Zadowice nad Prosną: zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Łódź
Fundacja Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Wydawnictwo Fundacji Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego
14 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Zadowice on the Prosna river |
| Beschreibung: | 279 s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luzem il. (w tym kolor.). - zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 31 cm. 4 Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9788393203901 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Siciński, Wojciech |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Zadowice nad Prosną |b zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich |c Wojciech Siciński |
| 264 | 1 | |a Łódź |b Fundacja Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 279 s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luzem |b il. (w tym kolor.). - zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 31 cm. |e 4 Beil. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Wydawnictwo Fundacji Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego |v 14 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Zadowice on the Prosna river | ||
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| 651 | 7 | |a Zadowice |0 (DE-588)4996918-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149092269424640 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
.....................................................................................7
Obiekty zabudowy zespołu osadniczego
........................................................17
Analiza typologiczne
-
chronologiczna materiałów zabytkowych
...................................31
Zagadnienia gospodarcze
....................................................................61
Etapy rozwoju zespołu osadniczego w okresie wpływów rzymskich
..................................69
Rozplanowanie osad
........................................................................73
Wzajemne relacje elementów zespołu osadniczego (osady
-
cmentarzysko)
...........................77
Wielkość grupy ludzkiej zamieszkującej osady i użytkującej cmentarzysko
............................79
Elementy struktury społecznej
................................................................87
Miejsce zespołu osadniczego w Zadowicach w kaliskim skupisku osadniczym kultury przeworskiej
........93
Wnioski
..................................................................................95
Zakończenie
..............................................................................99
Zadowice
on the
Prosná
river. Settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture from the Roman period.
Summary
................................................................................101
Literatura
................................................................................107
Zestawienia..............................................................................
113
ANEKS
Paweł Marosik
Uwarunkowania naturalne zespołu osadniczego w Zadowicach nad Prosną. Zarys problemu
...........271
Natural determinants of settlement cluster at Zadowice on the
Prosná
river.
An outline of the issues. Summary
............................................................279
Zadowice on the
Prosná
river. Settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture from the Roman period
Wojciech Siciński
ZADOWICE ON THE
PROSNÁ
RIVER.
SETTLEMENT COMPLEX OF THE
PRZEWORSK
CULTURE FROM THE
ROMAN PERIOD
Summary
The study is devoted to the smallest settlement unit of
territorial character which constitutes the lowest level of
settlement organization. In order to deliberate upon settle¬
ment matters on the micro-scale, it is essential to become
familiar with a settlement complex, consisting of human
groups habitation areas [with economic-production ele¬
ments), as well as burial ones. A complex like this is provided
by Zadowice, district of
Kalisz,
for nearly
50
years explored
by the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in
Łódź.
It
is situated on a distinct morphological form at the bifurca¬
tion of the
Prosná
river and its tributary, the
Kiełbaśnica
river. The complex consists of a cemetery and the surround¬
ing settlements. The cemetery was in use throughout the
whole settlement period of the
Przeworsk
culture in the
area of Zadowice. Over the long period of its functioning,
the complex revealed signs of considerable changes due
to the economic and demographic development of the hu¬
man group inhabiting the territory. The main assumption of
the current study is to provide an accessible source base in
order to present a complete picture of changes of the basic
settlement unit of socio-economic character. However, a full
chronological range of the functioning of the complex was
impossible to be established. Therefore in the current study
it was limited to the period between the first half of the 1st,
and the beginning of the 4th century
A.D.,
as it can be sup¬
ported by both settlement and sepulchral sources.
Although the history of archaeological research in Zado¬
wice goes back to the period before World War II, the first
excavation works on this particular site were carried out in
August
1944,
during World War II. The research lasted only
three days and resulted in unearthing fourteen cremation
graves of the Pomeranian and the
Przeworsk
culture popu¬
lation. In
1952
the Museum of Archaeology in
Łódź
com¬
menced systematic excavation research of the cemetery,
which with intervals, lasted until
1982.
The excavations
works were supervised by A. Abramowicz (until
1956),
B.
