Environmental soil properties and behaviour:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]
CRC Press
2012
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 435 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439845295 1439845298 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 1439845298 |c hardback |9 1-439-84529-8 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)794160273 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV040135906 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
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| 049 | |a DE-11 |a DE-634 | ||
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| 082 | 0 | |a 624.1/5136 | |
| 084 | |a ZC 12300 |0 (DE-625)154634: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Yong, Raymond N. |d 1929- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)140809139 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental soil properties and behaviour |c Raymond N. Yong ; Masashi Nakano ; Roland Pusch |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 435 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Soil mechanics | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nakano, Masashi |d 1964- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)139897690 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pusch, Roland |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024992968&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024992968 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804149102505623552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE . * ^ ? ^. XV
THE AUTHORS XIX
1. ORIGIN AND FUNCTION OF SOILS 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.1 WHY ARE WE CONCERNED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES? 1 1.2 SOIL ORIGIN
AND FORMATION 2
1.2.1 PARENT MATERIAL 2
1.2.2 WEATHERING OF ROCK 3
1.2.2.1 NATURAL PROCESSES 3
1.2.2.2 PHYSICAL WEATHERING 4
1.2.2.3 CHEMICAL WEATHERING 4
1.2.3 PROCESSES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING 6
1.2.4 PARENT MATERIAL AND OTHER INFLUENCES 7
1.2.4.1 PARENT MATERIAL 7
1.2.4.2 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION 7
1.2.4.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND TIME 8
1.3 SOIL CLASSIFICATION 8
1.3.1 SUBDIVISION OF SURFICIAL DEPOSITS 9
1.3.2 SOIL HORIZONS 9
1.3.3 CLASSIFICATION FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES 11
1.3.3.1 PARTICLE-SIZE DIFFERENTIATION AND TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION 12
1.3.3.2 PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES 13
1.3.3.3 ATTERBERG LIMITS CLASSIFICATION 14
1.3.3.4 UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 15 1.4 BASIC SOIL FUNCTIONS
17
1.4.1 NATURAL IN SITU ROLE 19
1.4.2 IN SITU ROLE WITH HUMAN INTERVENTION 20
1.4.3 SOIL AS A RESOURCE MATERIAL 21
1.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 22
1.5.1 SOIL FUNCTIONALITY 22
REFERENCES 24
2. NATURE OF SOILS 25
2.1 INTRODUCTION 25
2.1.1 SOIL COMPOSITION 25
2.1.2 COARSE-GRAINED SOILS 26
2.1.3 FINE-GRAINED SOILS 26
V
IMAGE 2
VI CONTENTS
2.2 CLAY MINERALS 28
2.2.1 UNIT CELL, LAYER, AND MINERAL STRUCTURE 28
2.2.2 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 30
2.2.3 KAOLIN GROUP 31
2.2.3.1 MINERAL STRUCTURE 31
2.2.3.2 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 32
2.2.4 CHLORITES 33
2.2.4.1 MINERAL STRUCTURE 33
2.2.4.2 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 33
2.2.5 SMECTITES 33
2.2.5.1 MINERAL STRUCTURE 33
2.2.5.2 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 35
2.2.6 MICAS, ILLITES, AND MIXED-LAYER CLAYS 35
2.2.7 ALLOPHANE 38
2.2.7.1 MINERAL STRUCTURE 38
2.2.7.2 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 38
