"Balkanizacijata": geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Bulgarian |
| Published: |
Sofija
Voenno Izdat.
2011
|
| Edition: | 1. izd. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "Balkanization" |
| Physical Description: | 447 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789545094620 |
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| adam_text | Summary
„Balkanization . A Geopolitical Phenomenon in Conflictology
Georgi
Markov
If you unfold the most famous encyclopedias you would find that the description of
the Balkans is followed by the negatively burdened geopolitical term „Balkanization
implying definitions like: „the powder-keg of Europe , „a center of smoldering
conflicts and crises , „a hot spot of tension in international relations , etc. The bloody
dissolution of Yugoslavia in the
1990s
confirmed the lamentable reputation of this
crossroad region with the inhuman manifestations of „re-Balkanization . Today the
Slovenes, the Croats and the Romanians persist that they belong to Central or to
Eastern Europe and the wretched name „Balkans is being shyly replaced by the wider
term „Southeast Europe . Young generations lay stress on their „European identity
and also refrain from calling our geographic region with the name which the German
scholars gave to it
200
years ago.
The purpose of this book is to prove who, when and how „Balkanized Southeast
Europe so that they could subsequently castigate it as the „volcanic border land of
Europe . The very term emerged and became popular during the Balkan Wars and
World War One but it had long background. The study begins with the Eastern Crisis
of
1875-1878
and the predetermining decisions of the Congress of Berlin which
replaced the ethnic borders with „strategic boundaries so that no one nation in the
Balkans could achieve its full liberation and unification. This created conditions for
the development of a satellite syndrome because each Balkan state needed „a patron
to protect it in the authoritative „European Concert .
„The Bulgarian Crisis of
1885-1887
is examined in the light of the contradictions
among the Great Powers since it violated the notorious „balance in the Balkans at an
inconvenient moment for them to pose the Eastern Question. The success of the Act of
Unification made the other Balkan states eliminate the possibility of an administrative
autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace and brought closer their geopolitical
interests to the detriment of the Bulgarians. Which is more; they helped the Ottoman
Empire and hypocritically persuaded it that the
San Stefano
ideal hided most dangerous
perspectives for it at contrast to their own national doctrines.
Special attention is paid to the Balkan policy of Russia and Austria-Hungary
as the most interested parties in the matter which were the authorized guarantees
of the territorial status quo and zealously watched over its observance. The gradual
replacement of the British influence over the Bosphorus by the German one extended
the significance of the Balkans as „a bridge from Central Europe to the Orient and
placed them in the zone of tension among the Powers during the preparations for the
Great War for „redistribution of the world . Each European Power aimed at involving
the Balkan states or at leas some of them in the imperialistic coalition they were
building at the same time encouraging their rivalry and struggle for superiority in the
peninsula.
The classic clash between the restored nation states and the empires did not exclude
unequal cooperation when the empire as a geopolitical factor needed „an instrument of
444
influence
in the region. At that, the Balkan monarchs and governments were misled
that it were them who chose their protectors and had not been previously picked out by
them. They were ready to sell more expensively the state sovereignty relying on one or
another Great Power to accomplish their national doctrine provided that the latter had
not already attracted some neighboring Balkan state. This kind of an auction for the
price of the mutual aid was in favor of the respective European power which had bigger
opportunities for reshaping the geopolitical space of
„Balkánica Volcánica .
The Great Powers aimed at preserving the „Ottoman legacy until circumstances
were ripe for its ultimate and full division; meanwhile each of them promised to leave
„something to its Balkan allies as well. The reformist action until the Young Turks
revolution was a kind of safety-valve for the discontent of the oppressed non-Turkish
nations in European Turkey. The failure of the uprisings and diplomacy increasingly
directed the Balkan governments to a Balkan solution of the Eastern Question.
The Balkan Crisis of
1908-1909
led to the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
to the proclamation of the Independent Bulgarian Kingdom and to the complication of
the Crete Issue. The end of the
1897
agreement between Russia and Austria-Hungary
promised an inevitable military conflict. The war between Belgrade and Vienna
which was to precede it was postponed due to the unpreparedness of their allies. The
disintegrating „European Concert needed „the Powder-keg in order to find a suitable
casus
belli for the Great War.
The surprising Balkan League created under the patronage and through the
intermediation of Russia for war against Austria-Hungary turned against the Ottoman
Empire. Not capable of preventing the First Balkan War, the European Powers tried
to localize it. The victory won over the common „century-old enemy revived the
veneered contradictions between the Balkan allies. At the Peace Conference of
London the authoritative powers refrained from interfering in the distribution of the
liberated territories under the pretext that agreements had been concluded on the
matter. However, Serbia and Greece refused to comply with their territorial clauses,
maintained the principle of „the effective possession and formed an alliance against
Bulgaria. The supreme arbiter Nikolai II disengaged himself from the hard obligations
he had assumed.
