Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Los Angeles
SAGE
[2013]
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| Edition: | 2. edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 696-753 |
| Physical Description: | xxxiii, 789 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781412978545 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804148968812183552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Bnetdöntèriti
Preface
About the Author
xxv
xxxiii
Chapter
1:
About Social Science
Chapter
2:
The Foundations of Social Research
Chapter
3:
Preparing for Research
2
27
61
Chapter
4:
Research Design: Experiments and Experimental Thinking
Chapter
5:
Sampling: The Basics
Chapter
6:
Sampling Theory
Chapter
7:
Nonprobability Sampling
90
127
146
162
Chapter
8:
Interviewing I: Unstructured and Semistructured
Chapter
9:
Interviewing II: Questionnaires
Chapter
10:
Interviewing III: Relational Data
—
Domains and Networks
Chapter
11:
Scales and Scaling
Chapter
12:
Participant Observation
Chapter
13:
Field Notes and Database Management
Chapter
14:
Direct and Indirect Observation
IPART
IV: Data Analysisf
Chapter
15:
Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Chapter
16:
Analyzing Cultural Domains and Proximity Matrices
Chapter
17:
Analyzing Qualitative Data I: Applying Logic to Text
180
215
261
281
309
344
360
392
404
468
Chapter
18:
Analyzing Qualitative Data II: Grammar Beyond the Sentence
500
Chapter
19:
Analyzing Qualitative Data
Ш:
Grounded Theory and Content Analysis
524
Chapter
20:
Univariate Analysis
550
Chapter
21:
Bivariate Analysis: Testing Relations
592
Chapter
22:
Multivariate Analysis
654
Appendix A: Table of Areas Under a Normal Curve
681
Appendix B: Student s
t
Distribution
684
Appendix C: Chi-Square Distribution Table
« : 685
Appendix
D: F
Table for the
.05
Level of Significance
687
Appendix E: Resources for Social Researchers
691
References
696
Author Index
755
Subjectindex
. -.>;.- .·,-·. 766
řDétaileaI(ionténts
Preface
About the Author
xxv
xxxiii
Chapter
1:
About Social Science
The Social Science Success Story
Technology and Science
Failures in Science and Social Science
What Are the Social Sciences?
Some History of Methods in Social Research
Epistemology: Different Ways of Knowing
Rationalism, Empiricism, Kant
The Norms of Science: The Rules and Assumptions of Science
The Development of Science as an Institution in Modern Societies
Early Ideas
The Age of Exploration, Printing, and Modern Science
Galileo
Bacon and Descartes
Newton
Science, Money, and War
The Development of Social Science
Locke
Voltaire, Condorcet, and Rousseau
The Varieties of Positivism
Early Positivism:
Quételet,
Saint-Simon, and
Comte
Comte s Excesses
The Activist Legacy of Comte s Positivism
Later Positivism I: The Vienna Circle
Later Positivism II: Instrumental Positivism
The Reactions Against Positivism
Hermeneutics
Phenomenology
Humanism
About Numbers and Words: The Qualitative/Quantitative Split
Ethics and Social Science
Key Concepts in This Chapter
2
3
3
5
5
6
7
7
9
10
10
10
11
11
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Summary ;
η
-,
ν
25
Exercises s,
> ,- , . ; .; 25
Further Reading
t V
■?■, 26
Chapter
2:
The Foundations of Social Research
27
The Language and Logic of Social Research
28
Variables
28
Dimensions of Variables
28
Simplifying Variables: Race and Gender
29
Dependent and Independent Variables
32
Measurement and Concepts
33
Conceptual and Operational Definitions
34
1,
Conceptual Definitions
; , ; ; 35
The Concept of Intelligence
36
Operational Definitions
, 37
What s So Good About Operationism?