Lepówna
(1957),
and E. Kaszewska (between
1959-1960
and
1970-1982).
They resulted in unearthing over
900
cre¬
mation graves of the Lusation, Pomeranian and
Przeworsk
culture population, throughout nearly all the period of their
functioning.
The first traces of a settlement feature were found dur¬
ing the cemetery research in
1959.
A quadrilateral pit, partly damaged was found in its
eastern part. It had no hearth, and contained not numerous
artifacts from the late Roman period, mostly in the form of
pottery, both hand-made and made on the wheel, as well as
lumps of greenish glass and an undetermined iron object.
The function of the feature in relation to the nearby graves
was not determined then, and further work in this area of
the site did not lead to a discovery of any other settlement
features.
The next settlement pit of half-dugout character was
unearthed in
1970.
During excavation works, resumed after
a 10-year break, a sounding method was applied on the site
in order to inspect how far the graves ranged westwards.
Thus three research units, covering the total area of
75
square meters, were explored. However, no grave features
were found in the sounding trench. Instead, a rather small
settlement pit was found, containing the Pomeranian and
the
Przeworsk
culture pottery. This discovery, along with
the previously found bloom (mass of iron and slag) indi¬
cated the presence of a settlement in the close vicinity of the
cemetery, which would, at least partly, correspond with the
cemetery material in terms of chronology. Unfortunately,
no further exploration of the settlement was carried out,as
most attention was paid to excavating the cemetery.
The first stationary settlement excavations in the area
of the Zadowice cemetery were undertaken in
1988.
They
aimed at finding out about the settlement structure of the
Przeworsk
culture in the designated settlement complex in
Zadowice area. The first to be explored was the settlement
on site la, excavated between
1988-1993,
and
1997-1998
(supplementary excavations), then the settlement on site
lb, excavated between
1993-1997,
and finally the settle¬
ment on site lc, explored between
1994-1995.
They all
led to a discovery of a number of features of dwelling and
production character. The archaeological material obtained
made it possible to distinguish the consecutive settlement
phases and link them to the appropriate grave areas on the
cemetery.
Zadowice settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture
from the Roman period was designated on the basis of the
excavation and survey research. It consists of a cemetery
and a number of connected settlements. It covers the area
of
4
square meters, and constitutes a small, basic settlement
unit.
The aim of the current study is to present the source
materials obtained in the period of nearly
50
years of ar¬
chaeological excavations in the area of Zadowice. These are
mostly materials from archaeological works carried out on
site
1 -
cemetery and settlements on sites la, lb and lc.
The other sites have been explored only as part of survey
research. These are sites
2, 3, 4, 5
and
6
at Zadowice, and
sites
14
and
17
at
Józefów.
Site
3
at Zadowice is dated to the
younger pre-Roman period, whereas the others are dated to
the Roman period.
Until now the cemetery at Zadowice, site
1,
has yielded
946
cremation graves, unearthed on the area of nearly
2.5
101
Zadowice
on the
Prosná
river. Settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture from the Roman period
ha, diversified in chronological and cultural terms. Regret¬
tably, a number of graves were destroyed during the second
part of the 19th, and the first part of the 20th century, when
the area was in use as arable land. The exact number of the
destroyed graves is difficult to estimate. Judging by the num¬
ber of the artifacts obtained through survey research, there
could have been as many as a few dozen graves in the forties
of the 20th century (central part of the cemetery underwent
the greatest damage). Some better preserved graves were
also seriously damaged by deep ploughing, especially as a
result of planting a pine forest in the 60-ies of the
20*
cen¬
tury. In our research we focused on
576
grave complexes,
dated to the Roman period. The most significant of those are
graves with clear chronological features which allow single
phase dating. The number of such graves is relatively small
-
180
graves (slightly over
30%
of graves from the Roman pe¬
riod)
.
