The environmental case: translating values into policy
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
CQ Press
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 591 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781604266122 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The environmental case |b translating values into policy |c Judith A. Layzer |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: The environmental case
Autor: Layzer, Judith A
Jahr: 2012
Contents
About the Author xvii
Preface xix
1 A Policymaking Framework: Defining Problems and
Portraying Solutions in U.S. Environmental Politics i
Two Critical Features of U.S. Environmental Policymaking 1
The Clash of Values at the Heart of Environmental Policymaking 2
How Activists Define Problems and Characterize Their
Solutions to Gain Political Support 5
Major Actors in Environmental Policymaking 9
Government Decision Makers 9
Actors Outside of Government 13
The Environmental Policymaking Process 16
Windows of Opportunity and Major Policy Change 16
The Role of Policy Entrepreneurs in Softening
Up and Tipping 17
The Importance of Process and History 18
Case Selection 19
Tackling the Issue of Pollution 19
History, Changing Values, and Resource Management on
Public Lands 20
Addressing Commons Problems 20
Antienvironmental Backlash and New Approaches:
Incentives, Restoration, and Resilience 21
Getting the Most Out of the Cases 22
Recommended Reading 23
Notes 23
Part 1 Tackling the Issue of Pollution
2 The Nation Tackles Pollution: The Environmental Protection
Agency and the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts 28
Background 29
Early Efforts to Address Air Pollution 29
Early Efforts to Address Water Pollution 30
The Case 31
Environmentalism Becomes a Popular Cause 32
Celebrating Earth Day 1970 32
The Polls Confirm a Shift in Public Opinion 34
Politicians Respond 35
Implementation: Idealism Tempered 42
The 1977 Clean Air and Water Act Amendments:
Relaxing the Law 47
Outcomes 4°
Conclusions 5°
Questions to Consider 51
Recommended Reading 51
Website 51
Notes 51
Love Canal: Hazardous Waste and the Politics of Fear 56
Background 57
The Case a
The City of Niagara Falls Stonewalls 61
The Local Media Raise Residents Concern 62
Assessing (and Avoiding) Blame 63
The National Media Expand the Scope of the Conflict 64
The Outer Ring Residents Are Left Behind 66
Experts versus Citizens 67
Health Studies Breed Panic and More Publicity 69
Figuring Out Who Will Pay 71
The Final Evacuation 73
Outcomes 73
The Suverfund Law 74
Remediation and Resettlement of Love Canal 75
Conclusions 7^
Questions to Consider 7^
Recommended Reading 78
Websites 78
Notes 79
Community Activism and Environmental Justice: The Dudley
Street Neighborhood Initiative 83
Background 85
The Case 87
Origins of the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative 88
Cleaning Up: Don t Dump on Us 91
Imagining (and Creating) an Urban Village 93
Cleaning Up Brownfields and Fostering Urban Agriculture 99
Sustaining the Momentum 101
Outcomes 102
Conclusions 103
Questions to Consider 105
Recommended Reading 105
Websites 105
Notes 105
Part 2 History, Changing Values, and Resource
Management on Public Lands
5 Oil Versus Wilderness in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 109
Background 110
A History of Resource Exploitation in Alaska 111
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy 111
The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation
Act (ANILCA) 113
The Case 114
The ANWR Coalitions 116
The Battle to Frame the Problem, 1986-1992 117
The Political Contest, 1986-1992 121
ANWR Proposals on the Quiet, 1993-1999 126
The 2000 Presidential Campaign and President Bush s
Energy Policy 128
Outcomes 132
Conclusions 133
Questions to Consider 134
Recommended Reading 135
Websites 135
Notes 135
6 Federal Grazing Policy: Some Things Never Change 140
Background 141
Introducing Grazing in the West 142
The Origins of Grazing Regulation 142
Grazing Policy Controversies, 1940 through the Late 1960s 145
The Case J47
Environmentalists Arguments 147
Ranchers Resistance to Reform 149
The Federal Land Policy Management Act 151
The Carter Administration, 1977-1981 151
The Reagan Administration, 1981-1989 153
The George H. W. Bush Administration, 1989-1993 155
The Early Clinton Years, 1993-1994 156
The Republican Congress Retaliates, 1995-1997 159
Administrative Policymaking Redux 162
Outcomes l62
Conclusions 166
Questions to Consider 167
Recommended Reading 167
Websites
Notes
168
168
Jobs Versus the Environment: Saving the Northern
Spotted Owl 174
Background 176
The Case 178
Land Managers Try to Solve the Problem Quietly, Locally 178
The Emerging Science of Owls and Old-Growth Forests 180
The Forest Service Region 6 Guide 181
The Pressure Mounts to List the Owl as Endangered l82
Interest Group Confrontations: Lawsuits and PR Campaigns 183
The Region s Elected Officials Get Involved l85
The Thomas Committee Report l86
The Argument Shifts to Economic Costs l87
Congress Takes Up the Issue l88
The Crisis Escalates 189
The Clinton Plan 0
The Timber Salvage Rider 192
The Bush Administration Relaxes Timber
Harvest Restrictions 195
Outcomes 197
Conclusions 201
Questions to Consider 202
Recommended Reading 203
Websites 203
Notes
203
Playground or Paradise? Snowmobiles in Yellowstone
National Park 209
Background 211
The Origins of Yellowstone National Park 211
The National Park Service Is Born 212
The Case 215
Allowing Snowmobiles in Yellowstone 215