King Ferdinand and the High Command provided
a casus
belli for the Inter-Ally
War which developed into a Second Balkan War with the interference of Romania
and the Ottoman Empire. The European Powers were impressed by the proportion of
„five against one belligerent states and Bulgaria remained encircled in a front ring
and international isolation. The Peace Treaty of Bucharest imposed new „strategic
boundaries at the expense of Bulgaria s national unification. The term „Balkanization
circulated in diplomatic records and newspapers implying „the fragmentation and
hostility in the Balkans after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Europe and
later with the break up of the
Habsburg
Monarchy.
One year after that „the Balkanization of the world began as the assassination at
Sarajevo was readily made use of as
a casus
belli for WWI. The Balkans turned into
a key geopolitical space for the closing or the opening of the continental blockade
around the Central Empires. The Balkan states sided with different coalitions which
promised them accomplishment of their national unification, and something more.
From the autumn of
1917,
after the collapse of the Eastern Front, Germany considered
the Western Front to be decisive while the Entente continued to mass troops on the
445
Southern Front.
This led to the break-through at
Dobro
Pole and Bulgaria dropped out
of the war. Being again cut off from the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire passed
into history.
The punishment of the defeated peoples in Paris became a prerequisite for further
development of „Balkanization on a world scale. The „sanitary cordon against
Bolshevik Russia and militaristic Germany included Yugoslavia and Romania, both of
them artificially enlarged states, created by the victors which really upset „the balance
in the Balkans to the disadvantage of Bulgaria and Hungary. After the fall of the
four empires, the Versailles system gave rise to miniature models of theirs which had
nothing in common with the nation states. The motto „Revision means war was not in
favor of peace. The vanquished replied: „There are no eternal treaties!
Unfortunately, the geopolitical price of the Balkans becomes highest in years
of crises and conflicts. In the autumn of
1940,
when due to Mussolini s adventure in
Greece Hitler had to divert considerable forces in order to take control of the Balkans,
this led to a five weeks delay of
„Barbarossa
operation against the Soviet Union. The
unrealized „Balkan variant of Churchill in
1943
changed the geostrategic circumstances
in Southeast and Eastern Europe and made him conclude the percentages bargain with
Stalin for the division of Southeast Europe into spheres of influence.
WWII was a collision of nations and ideologies so that its end reasonably lapped
over the beginning of the subsequent Cold War. The Balkan states took part in the
East-West confrontation according to the change of correlation of powers outside the
region. Yugoslavia declared itself „non-aligned , Albania and Romania chose the road
of „national communism ; Bulgaria remained Soviet satellite, while Greece and Turkey
formed the non-reliable Southeastern Front of NATO. Diversity was a guarantee for
more frequent periods of „thaw , but the big conflicts among the superpowers directly
affected the Balkan interrelations.
After the end of the Cold War Yugoslavia was no longer a necessary part of
the „sanitary cordon because the Soviet Union disappeared and reunited Germany
renounced militarism. At first the Great Powers unsuccessfully tried to save their
„Versailles creature but after that Yugoslavia was left to die in dreadful bloodshed.
The idea of „re-Balkanization is suggested by those who want to prove that the Balkan
people are „second grade Europeans and therefore they are to blame for staying out
of United Europe. Most studies on this topic start with Tito s death in
1980
and not
with the Paris Conferences in
1919-1920
and
1946-1947.
The investigation of the
deep roots of the „re-Balkanization leads to other inferences and general conclusions
which this book argues.
The content of this monograph is subordinate to the comparative approach as
the chronological limits span
125
years divided according to the respective historical
epochs. The basic potential points of crises and conflicts are named in the end of the
book in an attempt to connect history with future. The book suggests new interpretations
with a view to the North-South confrontation and „the clash of civilizations which
have accumulated century old bitter experience in this region.
The author holds that the Great Powers „balkanize Southeast Europe carrying
through their interests without asking the Balkan peoples themselves. What is more,
they are impudent enough as to accuse them of the crimes they themselves have done
placing on them the moral responsibility for the notorious „Balkanization . In fact,
exactly the main culprits for „the Balkanization signed the Treaty of Berlin of
1878
446
and the Paris dictates after the World Wars. It is well known that one injustice can not
be repaired by another one.
Of course, the author does not deny „the Balkan atrocities but they can not be
even slightly compared to neither the Hundred Years War and Thirty Years War nor
the St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre and still less to GULAG and Auschwitz, Dresden
and Hiroshima. At that, the conflicts in the Balkans to a great extent stem from those in
Europe and in the world or as the British diplomacy defines it
-
„Bacillus Balkanicus
is contagious in all geopolitical directions. The trouble of it is that the Great Powers
not only determine the agenda of History but subsequently pass final judgment of
guilty without right to appeal and allow no reciprocity which is also transferred to the
haughtiness of their historians.
If the Balkan people are to blame for something, this is their ceaseless mutual
vilification about which hundreds of books in the most poplar languages can be found
in the big world libraries. It is high time for us to understand that the constantly repeated
accusations in real and more often exaggerated „atrocities act like a boomerang against
the entire Balkans. Here we recognize our differences but the further we move away
from our peninsula the less distinct we become and in the end for „those over there
we are all a community of „suspicious Balkan fellows .
