Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy": Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902)
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kraków
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
2011
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Series: | Prace Amerykanistyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Life on the borderland and "life in-between" |
| Physical Description: | 157, [3] s. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788323332428 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804149044686094336 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
............................................................................................................................. 9
Rozdział I
Luzerne
County...........................................................................................
13
Początki
.................................................................................................................... 13
Przestrzeń walki: Jankesi i Pennamites
.................................................................... 14
Najwcześniejsi przybysze i ich tożsamość w czasach wczesnej Republiki
............. 18
Rozdział
II
Gospodarka, węgiel i społeczeństwo
......................................................... 23
1800-1880:
mieszkańcy
........................................................................................... 26
Irlandczycy
............................................................................................................... 26
Lata „chaosu
........................................................................................................... 30
Organizacje robotnicze w latach „chaosu
-
Irlandczycy i
Molly Maguires
.......... 30
Nowi przybysze
....................................................................................................... 35
Elita hrabstwa
........................................................................................................... 37
Rozdział
111
Polacy
....................................................................................................... 39
„Pionierzy
............................................................................................................... 39
Kościoły, kler, parafianie: przestrzenie porozumienia i konfliktu
............................ 42
„Hunkies i Irlandczycy
........................................................................................... 43
Wieloetniczny kler, wieloetniczni parafianie i demokratyzacja
............................... 46
Wilkes-Barre
............................................................................................................ 53
Polacy w Wilkes-Barre
............................................................................................ 53
Trustees
.................................................................................................................... 56
Plymouth..................................................................................................................
58
Hazleton, Freeland
-
Polacy, Litwini i ks. Józef Maszotas
...................................... 61
Stosunki polsko-litewskie
........................................................................................ 65
Rusini
....................................................................................................................... 74
Polacy a
Rusini
........................................................................................................ 76
Hudson
-
Mill Creek
................................................................................................ 77
Plains........................................................................................................................
78
Glen
Lyon................................................................................................................. 79
Sugar Notch
............................................................................................................. 79
Duryea
...................................................................................................................... 82
Inne parafie
............................................................................................................... 83
Tworzenie świeckich
ram
organizacyjnych Polonii
................................................. 83
Klasa średnia
............................................................................................................ 90
8
Spis
tresei
Rozdział
IV
Praca -jej natura, konflikty w miejscach pracy i tożsamość
................... 93
Pozycja „Hunkies w kopalniach
............................................................................. 95
Warunki pracy
.......................................................................................................... 101
Bunty, strajki i związek zawodowy
.......................................................................... 109
1897Lattimer
........................................................................................................... 116
Strajk
1899
roku
....................................................................................................... 126
Strajk
1900
roku
....................................................................................................... 128
Strajk
1902
roku
....................................................................................................... 130
Bibliografia
.................................................................................................................... 145
Summary
........................................................................................................................ 155
Summary
LIFE ON THE BORDERLAND AND
„LIFE IN-BETWEEN : POLES (AND OTHERS)
IN THE ANTHRACITE FIELDS IN
LUZERNE
COUNTY. PA
(1753-1902)
Contrary to longlasting American cultural fabrications such as Plymouth Rock, the Statue
of Liberty etc, according to which immigrants were attracted to American shores by political
and religious freedom, social opportunity, and the chance of material success, historical real¬
ity shows something quite different. In fact, the history of
Luzerne
Co., located in Eastern
Pennsylvania in the middle of the anthracite coal belt Pennsylvania demonstrates this quite
well.
Luzerne
County is a microcosm, where researchers can follow the conflicts and compe¬
tition between immigrants and their descendents with other groups. Because of its
1
9th and
20th Century economic characteristic (the coal mining industry which dominated the area) the
transformation of immigrant peasants to nationalists and then ethnics occured faster compar¬
ing to many other US industrial centers. In this respect
Luzerne
Co. was unique. The nature
of work in
Luzerne
County decided that people s identity here was transformed earlier then
elsewhere in the country.
From its beginnings the process of populating
Luzerne
County, has been a history of the
collision of various ethnic groups within a small geographic territory. Immigration groups
came into conflicts but cooperated in some spheres as well. There were some neutral spheres
of contact, some severe conflicts, and finally compromises. Immigrants lived on the border¬
land (understood not as a territory but as conceptual idea) and experienced constant dynam¬
ic changes. These relations shaped the identity of individuals and groups. Group members
formed and transformed their identity
-
they could develop their own further or abandon the
homeland and discover a „central Anglosaxon millieu or adapt to the culture of another, more
attractive
-
as it seemed
-
group, in any case, the shaping of identities was a meandering and
uneasy road.