The Origins of the Snowmobile Ban 216
Competing to Define the Problem in the Snowmobile Debate 217
Motorized Recreation versus Protection 220
The Evolution of the Snowmobile Ban 221
A New Ideology and a New Rule 226
Legal Challenges 228
Outcomes 230
Conclusions 232
Questions to Consider 234
Recommended Reading 235
Websites 235
Notes 235
Part 3 Addressing Commons Problems
Crisis and Recovery in the New England Fisheries 240
Background 242
The Case 244
Scientists Assessments of New England s Groundfish 245
Establishing a Cooperative Management Regime 246
Devising a Multispecies Groundfish Fishery Management Plan 248
The Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan 249
The Conservation Law Foundation Lawsuit 250
Amendments 251
Scientists Issue Another Warning 252
Fish Stocks Crash 253
Bailing Out the Fishers 254
Amendment 7 and Contrasting Problem Definitions 254
Reauthorizing the Magnuson Act 256
The Focus Shifts to Gulf of Maine Cod 257
Amendment 9 and a Second Lawsuit 258
Revising Magnuson-Stevens and Adopting a Sector-Based
Approach
Outcomes
Conclusions
Questions to Consider 2b5
Recommended Reading 265
Websites
Notes
260
262
264
265
266
10 Climate Change: The Challenges of International
Environmental Policymaking 270
Background 272
The Case 275
International Concern Leads to an Intergovernmental Panel 276
The Bush Administration Demurs 277
The Clinton Administration: Hopes for U.S. Leadership
Bloom and Fade 280
Defining the Climate Change Problem in the United States 281
The Kyoto Protocol 218
Promoting the Kyoto Protocol Back Home 288
The Hague, 2000 289
The Bush Presidency 292
Climate Change Science Solidifies 294
Outcomes 299
Conclusions 300
Questions to Consider 301
Recommended Reading 301
Websites 302
Notes 302
11 Cape Wind: If Not Here, Where? If Not Now, When? 308
Background 311
The Case 314
The Cape Wind Proposal 315
Opposition to Cape Wind Forms 3l6
Cape Wind s Defenders Fight Back 319
The Tortuous Permitting Process Begins 321
Cape Wind Gains Ground, Despite Setbacks 327
Obtaining Permits from the State 328
Moving toward a Federal Permit 330
Outcomes 332
Conclusions 334
Other Alternative Energy Siting Controversies 334
Resolving or Averting Alternative Energy Siting Controversies 336
Questions to Consider 338
Recommended Reading 338
Websites 338
Notes 338
12 Trade Versus the Environment: Dolphins, Turtles, and
Global Economic Expansion 348
Background 351
The Case 352
The Tuna/Dolphin Dispute 353
The Shrimp/Turtle Case 366
Outcomes 373
The WTO and the Environment 373
Dolphins, Sea Turtles, and Other Bycatch 375
Conclusions 376
Questions to Consider 377
Recommended Reading 377
Websites 378
Notes 378
Part 4 Antienvironmental Backlash and New Approaches
13 Backlash: Wise Use, Property Rights, and Antienvironmental
Activism in the 1990s 383
Background 385
Reagan Administration Policies 387
The Wise Use Movement 388
The Property Rights Movement 389
The Case 390
Using Ideas to Mobilize Support 391
Legal Theory and Litigation 393
Harassment and Intimidation 396
The Legislative Response to Antienvironmentalism 397
Outcomes 404
Conclusions 406
Questions to Consider 408
Recommended Reading 408
Websites 409
Notes 409
14 Market-Based Solutions: Acid Rain and the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 414
Background 4l6
Acid Rain Gets on the U.S. Agenda 4l6
The Carter Administration Responds 417
The Case 417
The Emerging Scientific Consensus on Acid Rain 4l8
Crafting and Disseminating a Compelling Story about
Acid Rain 420
Resistance to Acid Rain Controls in the Reagan
Administration 421
Congressional Dfufstons in the Reagan Years 423
Acid Rain s Rising Salience 425
Prospects for Controls Improve in the Bush Administration 425
Implementing the Acid Rain Provisions 431
Outcomes 433
The Economic Impacts of Title IV 433
The Ecological Impacts of Title IV 434
New Research Spurs Calls for More Controls 437
Conclusions 439
Questions to Consider 441
Recommended Reading 441
Websites 441
Notes 441
15 Ecosystem-Based Management in the Chesapeake Bay 447
Background 449
The Case 454
The 1980s and 1990s: Holding the Line 455
2000-2008: A New Bay Agreement, but No Improvement 466
Outcomes 474
Conclusions 477
Questions to Consider 478
Recommended Reading 479
Websites 479
Notes 479
16 Making Tradeoffs: Urban Sprawl and the Evolving System of
Growth Management in Portland, Oregon 488
Background 491
The Case 494
Regional Planning in the Portland Metropolitan Area 495
Transportation Planning 497
Development Rules 499
The Results of Planning 500
Institutionalizing Civic Engagement in Portland 502
Trouble in Paradise: Measures 7 and 37 504
Outcomes 508
Conclusions 509
Questions to Consider 510
Recommended Reading 511
Websites 511
Notes 511
17 Hurricane Katrina Hits New Orleans: Disaster, Restoration,
and Resilience 515
Background 517
The Case 523
Disaster Strikes 524
The Aftermath 528
What Happened and Why? 530
Rebuilding and Conflicting Ideas about Restoration 534
Outcomes 540
Conclusions 543
Questions to Consider 546
Recommended Reading 546
Websites 546
Notes 546
18 Conclusions: Politics, Values, and Environmental
Policy Change 556
The Strength of the Status Quo 556
Legislative Policy Change 557
The Importance of Building Coalitions 558
The Crucial Role of Leadership 559
Using Information to Define Problems 560
Administrative Policy Change 562
The Courts 562
Ecosystem-Scale Collaboration and Nonregulatory
Approaches 563
Acknowledging the Role of Values 563
Notes 565
Index 567
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