2.3 NONCLAY MINERALS 38
2.3.1 OXIDES, HYDROXIDES, AND OXYHYDROXIDES 39
2.3.1.1 BASIC STRUCTURE 39
2.3.1.2 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 40
2.3.2 CARBONATES AND SULPHATES 41
2.4 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER 41
2.4.1 CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION 41
2.4.2 STRUCTURE AND SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 42
2.4.2.1 STRUCTURE 42
2.4.2.2 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 43
2.5 SOIL PARTICLES 46
2.5.1 SIZE, SHAPE, AND TEXTURE OF PARTICLES 46
2.5.1.1 SIZE AND SHAPE 46
2.5.1.2 TEXTURE 47
2.5.2 ELECTRICAL CHARGES 47
2.5.2.1 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES 47
2.5.2.2 NET SURFACE CHARGES AND SURFACE CHARGE DENSITY 48
2.5.3 EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS AND CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) 51
2.5.4 ANION SORPTION AND EXCHANGE 54
2.5.5 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA (SSA) 55
2.6 SOIL STRUCTURE 59
2.6.1 SOIL FABRIC AND STRUCTURE 59
2.6.2 GRANULAR SOIL PACKING 60
2.6.3 MICROSTRUCTURE OF CLAYS 62
2.7 INTERPARTICLE BONDS 64
2.7.1 FORCES AND BONDING 65
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS VII
2.8 MICROORGANISMS IN SOILS 66
2.8.1 TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS 66
2.8.1.1 PROTOZOA 66
2.8.1.2 FUNGI 67
2.8.1.3 ALGAE 68
2.8.1.4 VIRUSES 68
2.8.2 BACTERIA 68
2.8.3 ECOLOGY IN SOILS 70
2.8.4 BACTERIAL GROWTH KINETICS 71
2.9 LABORATORY DETERMINATIONS 74
2.9.1 SCOPE OF TESTS 74
2.9.2 SOIL TYPE AND MINERAL ANALYSIS 75
2.9.2.1 SOIL TYPE 75
2.9.2.2 MINERAL ANALYSIS 76
2.9.2.3 SOIL FABRIC AND MICROSTRUCTURAL FEATURES 78 2.10 CONCLUDING
REMARKS 78
REFERENCES 79
3. SOIL-WATER SYSTEMS 83
3.1 INTRODUCTION 83
3.2 WATER RETENTION 83
3.2.1 GRANULAR (COHESIONLESS) SOILS 84
3.2.1.1 WETTING AND DRYING 85
3.2.2 COHESIVE SOILS 86
3.2.2.1 HYDRATION OF CLAYS 87
3.3 CLAY-WATER INTERACTIONS 88
3.3.1 ELECTRIFIED INTERFACE AND INTERACTIONS 88
3.3.1.1 DIFFUSE DOUBLE LAYERS 89
3.3.1.2 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL I|/ 90
3.3.2 INTERACTION ENERGIES 93
3.3.2.1 ENERGIES OF INTERACTION IN THE STERN LAYER 93 3.3.2.2 LONDON-VAN
DER WAALS ENERGY AND TOTAL INTERMOLECULAR PAIR POTENTIAL 93
3.3.2.3 DLVO MODEL AND PARTICLE INTERACTION ENERGIES 94
3.3.2.4 ENERGIES IN PARTICLE INTERACTION AND IN INTERLAYER SPACE 97
3.3.2.5 CALCULATED SWELLING PRESSURES FROM INTERACTION MODELS 99
3.4 SOIL-WATER ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS 100
3.4.1 CONCEPT OF SOIL-WATER POTENTIAL 100
3.4.1.1 COMPONENTS OF SOIL-WATER POTENTIAL 103 3.4.2 MEASUREMENTS OF
SOIL-WATER POTENTIALS 106
3.4.2.1 TENSIOMETER FOR IN SITU MEASUREMENTS 106
IMAGE 4
VIII CONTENTS
3.4.2.2 TENSIOMETER-TYPE DEVICE FOR LABORATORY USE 107
3.4.2.3 PRESSURE-MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES 109
3.4.2.4 VAPOUR PRESSURE TECHNIQUE ILL
3.4.2.5 THERMOCOUPLE PSYCHROMETER MEASUREMENTS ILL 3.4.3 HYSTERESIS OF
SOIL-WATER POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS 113 3.5 WATER UPTAKE AND TRANSFER 114
3.5.1 MOISTURE TRANSFER 115
3.5.1.1 WATER TRANSFER AND WETTING FRONT 116
3.5.1.2 VAPOUR TRANSFER 121
3.6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN POREWATER 123
3.6.1 ACIDS, BASES, AND PH 124
3.6.2 ACID-BASE REACTIONS, HYDROLYSIS 126
3.6.3 OXIDATION-REDUCTION (REDOX) REACTIONS 126
3.7 PHYSICAL REACTIONS AND HYDRATION 127
3.7.1 HYDRATED CATIONS AND CLAY MINERALS-FROM EXAFS ANALYSES 128
3.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 129
REFERENCES 131
4. SWELLING CLAYS 133
4.1 INTRODUCTION 133
4.2 SWELLING PHENOMENA 134
4.2.1 PERTINENT SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 134
4.2.2 MECHANISMS OF SWELLING 136