The area which would become the territory of
Luzerne
County, was settled late. Settlers
came from two directions. In
1754
the colony of Connecticut established the Susquehanna
Company, which bought land from six Indian tribes and started colonizing the region from
the east. Simultaniously from the southern part of Pennsylvania the Pennamites and Penn¬
sylvania Dutch (menonites,
quakers)
and other people arrived. The two groups of colonists
met and clashed, claiming their rights to the same land. Military conflicts in
1769-1771
and
1774-1775,
known as Pennamite wars,bred animosities that continued later.
When railroads replaced water as the principal means of communication, the region en¬
tered a new phase of development. The era of anthracite coal began. Descendents of Yan¬
kees and Scotch-Irish became owners of mines and pits. Welsh, Scots, Germans and English
156
Życie na pograniczu i „życie pomiędzy . Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym...
worked in mines as managers, supervisors or highly skilled workers. They arrived here or
were hired from Europe. In the city of Hazleton the first mine opened in
1836.
Who were the necomers and what were their relations with older inhabitants? What were
the relations between the groups? This is discussed in the first parts of the book. Newly ar¬
rived German immigrants perceived decendents of Pennsylvania Dutch as too conservative
although they appreciated that they retained
Deutschtum. In
the Nineteenth century the Irish
began arriving in significant numbers. They took the lowest positions of unskilled workers and
common laborers. Their conflict with the older settlers originated in animosities transplanted
from Europe. At work the Welsh and English clashed with the unskilled Irish. But the Welsh
were also in conflict with Germans as were the Yankees. Negative stereotypes towards Irish
were particularly strong and common.
Anti
Irish riots occured in Pennsylvania. The Irish tried
to strike back by organizing and protesting in the working places but their labor actions were
suppressed.
The expansion of coal mining and the introduction of new machinery led to the arrival and
employment of new groups of immigrants which changed the ethnic character of Pennsylvania
even more. Immigrants from Austro-Hungary and Russia dominated numerically. By the be¬
ginning of the Twentieth Century they composed
65%
of the inhabitants. Americans of Irish,
Welsh, German descent now overwhelmingly took upper posts in mines. This transformed
ethnic relations. Around
1900
the Irish entered the main stream of workers, enjoyed „Ameri¬
can standard of life and „white wages whereas Poles, Hungarians, Slovaks,
Ruthenians,
Lithuanians and Italians were largely the unskilled workers. Ethnic tensions in working places
and elsewhere reappeared, „the Irish
humiłitated
us in various ways remembered a Pole.
Sentiments were mutual. Bar fights were not uncommon. The Irish played, however, impor¬
tant role in the „Americanization of the newcomers, „a dual role
-
as guides to the ways of
America and as gatekeepers who were afforded the opportunity to harass and humilitate and
to sharpen the lines between the hyphenated American and the greenhorn as J.R. Barrett
and D. Roediger put it.
In the 1880s American Catholicism was dominated by Irishmen. Critics referred to it as
„One Holy, Irish, and Apostolic Catholic Church. Conflicts were unavoidable. Dramatic ten¬
sions were observed in ethnic parishes and they had national and ethnic sources. It was not
only Irish-Polish^Hunkies vs. Irish bishops conflict, but the one between various ideological
groups of Poles themselves, Poles and Lithuanians etc.
Priests of either Polish, Lithuanian or mixed background acted to raise the national con¬
sciousness of their parishioners. The struggle transplanted from Europe to the U.S. led finally
to deep division of two groups. The second group with which Poles entered into similar con¬
flict were
Ruthenians.
These ethnic animosities continued for years.
Nonetheless, it was work and labor which during two decades deeply transformed the
identity of
Luzerne
Co. inhabitants. By the
1
890s the „new immigrants became part of the
miners world. Animosities regardless, skilled and licensed miners for their own interest had to
teach Slavs, Lithuanians and Italians proper behavior in the work place.
The problems encountered by the recent immigrants summed up to the problem of dis¬
crimination in many spheres of life but in the work place first of all. Slavic people were re¬
ferred to as „Niggers in
Luzerne
Co. (but also elsewhere in the U.S.). American nativism was
omnipresent in Pensylvannia. „Old immigrants created in Pennsylvania anti-Catholic socie¬
ties such as Junior Order of American Mechanics and Patriotic Order of the Sons of America.