We did not consider well dated graves from the oldest
phases of the Roman period (phase
В
-la and B-lb) which
do not have their chronological analogies on the excavated
settlements. Moreover, the cemetery yielded a number of
graves of the Lusation culture
(21
graves) from the
Hallstatt
period, the Pomeranian culture from the late
Hallstatt
pe¬
riod and
La Tene
period
(128
graves), and the
Przeworsk
culture from the younger pre-Roman period
(250
graves).
The excavation of the part of the cemetery occupied by the
Pomeranian culture graves has not yet been completed. The
whole cemetery material of multicultural character coming
from Zadowice and excavated before
1993,
was completed
and researched by E. Kaszewska (work in typescript).
The next site, marked as la, is the settlement at Zado¬
wice, explored on the area of
3 8
ares. The sounding research,
whose aim was to establish the position of the particular ele¬
ments of building development on the site, covered the area
of approximately
2
ha (W. Siciński
1996,
pp.
135 -151).
The
excavations yielded
137
features,
135
of which were linked
with the
Przeworsk
culture, mostly from the early phase of
the Roman period. They were of various function
:
huts, pits,
hearths, bloomeries, lime kilns, and a well. The other two
features come from the Middle Ages (12th century). Artifacts
mostly include pottery
-
about
20 000
fragments, only one
of which was made on the wheel, and the rest was hand¬
made. The inventory of pottery underwent a detailed anal¬
ysis. It came from half-dugouts of economic and dwelling
character
(19
features) and a well, and consisted of
15 000
vessel fragments in total. They were used for chronological
analyses, which are of primary importance in distinguishing
particular phases of settlement inhabitation. The inventory
is supplemented by other artifacts, such as tools, every-day
objects, ornaments, which are of great chronological value.
Metallurgical production was also precisely analyzed, fol¬
lowing a discovery of a number of furnaces for iron smelt¬
ing
-
bloomeries, grouped into small clusters, consisting of
a few furnaces each, of disorganized character. We must also
remember about lime kilns and hearths, at least some of
which might have been used as charcoal clamp.
The variety of features, especially those of production
character, enabled to perform a number of additional chemi¬
cal analyses mainly of bog ores, iron slag, and filings of lime
kilns. A separate analysis was carried out on a rather small
number of animal bones of post-consumption character, un¬
fortunately not very well preserved, due to unfavorable soil
conditions. The analysis aimed to describe the structure of
animal breeding, as well as the percentage of wild animal
bones in the whole inventory.
The next settlement at Zadowice, site lb, was explored
on the area of
28.75
ares
(W. Siciński
1998,
pp.
245-262).
At
least three zones of cultural layer, covering the area of be¬
tween a few and a few dozen ares, have been distinguished
(the exact numbers were obtained through sounding re¬
search). The layer was
60
cm thick and was gray-brown in
colour. The material obtained from the layer was of mixed,
multi-cultural character, ranging from the Lusation culture
of the Bronze Age to the early Middle Ages, clearly domi¬
nated by artifacts from the younger pre-Roman period. The
Roman period, especially its early phase, is only linked with
a fragmentarily preserved cultural layer, irregular in shape,
found in the southern part of the site. Archaeological fea¬
tures linked with this period include
3
hearths,
8
pits,
12
bloomeries grouped in two furnace clusters in the northern
and the southern part of the site. The features can be cer¬
tainly treated as a result of the penetration and economic
activity of the inhabitants of the nearby settlement on site
la. Apart from the aforementioned features from the early
Roman period, the site also yielded
: 4
pits of the Pomerani¬
an culture from the early
La Tene
period,
7
pits and a hearth
of the
Przeworsk
culture from the younger pre-Roman pe¬
riod and
1
pit from the early Middle Ages. There are also
4
features void of artifacts, which therefore cannot be dated.
The artifacts obtained include
:
approximately
17 400
pottery fragments, a few clay whorls, and a fragment of an
iron sickle. The Roman period is linked with an assemblage
of about
700
vessel fragments, usually quite fragmented and
uncharacteristic. Consequently, the source material from
the settlement, treated here as supplementary, will help
describe the economic character of the settlement, mostly
linked with the production of iron.
The last site of Zadowice settlement complex explored
during excavations was the settlement on site lc
(W. Siciński
1997,
pp.