4.2.2.1 SCOPING CALCULATIONS FOR SWELLING PRESSURES 139 4.2.3
SWELLING-EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION AND POREWATER COMPOSITION 141
4.2.3.1 HIGHER VALENCES AND MIXTURES OF CATIONS 141 4.2.3.2 INFLUENCE OF
EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS 142 4.2.4 COMPOSITIONAL EFFECTS 143
4.2.4.1 SURFACE CHARGE AND ATTRACTIVE FORCES 143 4.2.4.2 MINERALOGICAL
EFFECT 145
4.3 WATER UPTAKE AND SWELLING 146
4.3.1 NATURE OF INTERLAYER WATER-FROM MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION 147
4.3.1.1 INTERLAYER WATER 149
4.4 WATER MOVEMENT 150
4.4.1 WETTING FRONT ADVANCE 150
4.4.1.1 ANALYSIS USING MATERIAL COORDINATE SYSTEM 152 4.4.1.2 SOIL
PARTICLE DIFFUSIVITY ANALYSIS 153
4.4.2 WATER AND SOLID CONTENT PROFILES IN CONFINED SWELLING CLAYS 154
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS IX
4.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 156
4.5.1 SWELLING AND WATER MOVEMENT 156
4.5.2 LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF SWELLING 157
REFERENCES 160
5. STRESSORS, IMPACTS, AND SOIL FUNCTIONALITY 163
5.1 INTRODUCTION 163
5.2 STRESSOR SOURCES AND STRESSORS 164
5.2.1 SOIL ENVIRONMENT 164
5.2.2 TYPES OF STRESSOR SOURCES AND STRESSORS 165
5.2.3 NATURAL STRESSOR SOURCES AND STRESSORS 166
5.2.4 ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSOR SOURCES AND STRESSORS 168 5.2.4.1 INDUSTRY
SOURCES OF STRESSORS 169
5.2.4.2 CONSTRUCTED FACILITY-GEOLOGIC CONTAINMENT OF HLW 170
5.3 STRESSOR IMPACTS 172
5.3.1 IMPACTS ON SOIL ENVIRONMENT 172
5.3.2 IMPACTS ON SOIL MASS 174
5.3.2.1 HYDRAULIC 175
5.3.2.2 MECHANICAL 175
5.3.2.3 THERMAL 176
5.3.2.4 CHEMICAL 176
5.4 SOIL FUNCTIONALITY INDEX (SFI) 177
5.4.1 SOIL FUNCTIONALITY INDICATORS 178
5.4.1.1 SELECTION OF INDICATORS 180
5.4.2 INDICATORS AND SOIL FUNCTIONALITY INDEX 181
5.4.3 APPLICATION OF SFI-AN EXAMPLE 183
5.5 TIME-RELATED CHANGE OF FUNCTIONALITY 186
5.5.1 TIME-RELATED FUNCTIONALITY 186
5.5.1.1 TIME-RELATED CHANGES OF SOIL ATTRIBUTES 187 5.5.2 TIME-RELATED
CHANGES OF LONG-TERM FUNCTIONALITY 189 5.5.2.1 INFLUENCE OF
ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS 189 5.5.2.2 INFLUENCE OF NATURAL STRESSORS 190
5.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 191
REFERENCES 192
6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 193
6.1 INTRODUCTION 193
6.2 MECHANICAL ATTRIBUTES 194
6.2.1 SOIL DEFORMATION UNDER LOAD 195
6.2.1.1 YIELD AND FAILURE IN SOILS 195
6.2.2 PLASTIC POTENTIAL 197
6.2.3 FLOW FUNCTION 198
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
6.3 CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE STRESS 200
6.3.1 PHYSICAL CONCEPT 200
6.3.2 PHYSICAL CONCEPT IN RELATION TO CLAYS 201
6.3.2.1 CLAYS WITH ADSORBED WATER LAYERS 201
6.3.2.2 HIGH-SWELLING CLAYS 203
6.4 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS 204
6.4.1 LABORATORY DETERMINATIONS 204
6.4.1.1 TRIAXIAL TEST SYSTEM 205
6.4.1.2 OTHER STRENGTH TEST SYSTEMS 205
6.4.2 YIELD AND FAILURE THEORIES 207
6.4.2.1 PRINCIPAL STRESS SPACE 207
6.4.2.2 YIELD CRITERIA 209
6.4.3 MOHR-COULOMB THEORY 211
6.4.4 YIELD/FAILURE MODELS 214
6.4.4.1 ONE-PARAMETER MODELS 214
6.4.4.2 TWO-PARAMETER MODELS 215
6.4.4.3 PLASTICITY MODELS 216
6.5 MECHANISMS IN GRANULAR SOIL STRENGTH 216
6.5.1 FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE 216
6.5.2 MOHR FAILURE ENVELOPES-SLIDING AND INTERLOCKING FRICTION 220
6.5.3 VOLUMETRIC STRAIN 221
6.6 COHESIVE SOIL STRENGTH 223
6.6.1 ANALYTICAL AND PHYSICAL STRENGTH PARAMETERS 223 6.6.2 ANALYTICAL
SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS 223
6.6.3 MECHANISTIC ANALYSES 224
6.6.4 C AND CP PARAMETERS AND PROPERTIES 225
6.7 POREWATER PRESSURE 226
6.7.1 PARTLY SATURATED SOIL POREWATER PRESSURES 227