The other actions were less peaceful. Newthe
ragie
comers were attacked, beaten, humiliated.
Workers organizations and some unions tried to challenge such situations. The Knights of
Labor were rather inclusive but not too successful among immigrants. Only some Poles and
Life on the borderland and,,life in-between
... 157
Hungarians were
KOL
members in Priceburg and Shenandoah. In a sequence of strikes Slavs,
Hungarians and Lithuanians participated actively. Some episodes were particularly dramatic.
In
1897
in Lattimer strikers carried American flags and slogans, which demonstrated that
strikers felt part of American society, some of them applied for American citizenship. Their
watchwords communicated a simple message
-
newcomers aspired to full citizenship rights,
and rejected the status of second rank inhabitants. Slavic, Lithuanian and Italian immigrants
from Hazleton aspired for rights identical to those of Anglo-Saxons. The message was not
heard. On September
10, 1897
the tragic Lattimer massacre occured. It further mobilized
communities not only in the county but in the whole Mid-West and East of the country. Dis¬
regarding former animosities and inter ethnic tensions, societies organized joint gatherings,
meetings, protests
.
During the next five years in a series of strikes in
1899, 1900
and
1902
the new element of immigrants identity clearly appeared in north-eastern Pensylvania. The
new strategy of the United Mine Workers and John Mitchell in particular helped as well. Or¬
ganized labor recognized the potential of ethnicity and used ethnic solidarity to build union
power from Slavs, Lithuanians and Hungarians. Last strike began
12
of May
1902
and lasted
5
months. Determination of immigrants from Austro-Hungary and Russia determined its suc¬
cess. Unions recognized it.
A journalist
Andrzej Kolińnski
visited the anthracite fields a year after the
1902
strike. In
a weekly
„Ameryka
he shared with readers his observations: „First of all the miner here is in
the full meaning of the term a human being
[...]
In America
[...Ja
simple man transforms
into conscious citizen, who knows that he is needed in this country. In Pennsylvania the
transformations occur earlier then elsewhere . „Polish people s
[...]
solidarity which exists
among miner brothers is not to be found elsewhere. They all live like one big family
[...]
they
all consider themselves brothers . Thus, in the early Twentieth Century immigrants presence
in
Luzerne
County led to the creation of an American culture with ethnic roots and to the
formation of an American working class. This was part of the immigrants aspirations. At the
same time the national identity, which they had aquired during their stay in Pennsylvania, was
transformed into American ethnicity.
|
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| author | Walaszek, Adam 1951- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1235002837 |
| author_facet | Walaszek, Adam 1951- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040096165 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)796201064 (DE-599)BVBBV040096165 |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1753-1902 |
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| geographic | Luzerne County, Pa. (DE-588)4725846-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Luzerne County, Pa. |
| id | DE-604.BV040096165 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:16:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323332428 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024952833 |
| oclc_num | 796201064 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 157, [3] s. 24 cm. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Prace Amerykanistyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego |
| spelling | Walaszek, Adam 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)1235002837 aut Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) Adam Walaszek Wyd. 1. Kraków Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 2011 157, [3] s. 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Prace Amerykanistyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Life on the borderland and "life in-between" Geschichte 1753-1902 gnd rswk-swf Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Luzerne County, Pa. (DE-588)4725846-9 gnd rswk-swf Luzerne County, Pa. (DE-588)4725846-9 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Geschichte 1753-1902 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024952833&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024952833&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Walaszek, Adam 1951- Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4725846-9 |
| title | Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) |
| title_auth | Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) |
| title_exact_search | Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) |
| title_full | Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) Adam Walaszek |
| title_fullStr | Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) Adam Walaszek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) Adam Walaszek |
| title_short | Życie na pograniczu i "życie pomiędzy" |
| title_sort | zycie na pograniczu i zycie pomiedzy polacy w zaglebiu antracytowym w luzerne county pensylwania z innymi grupami w tle 1753 1902 |
| title_sub | Polacy w zagłębiu antracytowym w Luzerne County, Pensylwania, z innymi grupami w tle (1753 - 1902) |
| topic | Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polen Volk Luzerne County, Pa. |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024952833&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024952833&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT walaszekadam zycienapograniczuizyciepomiedzypolacywzagłebiuantracytowymwluzernecountypensylwaniazinnymigrupamiwtle17531902 |