218 5. Metabolism of Vitamin К 218 Side Chain Modification 218 Redox Cycling 219 Catabolism 220 Vitamin К Antagonists 220 6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin К 221 Vitamin K-Dependent --Carboxylations 221 Vitamin K-Dependent Gla Proteins 221 7. Vitamin К in Health and Disease 226 Coagulation 226 Bone Health 226 Cardiovascular Health 226 Anticarcinogenesis 226 Obesity 227 Nervous Function 227 8. Vitamin К Deficiency 228 Signs of Vitamin К Deficiency 228 Risk Factors for Vitamin К Deficiency 228 9. Vitamin К Toxicity 230 10. Case Studies 230 Instructions 230 Case 1 230 Case 2 231 Case Questions and Exercises 231 Recommended Reading 232 Vitamin С 233 1. The Significance of Vitamin С 234 2. Sources of Vitamin С 234 Distribution in Foods 234 Stability in Foods 234 Vitamin С Bioavailability 235 Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid 235 Dietary Need Due to Enzyme Deficiency 236 3. Absorption of Vitamin С 237 Species without Dietary Needs: Passive Uptake 237 Species with Dietary Needs: Active Uptake 237 4. Transport of Vitamin С 237 Transport Predominantly in Reduced Form 237 Cellular Uptake by the Same Mechanisms 237 Tissue Distribution 238 Contents 5. Metabolism of Vitamin С 239 Oxidation 239 Ascorbic Acid Regeneration 239 Excretion 240 6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin С 240 Electron Transport 241 Antioxidant Functions 241 Cellular Antioxidant Functions 243 Metal Ion Metabolism 243 Enzyme Co-Substrate Functions 244 7. Vitamin С in Health and Disease 246 Immunity and Inflammation 247 Other Infections 248 Cardiovascular Health 249 Exercise Tolerance 250 Diabetes 251 Neurologic Function 251 Pregnancy Outcomes 251 Skin Health 251 Cataracts 252 Lung Health 252 Anticarcinogenesis 252 Bone Health 253 Environmental Stress 253 8. Vitamin С Deficiency 253 Determinants of Risk 253 General Signs of Deficiency 254 Deficiency Signs in Humans 254 Deficiency Signs in Animals 255 Subclinical Deficiency 255 Rebound Scurvy 255 9. Vitamin С Toxicity 255 10. Casestudies 256 Instructions 256 Case 1 256 Case 2 257 Case Questions and Exercises 258 Recommended Reading 258 10. Thiamin 261 1. The Significance of Thiamin 262 2. Sources of Thiamin 262 Distribution in Foods 262 Stability in Foods 262 Thiamin Antagonists 263 3. Absorption of Thiamin 265 4. Transport of Thiamin 265 Thiamin Bound to Serum Proteins 265 Cellular Uptake 265 Tissue Distribution 265 5. Metabolism of Thiamin 266 Phosphorylation 266 Catabolism 266 Excretion 266 6. Metabolic Functions of Thiamin 267 Cocarboxylase 267 a-Keto Acid Dehydrogenases 267 Transketolase 268 Peroxisomal Fatty Acid Oxidation 268 Thiamin Triphosphate 269 7. Thiamin in Health and Disease 269 Nervous Function 269 Vascular Function 270 Thiamin-Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia 271 Thiamin Dependency 271 Other Conditions 271 8. Thiamin Deficiency 271 Croups at Risk 271 General Signs 271 Polyneuritis in Animals 272 Beriberi in Humans 273 Other Conditions 274 9. Thiamin Toxicity 274 10. Case Studies 274 Instructions 274 Case 1 274 Case 2 275 Case Questions and Exercises 275 Recommended Reading 275 11. Riboflavin 277 1. The Significance of Riboflavin 278 2. Sources of Riboflavin 278 Distribution in Foods 278 Stability 278 Bioavailability 279 Role of Hindgut Microflora 279 3. Absorption of Riboflavin 279 Hydrolysis of Coenzyme Forms 279 Active Transport of Free Riboflavin 279 4. Transport of Riboflavin 279 Protein Binding 279 Specific Binding Proteins 280 Cellular Uptake 280 Tissue Distribution 280 5. Metabolism of Riboflavin 280 Conversion to Coenzyme Forms 280 Glycosylation 281 Catabolism 281 Excretion 281 6. Metabolic Functions of Riboflavin 282 Coenzyme Functions 282 Metabolic Roles 284 7. Riboflavin in Health and Disease 284 Oxidative Stress 284 Vascular Disease 284 Mineral Utilization 284 XII Contents Anticarcinogenesis 284 Malaria 285 Tryptophan Deficiency-induced Cataract 285 Defects in Fat Metabolism 285 8. Riboflavin Deficiency 285 Risk Factors for Riboflavin Deficiency 286 Deficiency Signs in Humans 286 Deficiency Disorders in Animals 287 9. Riboflavin Toxicity 287 10. CaseStudy 288 Instructions 288 Case 288 Case Questions and Exercises 288 Recommended Reading 288 9. Niacin Toxicity 305 Nicotinic Acid 505 Nicotinamide 505 10. CaseStudy 306 