67-84).
The deforestation of the dune where the
cemetery was situated in the second half of the 19th cen¬
tury, and the agricultural purposes for which the land was
used led to aeolian erosion. This, in turn, resulted in the fact
that part of the settlement was covered by a layer of sand,
over a dozen centimeters thick (especially in the southern
part of the site). However, in the northern and north-west¬
ern part of the site a reverse process has been observed. A
considerable amount of sand blown away from the surface
resulted in the fact that archaeological features were found
in a relatively shallow position, underneath the arable layer,
and thus some of them were seriously damaged by plough¬
ing. The area of
36.25
ares yielded a total of
76
archaeologi-
102
Zadowice
on the
Prosná
river. Settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture from the Roman period
cal
features,
67
of which are linked with the Roman period.
These include both, buildings buried in the ground
-
half-
dugouts and features, also of dwelling character, with a log
type of construction, only slightly buried in the ground. The
remaining features include pits hearths, bloomeries, lime
kilns, etc. Moreover, the settlement yielded
9
features of
the
Przeworsk
culture from the younger pre-Roman period
[pits, hearths, and lime kilns) and
1
hearth from the early
medieval period
(7 -
8th century]. The last group consists
of features void of artifacts, which makes dating impossible.
Artifacts include a big number of pottery shreds,
10 400
fragments, mostly hand-made, with a small number of those
made on the wheel. The material which underwent macro
and micro-morphological analyses, as well as chronological
ones included an inventory of vessel shreds from dwelling
and economic features
[10
features), and consisted of
3 000
fragments. Moreover, the site in question yielded a large
amount of daub (especially from buildings on the ground), a
smaller amount of iron slag, and a marginal number of ani¬
mal bones of post-consumption character. The material also
contained
:
clay spin whorls, weaving weighs, sandstone
whetstones and metal objects [ornaments, weapon, etc.)
There was also a vessel shred of terra
sigillata
type, very
significant for dating purposes.
The brief review of the artifacts unearthed during the
excavations reveals that we have at our disposal a rich
source base, both of settlement and sepulchral character.
This enables us to present a wide problem of the dynam¬
ics of settlement changes of Zadowice settlement complex
during the Roman period. As it has been previously men¬
tioned, the artifacts are supplemented by a whole range of
additional analyses of bog ores, iron slag, and animal bones,
which considerably enrich the possible interpretation of ar¬
chaeological facts. They are also supplemented by a series of
radio-carbon dating for two settlement features presented
(settlements on site la and lc), which coincide with our
conclusions as regards chronology.
Settlement material from site la, corresponding with
the early and the beginnings of the late phase of the Roman
period was selected for detailed analyses. So was the ma¬
terial from settlement lb, consisting of a small number of
features, mainly of production character, coming from the
early Roman period (most probably resulting from the eco¬
nomic activity of the settlement inhabitants on site la). To
a large extent archaeological material from the settlement
on site lc was taken into consideration. It is dominated by
inventories from the younger and late Roman period
(
with
insignificant contribution of material from the younger pre-
Roman period). The analysis of the settlement complex in
question was also supplemented by grave complexes from
the cemetery on site
1,
chronologically corresponding to the
aforementioned settlements from the Roman period.
The aim of the current study is firstly a thorough pre¬
sentation and analysis of the source material from the set¬
tlements on sites la, lb and lc from the Roman period, and
secondly, depicting mutual spatial relations and settlement
changes between two elements of the settlement complex,
i.e. the settlement (settlements) and the cemetery. An at¬
tempt to reconstruct the size of the group inhabiting the
settlement and using the cemetery, and showing the dynam¬
ics of its development in time and space will be of utmost
importance. The analysis particularly focuses on pottery
as mass material, coming from dwelling features. This and
some other chronologically valuable artifacts, as well as ra¬
dio-carbon dating allowed chronological identification of
homesteads, economic features, and distinguishing settle¬
ment phases for the settlement complex presented.