6.7.1.1 PORE PRESSURES IN GRANULAR MEDIUM 227
6.7.1.2 PORE PRESSURES IN CLAYS 229
6.7.2 POREWATER PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS 229
6.8 SHEAR RESISTANCE MECHANISMS 232
6.8.1 GRAVITY CONTROLLED 232
6.8.2 BONDING EFFECTS .....232
6.9 COMPRESSIBILITY AND CONSOLIDATION 234
6.9.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION 236
6.9.1.1 LABORATORY TEST DATA 237
6.9.2 CONSOLIDATION OF SWELLING CLAYS 241
6.10 CREEP BEHAVIOUR 242
6.10.1 CREEP IN CLAY: THE ROLE OF MICROSTRUCTURE 243
6.11 CONCLUDING REMARKS 245
6.11.1 INTEGRITY AND ENVIRONMENT STRESSOR IMPACTS 245
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XI
6.11.2 SOIL PERFORMANCE UNDER LOADING STRESSES 246 6.11.2.1 YIELD AND
FAILURE THEORIES 246
6.11.2.2 POREWATER PRESSURE 247
REFERENCES 248
7. THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES 249
7.1 INTRODUCTION 249
7.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES 250
7.2.1 HEAT-MASS SIMULTANEOUS FLOW , 250
7.2.2 FOURIER-TYPE HEAT FLOW 251
7.2.3 THERMAL PROPERTIES 253
7.2.3.1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 254
7.2.3.2 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY 255
7.2.3.3 HEAT CAPACITY 255
7.3 WATER MOVEMENT UNDER THERMAL GRADIENT 256
7.3.1 THERMALLY INDUCED VAPOUR MOVEMENT 256
7.3.2 THERMALLY INDUCED LIQUID WATER MOVEMENT 257 7.3.3 THERMAL
GRADIENTS AND WATER CONTENT PROFILES 259 7.4 HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES 261
7.4.1 WATER PERMEABILITY 263
7.4.1.1 DARCY MODEL 263
7.4.1.2 DARCY PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT 264
7.4.1.3 EFFECT OF HIGH HYDRAULIC GRADIENTS 266 7A.I A DARCY MODEL WITH
PERMEANT PROPERTIES 267 7.4.2 PERMEABILITY AND SOIL STRUCTURE 268
7.4.2.1 KOZENY-CARMAN PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT 268 7.4.3 SOIL STRATA AND
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES 270
7.4.3.1 FINGER FLOW 271
7.4.3.2 WATER FLOW IN LAYERED SOILS 273
7.4.4 VOID SPACE AND HYDRAULIC-THERMAL PROPERTIES 273 7.4.4.1
FLOW-THROUGH CHANNELS 274
7.4.4.2 DEEP PERCOLATION OF WATER 275
7.5 SWELLING CLAY HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY 276
7.5.1 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND CLAY STRUCTURE 276 7.5.2 LABORATORY
TEST FOR PERMEABILITY 277
7.5.2.1 OEDOMETER-TYPE PERMEAMETER 278
7.5.2.2 TRIAXIAL-TYPE PERMEAMETER 278
7.6 VAPOUR AND GAS CONDUCTIVITIES 279
7.6.1 STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTS 279
7.6.2 UNSTEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTS 280
7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 281
REFERENCES 282
IMAGE 8
XII CONTENTS
8. SORPTION PROPERTIES AND MECHANISMS 285
8.1 INTRODUCTION 285
8.2 SOLUTES, CONTAMINANTS, AND POLLUTANTS 285
8.2.1 TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS 287
8.3 CONTAMINANT INTERACTIONS WITH SOIL PARTICLES 289
8.3.1 CONTAMINANTS OF INTEREST 289
8.3.1.1 INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 289
8.3.1.2 ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 291
8.3.2 SURFACE PROPERTIES AND INTERACTIONS 292
8.3.2.1 CLAY MINERALS 293
8.3.2.2 OXIDES AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER 294
8.3.2.3 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS 294
8.3.2.4 CLAY PARTICLE INTERACTION WITH ORGANIC CHEMICAL FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS 297
8.4 CONTAMINANT SORPTION MECHANISMS 298
8.4.1 PHYSICAL ADSORPTION (PHYSISORPTION) 299
8.4.2 CHEMICAL ADSORPTION (CHEMISORPTION) 301
8.4.3 SPECIFIC ADSORPTION 302
8.4.4 RATE-LIMITING PROCESSES-HEAVY METALS 304 8.5 LABORATORY
DETERMINATION OF PARTITIONING 305
8.5.1 BATCH EQUILIBRIUM TESTS AND ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS 307 8.5.1.1
INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 307
8.5.1.2 ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS 310
8.5.2 COLUMN LEACHING TESTS 314
8.5.2.1 BREAKTHROUGH CURVES 318
8.6 PARTITIONING AND SOIL COMPOSITION 320
8.6.1 INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 320
8.6.1.1 SELECTIVE SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION (SSE) TECHNIQUE 320
8.6.2 ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS 324
8.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 328
REFERENCES 330
9. MOBILITY AND ATTENUATION OF CONTAMINANTS 333
9.1 INTRODUCTION 333
9.2 INTERACTIONS AND MOBILITY 334
9.2.1 INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 334
9.2.1.1 SOIL FRACTIONS AND SORPTION SITES 334
9.2.1.2 PH AND CHEMICAL BUFFERING 336
9.2.1.3 PH AND PRECIPITATION 336
9.2.1.4 SELECTIVITY, AFFINITY, AND PREFERENTIAL SORPTION 338
9.2.1.5 LIGANDS IN POREWATER 340
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIII
9.2.2 ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 343
9.2.2.1 NAPLS MOBILITY 344
9.2.2.2 VAPOUR PHASE AND VOLATILIZATION 346
9.3 MOBILITY AND ATTENUATION 347
9.3.1 PHYSICOCHEMICAL FORCES AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS 348
9.3.2 MODELLING FOR MACROSCOPIC TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS 351
9.3.2.1 DIFFUSION AND ADVECTION 351
9.3.2.2 IRREVERSIBLE AND REVERSIBLE SORPTION/ PARTITION MODELS 354
9.3.2.3 COUPLED FLOW OF WATER AND CONTAMINANTS 356 9.4 MICROSTRUCTURE
AND DIFFUSIVE TRANSPORT 358
9.4.1 SOIL STRUCTURE CONTROL 359
9.4.2 MOLECULAR DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT 361
9.5 ATTENUATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS 362
9.5.1 ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC PROCESSES 363
9.5.1.1 HYDROLYSIS 364
9.5.1.2 OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS 366
9.5.2 ORGANIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS 367
9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 369
REFERENCES 370
10. ENVIRONMENTAL SOIL BEHAVIOUR 375
10.1 INTRODUCTION 375
10.2 SOIL EVOLUTION AND AGEING PROCESSES 376
10.2.1 NATURAL AGEING PROCESSES 376
10.2.2 SOIL FRACTIONS AND NATURAL AGEING PROCESSES 377 10.2.3
TRANSFORMATION OF CLAY MINERALS 378
10.2.3.1 WEATHERING PROCESSES 378
10.2.3.2 ILLITIZATION FROM SMECTITE 379
10.2.4 BIOTRANSFORMATION OF CLAY MINERALS 381
10.2.4.1 STRUCTURAL IRON REDUCTION 383
10.2.4.2 MICROBIAL DISSOLUTION OF CLAY MINERALS 384 10.3 TIME-RELATED
CHANGES AND SOIL EVOLUTION 386
10.3.1 STRESSORS AND TIME-RELATED ACTIVITIES 388
10.3.2 TRANSPORTED CONTAMINANTS AND SOIL PERMEABILITY 388 10.3.3
TRANSPORTED CONTAMINANTS AND SOIL COMPRESSION 390 10.4 BIODEGRADATION
AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF CONTAMINANTS 392 10.4.1 BIODEGRADATION OF
ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 394
10.4.1.1 ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES 394
10.4.1.2 GASOLINE COMPONENTS BTEX AND METHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE)
395
10.4.1.3 HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 395
IMAGE 10
XIV CONTENTS
10.4.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION OF INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 396 10.4.2.1
BACTERIAL METABOLISM OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR 397
10.4.3 NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CONTAMINANTS 398
10.4.3.1 MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION 398
10.4.3.2 ATTENUATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 400
10.4.3.3 ATTENUATION OF HEAVY METALS 402
10.4.4 ENHANCED AND ENGINEERED NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CONTAMINANTS 403
10.4.4.1 BIOSTIMULATION 403