Instructions 506 Case 506 Case Questions and Exercises 506 Recommended Reading 307 13. Vitamin B6 309 12. Niacin 291 1. The Significance of Niacin 292 2. Sources of Niacin 292 Distribution in Foods 292 Stability 292 Bioavailability 292 Importance of Dietary Tryptophan 293 3. Absorption of Niacin 294 Digestion of NAD/NADP 294 Facilitated Diffusion 294 4. Transport of Niacin 294 Free in Plasma 294 Cellular Uptake 294 Niacin Receptor 294 Tissue Storage 295 5. Metabolism of Niacin 295 Niacin Biosynthesis 295 Catabolism 298 Excretion 298 6. Metabolic Functions of Niacin 298 Coenzyme Functions 298 Metabolic Roles 299 ADP-Ribosylation 299 Glucose Tolerance Factor 300 7. Niacin in Health and Disease 300 Cardiovascular Health 300 Skin Health 302 Lung Health 302 Anticarcinogenesis 302 Psychological Disorders 302 Diabetes 303 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 303 Other Responses 303 8. Niacin Deficiency 303 General Signs 303 Deficiency Signs in Humans 303 Deficiency Signs in Animals 304 Determinants of Niacin Status 304 1. The Significance of Vitamin B6 310 2. Sources of Vitamin B6 310 Distribution in Foods 310 Stability 310 Bioavailability 310 Hindgut Microbial Synthesis 310 3. Absorption of Vitamin B6 311 Digestion of Food Forms 311 Diffusion Linked to Phosphorylation 311 4. Transport of Vitamin B6 312 Plasma Vitamin B6 312 Cellular Uptake 312 Tissue Distribution 312 5. Metabolism of Vitamin B6 312 Interconversion of Vitamers 312 Enzyme Binding 314 Catabolism 314 Excretion 314 Effects of Alcohol and Other Drugs 314 6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin B6 314 Mechanisms of Action 314 Metabolic Roles 315 7. Vitamin B6 in Health and Disease 317 Vascular Disease 317 Neurologic Function 317 Immune Function 318 Anticarcinogenesis 318 Effects Associated with High Vitamin B6 Doses 318 Congenital Disorders of Vitamin B6 Metabolism 319 8. Vitamin B6 Deficiency 320 Deficiency Syndromes in Animals 320 Deficiency in Humans 321 9. Vitamin B6 Toxicity 321 10. Case Studies 322 Instructions 322 Casei 322 Case 2 322 Case Questions and Exercises 323 Recommended Reading 323 Contents XIII 14. Bioťin 325 1. The Significance of Biotin 326 2. Sources of Biotin 326 Distribution in Foods 326 Stability 326 Bioavailability 326 Synthesis by Intestinal Microflora 327 3. Absorption of Biotin 328 Liberation from Bound Forms 328 Two TypesofTransport 328 4. Transport of Biotin 328 Unbound Biotin 328 Protein-Bound Biotin 328 Cellular Uptake 329 Tissue Distribution 329 5. Metabolism of Biotin 329 Linkage to Apoenzymes 329 Recycling the Vitamin 329 Catabolism 330 Excretion 330 6. Metabolic Functions of Biotin 330 Carboxylations 331 Biotin Sensing 331 Gene Expression 332 Cell Cycle 332 7. Biotin in Health and Disease 332 Birth Defects 332 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 333 Disorders of Biotin Metabolism 333 Egg White Injury 333 Deficiency Syndromes in Animals 334 Deficiency Signs in Humans 335 8. Biotin Deficiency 335 Subclinical Deficiency 335 9. Biotin Toxicity 336 10. Case Study 336 Instructions 336 Case 336 Case Questions and Exercises 337 Recommended Reading 337 15. Pantothenic Acid 339 1. The Significance of Pantothenic Acid 339 2. Sources of Pantothenic Acid 340 Distribution in Foods 340 Stability 340 Bioavailability 340 3. Absorption of Pantothenic Acid 340 Hydrolysis of Coenzyme Forms 340 Two Types of Transport 340 4. Transport of Pantothenic Acid 340 Plasma and Erythrocytes 340 Cellular Uptake 342 Tissue Distribution 342 5. Metabolism of Pantothenic Acid 342 CoA Synthesis 342 ACP Synthesis 343 Catabolism of CoA and ACP 343 Excretion 343 6. Metabolic Functions of Pantothenic Acid 343 General Functions 343 CoA 344 ACP 345 7. Pantothenic Acid in Health and Disease 345 Reduced Serum Cholesterol Level 345 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 345 Athletic Performance 345 Wound Healing 345 Other Outcomes 345 Disorders of Pantothenic Acid Metabolism 346 8. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency 346 Deficiencies Rare 346 Antagonists 346 Deficiency Signs in Animals 346 Deficiency Signs in Humans 347 9. Pantothenic Acid Toxicity 347 10. Case Study 347 Experiment 347 Case Questions and Exercises 347 Recommended Reading 348 Folate 349 1. The Significance of Folate 350 2. Sources of Folate 350 Distribution in Foods 350 Stability 350 Bioavailability 351 Synthesis by Intestinal Microflora 352 3. Absorption of Folate 352 Deconjugation of Polyglutamyl Foi ates 352 Active Uptake by the Enterocyte 353 Passive Diffusion into the Enterocyte 353 Re-Conjugation 354 Exportation 354 4. Transport of Folate 354 Free in Plasma 354 Folate-Binding Proteins (FBP) 355 Cellular Uptake 355 Tissue Distribution 355 5. Metabolism of Folate 356 Methyl-Folate Trap 357 Catabolism 358 XIV Excretion 559 Polymorphisms ot Enzvmes in Folate Metabolism 5 54 6. Metabolic Functions of Folate 360 Single-Carbon Metabolism 360 DNA Methylation 561 Ervthropoiesis 362 7. Folate in Health and Disease 362 Pernicious Anemia 362 Infant Health 362 Cardiovascular Health 365 Anticarcinogenesis 368 Immune Function 368 Neurological Conditions 369 Bone Health 369 Malaria 370 Arsenicosis 370 Effects of Drugs on Folate Utilization 370 8. Folate Deficiency 371 Determinants of Folate Deficiency 371 General Signs of Folate Deficiency 371 Deficiency Syndromes in Animals 372 Deficiency Signs in Humans 372 9. Folate Toxicity 373 10. Casestudy 373 Instructions 373 Case 373 Case Questions and Exercises 374 Recommended Reading 374 . (intents Interrelationship with folate 585 DNA Methylation 585 7. Vitamin Bu in Health and Disease 386 Neural Tube Detects iN7Ds> 586 Cardiovascular f lealth 586 Neurological Fune tion 586 Anticarcinogenesis 587 Osteoporosis 587 Hearing Loss 587 Cyanide Metabolism 588 8. Vitamin B12 Deficiency 388 Determinants of Vitamin Bu Deficiency 388 Vegetarian Diets 388 Malabsorption 388 Congenital Disorders of Vitamin B,, Metabolism 390 General Signs of Deficiency 390 Marginal (Subclinical) Deficiencies 391 Deficiency Syndromes in Animals 391 Deficiency Signs in Humans 391 Distinguishing Deficiencies of Vitamin B,2 and Folate 391 9. Vitamin B12 Toxicity 392 10. Case Study 392 Case 392 Case Questions and Exercises 393 Recommended Reading 393 17. 18. Quasi-Vitamins 395 Vitamin B12 377 1. Is the List of Vitamins Complete? 396 1. The Significance of Vitamin B12 378 Common Features in the Recognition 2. Sources of Vitamin B12 378 of Vitamins 396 Distribution in Foods 378 Limitations of Traditional Designations Stability 379 of Vitamins 396 Bioavailability 379 Quasi-Vitamins 397 3. Absorption of Vitamin B12 379 2. Choline 397 Digestion 379 Metabolite Acting Like a Vitamin 397 Protein Binding 379 Chemical Nature 397 Mechanisms of Absorption 380 Distribution in Foods and Feedstuffs 397 4. Transport of Vitamin B,2 381 Absorption 398 Transport Proteins 381 Transport and Cellular Uptake 398 Transcobalamin Receptor 381 Choline Metabolism 400 Intraceilular Protein Binding 382 Metabolic Functions of Choline 401 Distribution in Tissues 382 Conditions of Need 401 Enterohepatic Circulation 383 Humans 402 5. Metabolism of Vitamin B12 383 Health Effects 402 Activation to Coenzyme Forms 383 Safety 403 Catabolism 383 3. Carnitine 403 Excretion 383 Chemical Nature 403 Congenital Disorders of Vitamin B12 Dietary Sources 403 Metabolism 383 Absorption 403 6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin B12 384 Transport and Cellular Uptake 404 Coenzyme Functions 384 Metabolism 404 Contents 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Metabolic Function 405 Conditions of Need 406 Health Effects 408 Safety 410 myo-lnositol 410 Chemical Nature 410 Dietary Sources 410 Absorption and Transport 411 Metabolism 412 Metabolic Functions 413 Conditions of Need 414 Health Effects 414 Pyrroloquinoline Quinone 414 Chemical Nature 415 Dietary Sources 415 Absorption and Metabolism 415 Metabolic Activities 415 Conditions of Need 415 Safety 416 Ubiquinones 416 Chemical Nature 416 Dietary Sources 416 Absorption and Tissue Distribution 416 Metabolism 416 Conditions of Need 417 Health Effects 418 Safety 419 Flavonoids 419 Ubiquitous Plant Metabolites 419 Dietary Sources 420 Absorption and Transport 420 Metabolism 420 Metabolic Effects 420 Health Effects 421 Non-Provitamin A Carotenoids 423 Dietary Sources 423 Absorption 424 Metabolism 425 Metabolic Effects 426 Health Effects 426 Safety 427 Orotic Acid 427 Chemical Nature 427 Dietary Sources 427 Metabolism 427 Health Effects 427 Safety 427 p-Aminobenzoic Acid 428 Precursor to Folate in Bacteria 428 Chemical Nature 428 Dietary Sources 428 Metabolism 428 Health Effects 428 Lipoic Acid 428 Chemistry 428 12. 