The current study discusses and characterizes all fea¬
tures of the building development as well as economic and
production features from all excavated settlements of the
complex in question. Similarly, the whole inventory of pot¬
tery and other artifacts underwent analyses from all settle¬
ments in the complex.
The next stage was a detailed discussion of economic
problems, i.e. agriculture and breeding, absolutely essen¬
tial for the development of the local community. This was
followed by a discussion of production activity, i.e. iron
smelting, obtaining charcoal and lime industry. The author
describes the necessary raw materials, the amount of pro¬
duction and its application in economy. Then the settlement
internal structure was presented, especially as regards plan¬
ning and mutual relations between its particular elements.
It was extremely important to decide on the chronology of
the consecutive stages of the spatial development of the
discussed settlement complex. Next the mutual relations
between the elements of the settlement complex were pre¬
sented, i.e. the relations between the settlement (possibly
concurrent settlements) and the cemetery. It is of utmost
importance to attempt the reconstruction of the size of the
group inhabiting the discussed settlement complex in its
consecutive development phases, as well as the presenta¬
tion of some elements of the social structure of the group
who used the cemetery. Finally, the place of Zadowice settle¬
ment complex was discussed, as the smallest settlement
element in a larger structure, known as
Kalisz
settlement
cluster.
The settlement complex in question functioned through¬
out almost the whole period of the development of the
Prze¬
worsk
culture. It developed around the cemetery used by in¬
habitants of the particular settlements. Stable, long-lasting
settlements were usually situated in the close vicinity of the
cemetery, with distance ranging from a few dozen to a few
hundred meters from it.
In the younger pre-Roman period the settlement on site
lb and site
3
at Zadowice was in use. Site lc at Zadowice
also bore traces of some settlement penetration of econom¬
ic-production character
(
a few settlement pits, hearths and
a lime kiln). The settlement from that period corresponds
with a compact group of
251
graves, situated mostly in the
central and southern part of the cemetery.
The most unknown settlement phase is the beginning of
the early Roman period (sub-phases B-la and B-lb). There
103
Zadowice on the
Prosná
river. Settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture from the Roman period
is no known settlement from this period. We can only sup¬
pose that it might have been in existence on the territory of
one or more unexcavated sites (settlement phase I). This
supposed settlement would correspond with a group of
84
graves, situated in the central, south-eastern and southern
part of the cemetery. They are a continuation of the zone
which was in use in the younger pre-Roman period.
At the end of phase Bl, in sub-phase B-lc of the Roman
period, a settlement on site la at Zadowice was founded by
a small group of inhabitants. The analysis of artifacts from
the settlement, mostly pottery, but also other objects mainly
made of metal, made it possible to distinguish three consec¬
utive settlement phases (settlement phases II-IV). Settle¬
ment phase II comprises sub-phase
Віс-Вга
(c.a.50-120
A.D.]
In this phase five dwelling buildings of half-dugout
type were simultaneously in existence. The settlement has
a circular layout with the homestead of the head of the fam¬
ily centrally located. There is a clear division into a dwell¬
ing part and economic-production part, the latter situated
on the outskirts of the settlement. In its initial phase, the
settlement was inhabited by a small group of over
20
peo¬
ple, belonging to
5
families. As regards the size of the group,
archaeological data coincide with anthropological ones.
This settlement phase corresponds with a group of graves
forming clusters, which indicate areas of use, in its north¬
ern, western, eastern, southern and south-eastern part of
the cemetery.
Settlement phase III on the settlement, site la, is char¬
acterized by a similar layout of spatial development as the
previous one. Five dwelling buildings and one large building
belonging to the head of the family were simultaneously in
use. It was built next to the predecessor s one in the central
part of the settlement. After burning down it was never re¬
built. In this phase the settlement was inhabited by a group
of about
25
people. Inner demographic development which
took place in this phase, led to a growth of a settlement net¬
work, and new settlements sprang up. The number of the
graves on the cemetery indicates that the settlements might
have been inhabited by as many as
14
families which stuck
to the tradition of the same place of burial on the cemetery,
depending on the family they came from. The cemetery is
clearly divided into five grave clusters, corresponding to the
main families inhabiting the settlement. In terms of chronol¬
ogy settlement phase III coincides with sub-phase B2b of
the Roman period (c.a.120-160
A.D.)