10.4.4.2 BIOAUGMENTATION 403
10.4.4.3 GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL INTERVENTION 404
10.4.4.4 PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS (PRBS) 404 10.5 FREEZE-THAW
SEASONAL IMPACT 406
10.5.1 FREEZING AND FROST PENETRATION 406
10.5.1.1 FREEZING INDEX 406
10.5.1.2 GEOTHERMAL PROFILES 407
10.5.1.3 FROST PENETRATION 408
10.5.1.4 FROST HEAVE AND HEAVING PRESSURES 411 10.5.1.5 CYCLICAL EFFECT
OF FREEZE-THAW 414
10.5.2 UNFROZEN WATER IN FROZEN SOILS 415
10.5.3 WATER MOVEMENT IN FROZEN SOILS 416
10.5.4 SALT CONCENTRATION AND UNFROZEN WATER CONTENT- SWELLING CLAYS 417
10.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 420
REFERENCES 421
INDEX 425
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Yong, Raymond N. 1929- Nakano, Masashi 1964- Pusch, Roland |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140809139 (DE-588)139897690 |
| author_facet | Yong, Raymond N. 1929- Nakano, Masashi 1964- Pusch, Roland |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Yong, Raymond N. 1929- |
| author_variant | r n y rn rny m n mn r p rp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040135906 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA710 |
| callnumber-raw | TA710 |
| callnumber-search | TA710 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3710 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ZC 12300 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)794160273 (DE-599)BVBBV040135906 |
| dewey-full | 624.1/5136 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 624 - Civil engineering |
| dewey-raw | 624.1/5136 |
| dewey-search | 624.1/5136 |
| dewey-sort | 3624.1 45136 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Bauingenieurwesen Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040135906 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:17:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781439845295 1439845298 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2011046919 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024992968 |
| oclc_num | 794160273 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-634 |
| physical | XIX, 435 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Yong, Raymond N. 1929- Verfasser (DE-588)140809139 aut Environmental soil properties and behaviour Raymond N. Yong ; Masashi Nakano ; Roland Pusch Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2012 XIX, 435 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Soil mechanics Nakano, Masashi 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)139897690 aut Pusch, Roland Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024992968&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Yong, Raymond N. 1929- Nakano, Masashi 1964- Pusch, Roland Environmental soil properties and behaviour Soil mechanics |
| title | Environmental soil properties and behaviour |
| title_auth | Environmental soil properties and behaviour |
| title_exact_search | Environmental soil properties and behaviour |
| title_full | Environmental soil properties and behaviour Raymond N. Yong ; Masashi Nakano ; Roland Pusch |
| title_fullStr | Environmental soil properties and behaviour Raymond N. Yong ; Masashi Nakano ; Roland Pusch |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental soil properties and behaviour Raymond N. Yong ; Masashi Nakano ; Roland Pusch |
| title_short | Environmental soil properties and behaviour |
| title_sort | environmental soil properties and behaviour |
| topic | Soil mechanics |
| topic_facet | Soil mechanics |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024992968&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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