13. 14. Dietary Sources Absorption and Transport Metabolism Metabolic Functions Conditions of Need Health Effects Safety Ineffective Factors Vitamin B^ Gerovital Laetrile Unidentified Growth Factors Questions of Semantics Recommended Reading Partili Using Current Knowledge of the Vitamins 19. Sources of the Vitamins 428 429 429 429 429 430 430 430 430 431 431 431 431 432 437 1. Vitamins in Foods 437 Vitamin Content Data 437 Core Foods for Vitamins 438 Vitamins in Human Diets 441 Vitamins in Breast Milk and Formula Foods 442 2. Predicting Vitamin Contents 442 Sources of Inaccuracy 442 Analytical Errors 443 Natural Variation in Vitamin Contents 443 Environmental Effects 443 Effects of Agronomic Practices 446 Tissue Variation 446 Accommodating Variation in Vitamin Contents of Foods and Feedstuffs 447 3. Vitamin Bioavailability 448 Bioavailability 448 4. Vitamin Losses 448 Storage Losses 448 Milling Losses 448 Processing Losses 449 Cooking Losses 450 Cumulative Losses 450 5. Vitamin Fortification 450 Availability of Purified Vitamins 450 Addition of Vitamins to Foods 451 Stabilities of Vitamins Added to Foods 452 Vitamin Intakes from Foods 452 6. Biofortification 453 7. Vitamin Labeling of Foods 453 8. Vitamin Supplementation 456 Vitamin Supplements 456 Guidelines for Supplement Use 458 Contents 9. Vitamins in Livestock Feeding 458 Vitamins in Animal Feeds 458 Losses of Vitamins from Feedstuffs and Finished Feeds 458 Vitamin Premixes for Animal Feeds 461 Stabilities of Vitamins in Feeds 462 Recommended Reading 464 20. Assessing Vitamin Status 465 1. General Aspects of Nutritional Assessment 465 Systems of Nutritional Assessment 466 Methods of Nutritional Assessment 466 2. Assessment of Vitamin Status 466 Dietary Assessment 466 Clinical Assessment 467 Biochemical Assessment 467 Available Biomarkers of Vitamin Status 467 Interpreting Biomarker Data 468 3. Vitamin Status of Human Populations 470 Reserve Capacities of Vitamins 470 National Nutrition Surveillance 470 Vitamins in US Food Supply 470 Nutritional Surveillance Reveals Vitamin Deficiencies 474 Global Malnutrition 474 Recommended Reading 478 22. Vitamin Safety 497 21. Quantifying Vitamin Needs 479 1. Dietary Standards 480 Purposes of Dietary Standards 480 Allowances and Requirements 480 2. Determining Dietary Standards for Vitamins 480 Determining Nutrient Requirements 480 3. Factors Affecting Vitamin Requirements 481 Developing Vitamin Allowances 481 Differences between Requirements and Allowances 482 Applications of RDAs 483 The RDA Concept 484 Considering Non-Classical Functions of Nutrients 485 New Paradigms for Nutrition 485 Reconstructing the RDA 486 4. Vitamin Allowances for Humans 486 Several Standards 486 RDAs 486 The DRIs 487 International Standards 490 5. Vitamin Allowances for Animals 490 Public and Private Information 490 Recommended Reading 495 1. Uses of Vitamins Above Required Levels 497 Typical Uses Exceed Requirements 497 Clinical Conditions Requiring Elevated Doses 497 Other Putative Benefits of Elevated Doses 498 2. Hazards of Excessive Vitamin Intakes 498 Non-Linear Risk Responses to Vitamin Dosages 498 Factors Affecting Vitamin Toxicity 498 3. Signs of Hypervitaminoses 498 Vitamin A 498 Vitamin D 502 Vitamin E 503 Vitamin К 503 Vitamin С 503 Th iam i n 504 Riboflavin 504 Niacin 504 Vitamin B6 504 Biotin 505 Pantothenic Acid 505 Folate 505 Vitamin B12 505 4. Safe Intakes of Vitamins 505 Ranges of Safe Intakes 505 Quantifying Safe Intakes 505 Recommended Reading 508 Appendix A Current and Obsolete Designations of Vitamins (Bolded) and Other Vitamin-Like Factors Appendix В Original Reports for Case Studies Appendix С A Core of Current Vitamin Literature Appendix D Vitamin Contents of Foods (units per 100 g edible portion) Appendix E Vitamin Content of Feedstuffs (units per kg) Index 509 513 515 523 553 557 Vitami Fundamental Aspects ¡n Nutrition and Health Gerald F. Combs, Jr. Professor Emeritus, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornel! University, Ithaca, New York, USA The fourth edition of this bestselling book continues to provide the latest coverage of the biochemistry and physiology of vitamins and vitamin-like substances. Cross-cutting, health-related themes present insights into the