In settlement phase IV on site la, there were four
dwelling buildings of half-dugout type, inhabited by a group
of
22
people. The settlement complex discussed reaches the
peak of its demographic development. At the same time, two
or three other settlements may have functioned there, in¬
habited by the descendants of the families founders of the
first settlement on site la at Zadowice. Calculations based
on anthropological material indicate that the group inhabit¬
ing Zadowice settlement complex may have reached
22
fam¬
ilies. As in the previous phase, there are five separate grave
clusters on the cemetery, which correspond to family zones.
The settlement phase lasts throughout sub-phase B2/C1 of
the Roman period (c.a.
160-200 A.D.]
Site la at Zadowice has all the characteristics of a pro¬
duction settlement. Along with traditional activities con¬
nected with obtaining food (agriculture or breeding], we
can observe the development of ferrous metallurgy based
on the local deposits of bog ore. This activity is linked with
the settlement, practically from the very beginning of its ex¬
istence. A typical dwelling house was a half-dugout, buried
in the ground, with a log construction of walls, more rarely
vertical-post log construction. It covered the area of be¬
tween
15
and
72
square meters, whereas the average was
between
20-30
square meters. In all settlement phases the
settlement covers the area of approximately
0.5
ha. It is
particularly typical of settlement phases II and III that the
settlement has a circular spatial organization of building de¬
velopment, with the head of the family occupying the central
part. The central location of the head of the family may point
to a great significance of family structure in social organiza¬
tion. Family bonds are becoming of more importance, which
corresponds to the formation of separate grave zones on
the cemetery. There is also a clear division of the settlement
into a dwelling and production part, the latter being located
on the outskirts of the settlement. This is a typical layout of
most settlements of the
Przeworsk
culture.
At the end of the 2 d, possibly at the turn of the 2nd and
3rd century
A.D.,
the settlement on site la at Zadowice is
abandoned by its inhabitants. The reasons for this are dif¬
ficult to explain. The causes might have been of economic
character. Long-lasting, intensive exploitation of the natural
environment may have led to its degradation, which forced
the inhabitants to leave. It could also have been caused by a
general political situation after finishing the so called Mar¬
co
mannic
Wars in
180 A.D.,
the effect of which was, among
other things, large migrations of population in various re¬
gions of central European Barbaricum, as well as the expan¬
sion of the
Przeworsk
culture southwards of the Carpathian
Mountains and south-east towards the
Dniestr
river. It is
clear that from the 3rd century
A.D.
onwards we can observe
a decline in the number of graves. The northern, southern
and south-eastern parts of the cemetery cease to be used.
Most probably, some of the inhabitants of the hitherto func¬
tioning settlements migrated to other territories. It is pos¬
sible that all settlements were abandoned. However, some
part of the population may have stayed, giving rise to new
settlement foundations.
In the first decades of the 3rd century a new settlement
was founded on site lc at Zadowice. The analysis of the pot¬
tery material from the settlement, especially from dwelling
half-dugout features, let us link the beginnings of its func¬
tioning with settlement phase IV on site la, with a slight
chronological shift towards the younger Roman period.
This provided basis for distinguishing settlement phase V
characterized by nearly identical inventories of pottery as
the previous one, with a larger representation of the pottery
made on the wheel and different examples of metal artifacts.
104
Zadowice
on the
Prosná
river. Settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture from the Roman period
mainly fibulas. Chronologically it corresponds with the late
sub-phase
Cla
and sub-phase Clb of the Roman period.
Using absolute system of dating it is the period between
c.a.
200-220
to
260 A.D.
In its initial phase, the settlement
consisted of four dwelling buildings of half-dugout type,
used simultaneously by four families of
17-19
people. This
settlement phase corresponds only to the western and east¬
ern part of the cemetery. As in settlement phase III, it can be
assumed that the cemetery was used by about
14
families,
coming from at least two settlements, functioning simulta¬
neously.