In the recent
22
years well-paid representatives of foreign foundations have tried
hard to persuade us that „the Balkans produce more history than they can consume . In
the name of reconciliation among the Balkan peoples, they say, we should „skip the
wars, uprisings and bloodshed in general because they remind of „the Balkanization
and contain „uneasy truth So we should replace the history of events with the history
of everyday life. Politicizing of history once more bodes nothing good since we have
already experienced the drama of „the big and the small justice . History should be
written the way it happened and without tearing off „bad pages . The hard lessons
of „the Balkanization are valuable because they explain the attitude of the others
towards us and at the same time help us to discern ourselves among the multiform
„European family .
The author of this book is aware of his own nationality bias but holds the idea that
first we should learn at least to listen to each other. In contrast to historians, truth has
no nationality but implies different view points which may at least draw closer if not
coincide. In this way, in indefinite future we, Balkan historians, could write together the
common history of the Balkan peoples instead of leaving this task only to other centers
of Balkan studies outside the region. However, before this seemingly unachievable
dream may come true we all together should bid „farewell to Balkanization . I know
it is even harder to do it but it is worth trying. As for the „Great Balkanizers , let us
remind that they have no grounds to teach us which side of History is „right . It is
possible that our judges have taken the wrong one.
447
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
БЕСЕДИ СЪС СЪСЕДИ
........................................................................................................................5
Първа беседа
ВЕЛИКИТЕ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ БЛЯНОВЕ ЗА БЪДЕЩЕТО
...............................................................11
Втора беседа
ЗАПЛИТАНЕТО НА БАЛКАНСКИЯ
ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ
ВЪЗЕЛ
..............................................24
Трета беседа
„БАЛКАНСКОТО РАВНОВЕСИЕ И „БЪЛГАРСКАТА КРИЗА
...................................................48
Четвърта беседа
„ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯТ КОНЦЕРТ И БАЛКАНСКОТО ХОРО
..............................................................79
Пета беседа
ЗОНАТА НА КОНФЛИКТИ „БАЛКАНИКА ВУЛКАНИКА
.........................................................102
Шеста беседа
БАЛКАНСКИЯТ СЪЮЗ ИЛИ „СЕДМАТА ЕВРОПЕЙСКА СИЛА
.............................................142
Седма беседа
„БАРУТНИЯТ ПОГРЕБ НА ЕВРОПА
..............................................................................................169
Осма беседа
ВСИЧКИ СРЕЩУ ЕДИН: „БАЦИЛУС БАЛКАНИКА
...................................................................204
Девета беседа
„БАЛКАНИЗИРАНЕТО НА СВЕТА
.................................................................................................238
Десета беседа
СЪСЕДСТВО ПО БАЛКАНСКИ: „ОКО ЗА ДВЕ
............................................................................270
Единайсета беседа
РАЗСЕЧЕНИТЕ ДВОРОВЕ: „ВЕРСАЙСКИЯТ РЕД НА БАЛКАНИТЕ
.......................................299
Дванайсета беседа
ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЯТ КЛЮЧ НА БАЛКАНСКИЯ КРЪСТОПЪТ
.............................................334
Тринайсета беседа
„ГОЛЕМИТЕ СИ ПОДЕЛЯТ ЮГОИЗТОЧНА ЕВРОПА
................................................................366
Четиринайсета беседа
В ПРОТИВОПОСТАВЯНЕТО ИЗТОК-ЗАПАД
ПРЕЗ СТУДЕНАТА ВОЙНА
...............................................................................................................390
Петнайсета беседа
ВЪЗПЛАМЕНЯВАНЕТО НА „РЕБАЛКАНИЗАЦИЯТА
...............................................................409
СБОГОМ НА „БАЛКАНИЗАЦИЯТА
............................................................................................425
КНИГОПИС ЗА ЛЮБОЗНАТЕЛНИТЕ
..........................................................................................432
SUMMARY
............................................................................................................................................444
|
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| spelling | Markov, Georgi 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)12486404X aut "Balkanizacijata" geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto Georgi Markov 1. izd. Sofija Voenno Izdat. 2011 447 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "Balkanization" Balkanisierung (DE-588)4363910-0 gnd rswk-swf Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd rswk-swf Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 g Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s Balkanisierung (DE-588)4363910-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024968989&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024968989&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Markov, Georgi 1946- "Balkanizacijata" geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto Balkanisierung (DE-588)4363910-0 gnd Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4363910-0 (DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4058449-5 |
| title | "Balkanizacijata" geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto |
| title_auth | "Balkanizacijata" geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto |
| title_exact_search | "Balkanizacijata" geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto |
| title_full | "Balkanizacijata" geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto Georgi Markov |
| title_fullStr | "Balkanizacijata" geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto Georgi Markov |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Balkanizacijata" geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto Georgi Markov |
| title_short | "Balkanizacijata" |
| title_sort | balkanizacijata geopoliticesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto |
| title_sub | geopolitičesko javlenie v konfliktoznanieto |
| topic | Balkanisierung (DE-588)4363910-0 gnd Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Balkanisierung Geopolitik Südosteuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024968989&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024968989&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT markovgeorgi balkanizacijatageopoliticeskojavlenievkonfliktoznanieto |