use of vitamins not just for general nutritional balance, but with emphasis on their roles In the prevention and/or treatment of specific health issues such as inflammatory diseases, overweight and immune function. Information is presented to address the roles of vitamins ín gene expression and epigenetics, providing important information in the further development of personalized medical treatments and establishing appropriate dietary programs based on individual genetic profiles. Those working in nutrigenomic and pharmaceutical developments will use the information to identify potential benefits of vitamins alone or in combination. Extensively revised and updated, The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health is also well-suited for those interested in nutrition, food science, pharmacology or endocrinology. EVV TO THIS EDITION: # Emphasizes roles of vitamins in human health biomarkers of vitamin status to metabolic functions, quantitative vitamin needs, and safety. Φ Addresses roles of vitamins in inflammation and immune regulation,- implications of obesity to vitamin status and function,- and public health impacts of vitamin deficiencies. # Provides a readily accessible, diagnostic matrix of signs and symptoms of specific vitamin deficiencies ¡n humans and animals. # Includes recent advances in vitamin research through the use of shared-focus themes
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id	DE-604.BV040142668
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T00:17:50Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780123819802 0123819806
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024999569
oclc_num	795649747
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owner	DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
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physical	XXVII, 570 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	2012
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publisher	Elsevier, Acad. Press
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spelling	Combs, Gerald F. Verfasser aut The vitamins [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health] Gerald F. Combs 4. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Acad. Press 2012 XXVII, 570 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vitamins Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Nutrition Nutrição larpcal Vitaminas (metabolismo) larpcal Vitaminen gtt Vitamines Vitamin (DE-588)4063635-5 gnd rswk-swf Vitamin (DE-588)4063635-5 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024999569&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024999569&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Combs, Gerald F. The vitamins [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health] Vitamins Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Nutrition Nutrição larpcal Vitaminas (metabolismo) larpcal Vitaminen gtt Vitamines Vitamin (DE-588)4063635-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4063635-5
title	The vitamins [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health]
title_auth	The vitamins [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health]
title_exact_search	The vitamins [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health]
title_full	The vitamins [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health] Gerald F. Combs
title_fullStr	The vitamins [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health] Gerald F. Combs
title_full_unstemmed	The vitamins [fundamental aspects in nutrition and health] Gerald F. Combs
title_short	The vitamins
title_sort	the vitamins fundamental aspects in nutrition and health
title_sub	[fundamental aspects in nutrition and health]
topic	Vitamins Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Nutrition Nutrição larpcal Vitaminas (metabolismo) larpcal Vitaminen gtt Vitamines Vitamin (DE-588)4063635-5 gnd
topic_facet	Vitamins Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Nutrition Nutrição Vitaminas (metabolismo) Vitaminen Vitamines Vitamin
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024999569&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024999569&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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