In settlement phase VI, covering sub-phases C2-D1 of
the late Roman period
-
the beginnings of the early migra¬
tions of the population (c.a. 260-mid 4th century
A.D.)
there
is a great change in the housing development. It is, as it
seems, an element of overall changes of the
Przeworsk
cul¬
ture, which take place in the late Roman period and affect
various cultural patterns, e.g. the burial ritual. Previously
used dwelling buildings of half-dugout type, buried in the
ground, become abandoned. They are replaced by buildings
of a log structure, only slightly buried in the ground, occa¬
sionally covering a very large area.
Settlement on site lc at Zadowice seems to be a typi¬
cal agricultural settlement, although it provided very few
sources in this respect. We failed to find any traces of spe¬
cialized metallurgical activity. A few considerably damaged
bloomeries found on the site are probably the effect of activ¬
ity of people inhabiting the older settlement on site la. Bas¬
ing on the available sources, ferrous metallurgy in the area
of the middle
Prosná
river ceased to exist at the end of the
early Roman period [c.a. 2nd/3rd century
A.D.]
In both settlement phases described (V and VI) the
settlement was a rather small foundation, covering the area
of slightly less than
0.5
ha, with a clear distinction between
the older and the younger settlement zones. The location of
dwelling buildings may, like before, point to a circular form
of spatial organization, with the central part left empty. The
settlement is probably abandoned before mid 4th century
A.D.
The last graves of the
Przeworsk
culture on the cem¬
etery come from the same time.
The settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture at
Zadowice was created by groups of between
17-100
people
(the number fluctuates in the consecutive chronological
phases). The first group founded the settlement on site lb
at Zadowice. This took place at the beginning of the younger
pre-Roman period. The settlement was abandoned at the
end of this period, or at the very beginning of the next one.
Probably the same group founded a short-lived settlement
at the beginning of the early Roman period (phases Bla and
Bib). The conclusion is based on cemetery findings. The lay¬
out of the graves of the
Przeworsk
culture in the younger
pre-Roman period and the beginning of the early Roman
period (sub-phases Bla and Bib) indicates that the group
of people using the cemetery is the same. This changes at
the end of phase Bl (sub-phase Blc), when the group of
people, hitherto using the cemetery, leave the region. The
location of the previously mentioned settlement from the
beginnings of the early Roman period has not been deter¬
mined during excavation works. We can only make supposi¬
tions about its location and the time of duration. The reason
why its inhabitants migrated might have been purely eco¬
nomic. Swiftly impoverished poor-quality soil, linked with
extensive methods of economy could have made the settle¬
ment inhabitants look for new, more fertile land for farming.
Instead, a new small group of about
20
people came to
live in this place and founded the settlement on site la at
Zadowice. The new group was capable of iron smelting and
burning lime, so they were independent of external barter.
We can observe a change of burial rituals on the cemetery,
which manifests itself in burying the dead in separate family
zones. A new settlement system develops
:
from the moth¬
er-settlement on site la spring several other concurrent
settlements (two or three), which are inhabited by extended
families. The development takes place in the second half of
the 1st and the whole of the 2nd century
A.D.
The settlement
was in use for
150
years.
At the end of the 2nd century, or possibly at the turn of
the 2nd and 3rd century
A.D.
the settlement was abandoned,
although some other ones, founded at a later time, were still
in use. This is certainly proved by the situation on the cem¬
etery, which bears traces of continuous use, although there
is a visible decline in the number of burials. It is possible
that leaving the settlement was connected with Marcoman-
nic Wars
(166/167 180
A-D.).
At the beginning of the 3rd century
A.D.
some families
-
descendants of the first settlement inhabitants on site la,
founded a new settlement on site lc at Zadowice. It was in¬
habited until before mid
4Ű1
century
A.D.,
i.e. approximately
for
130
years. The reasons why it was abandoned cannot be
linked with any particular events taking place on the ter¬
ritory of the
Przeworsk
culture. The period of the second
half of the 3rd and the whole of the 4th century is the time of
extensive migrations of population on the large territory of
Barbaricum. They mostly happened westwards and south¬
wards to the borderland of the Roman Empire. On the ter¬
ritory of the
Przeworsk
culture the process is marked by a
gradual decline in the density of settlements. On the cem¬
etery at Zadowice we can clearly observe a decrease in the
number of graves. This phenomenon should be linked with
migration processes of the settlement inhabitants to new
territories (migration of economic character).
In the settlement system of
Kalisz
settlement cluster,
the presented complex is a small foundation inhabited and
intensively used economically by a rather small group of
people (numbers fluctuate in particular settlement phases),
characterized by a long-lasting tradition of settling. It is
one of the smallest elements of the settlement structure of
a higher rank, tribal in character, which is distinguished at
the beginning of the early Roman period in the region of the
middle
Prosná
river. Foundations of this type were certainly
a dominating settlement form at the basin of the middle
Prosná
river. Alongside these, there were other large and
105
Zadowice
on the
Prosná
river. Settlement complex of the
Przeworsk
culture from the Roman period
long-lasting settlements, which were settlement centres for cemetery on the dune, where site
1
is located, resumed its
bigger territories (e.g. settlement in
Kalisz
-
Piwonice]. In function thanks to the inhabitants of the village of Zadowice,
some periods these settlements played a leading political at the time between
її11 -ІЗ 1
century
A.D.
It was a cemetery
role on the territory of
Kalisz
settlement cluster. with a row layout, consisting of inhumation graves. After
The settlement of the
Przeworsk
culture in the settle- this time the place stopped performing its primary function
ment
complex at Zadowice finally ceased to exist before mid as the place of burial.
4th century
A.D.
After a nearly seven-hundred break, the
106
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Siciński, Wojciech |
| author_facet | Siciński, Wojciech |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Siciński, Wojciech |
| author_variant | w s ws |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040128518 |
| classification_rvk | NF 1625 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)796219438 (DE-599)GBV689496583 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Zadowice (DE-588)4996918-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Zadowice |
| id | DE-604.BV040128518 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:17:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788393203901 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024985737 |
| oclc_num | 796219438 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-12 |
| physical | 279 s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luzem il. (w tym kolor.). - zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 31 cm. 4 Beil. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Fundacja Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Wydawnictwo Fundacji Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego |
| series2 | Wydawnictwo Fundacji Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego |
| spelling | Siciński, Wojciech Verfasser aut Zadowice nad Prosną zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich Wojciech Siciński Łódź Fundacja Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego 2011 279 s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luzem il. (w tym kolor.). - zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 31 cm. 4 Beil. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wydawnictwo Fundacji Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego 14 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Zadowice on the Prosna river Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 gnd rswk-swf Zadowice (DE-588)4996918-3 gnd rswk-swf Zadowice (DE-588)4996918-3 g Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 s DE-604 Wydawnictwo Fundacji Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego 14 (DE-604)BV026425115 14 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024985737&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024985737&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Siciński, Wojciech Zadowice nad Prosną zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich Wydawnictwo Fundacji Badań Archeologicznych Imienia Profesora Konrada Jażdżewskiego Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4176107-8 (DE-588)4996918-3 |
| title | Zadowice nad Prosną zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich |
| title_auth | Zadowice nad Prosną zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich |
| title_exact_search | Zadowice nad Prosną zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich |
| title_full | Zadowice nad Prosną zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich Wojciech Siciński |
| title_fullStr | Zadowice nad Prosną zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich Wojciech Siciński |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zadowice nad Prosną zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich Wojciech Siciński |
| title_short | Zadowice nad Prosną |
| title_sort | zadowice nad prosna zespol osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wplywow rzymskich |
| title_sub | zespół osadniczy kultury przeworskiej z okresu wpływów rzymskich |
| topic | Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Siedlung Przeworskkultur Zadowice |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024985737&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024985737&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV026425115 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sicinskiwojciech zadowicenadprosnazespołosadniczykulturyprzeworskiejzokresuwpływowrzymskich |