38
The Problem With Operationism r
39
Levels of Measurement
41
Nominal Variables
41
Ordinal Variables
42
Interval and Ratio Variables
42
A Rule About Measurement
43
Units of Analysis
44
A Rule About Units of Analysis
44
The Ecological Fallacy
45
Validity, Reliability, Accuracy, and Precision
45
The Validity of Instruments and Data
45
The Validity of Findings
46
Reliability
46
Precision
46
Accuracy
46
Tests for Reliability
47
Determining Validity
48
Face Validity
48
Content Validity
48
Construct Validity
49
Criterion Validity
50
The Bottom Line
50
The Problem With Validity
51
Cause, Effect, and Theory
51
Condition
1:
Covariation r
51
Condition
2:
Lack of Spuriousness
52
Condition
3:
Precedence, or Time Order
53
Condition
4:
Theory, or Mechanism
,, , 53
The Kalymnian Case: Explaining Why People
,
Risk Their Lives
, 56
Key Concepts in This Chapter
57
Summary
58
Exercises
58
Further Reading
59
Chapter
3:
Preparing for Research
61
Setting Things Up
62
The Ideal Research Process
62
A Realistic Approach
62
Personal Interest
63
Science Versus Nonscience
64
Resources
64
Time
64
Money
65
People
- 65
The Ethics of Social Research
65
Milgram s Obedience Experiment
66
Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment
67
What Does It All Mean?
68
Research and Institutional Review Boards
70
Theory
—
Explanation and Prediction
71
Alternative Paradigms for Building Theories
71
The Consequences of Paradigms
■ 73
Idiographic and Nomothetic Theories
74
Nomothetic Is Not Necessarily Better
75
The Gender Gap in Wages
75
The Gender Gap in Voting
75
The Second Demographic Transition
76
Dowry Deaths
76
A Guide to Research Topics, Anyway
77
Generating Types of Studies
78
Matching Kinds of Variables and Kinds of Problems
79
The Literature Search
82
The Web of Science
82
Other Documentation Databases
83
ERIC
84
NTIS and FDsys
84
PubMed
84
PsycINFO
84
Sociological Abstracts
84
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database
85
LEXIS/NEXIS
85
OCLC
85
Meta-Analysis
85
Key Concepts in This Chapter
86
Summary
87
Exercises
87
Further Reading
88
PART II: Research Design
Chapter
4:
Research Design: Experiments and Experimental Thinking
90
Introduction
; 91
Experiments
91
Randomized Experiments
91
The Logic of True Experiments
, 91
Steps in the Classic Experiment
91
A Walk-Through of an Example
. 93
Internal and External Validity
94
Kinds of Confounds: Threats to Validity
95
History
95
Maturation
96
Testing and Instrumentation
96
Regression to the Mean
96
Selection of Participants
97
Mortality
, 98
Diffusion of Treatments
98
Controlling for Threats to Validity
98
The Classic Design
100
The Solomon Four-Group Design
101
The Two-Group
Pretest-Posttest
Without Random Assignment
102
The
Posttest
Only Design With Random Assignment
103
The One-Shot Case Study
104
The One-Group
Pretest-Posttest
105
The Two-Group
Posttest
Only Design Without Random Assignment
106
The Interrupted Time Series Design
107
Thought Experiments
108
True Experiments in the Lab
110
True Experiments in the Field 111
Natural Experiments
112
Natural Experiments Are Everywhere
113
Naturalistic Experiments
115
The Small-World Experiment
115
The Lost-Letter Technique
116
Comparative Field Experiments
117
Bochner s Field Experiments in Australia
118
Are Field Experiments Ethical?
119
The Watergate Experiment
> 120
Factorial Design: Main Effects and Interaction Effects
121
-
Key Concepts in This Chapter
123
Summary
> 124
Exercises
(■■■ ■■ ■ 124
Further Reading
125
Chapter
5:
Sampling: The Basics
127
What Are Samples and Why Do We Need Them?
127
Why the United States Still Has a Census
128
It Pays to Take Samples and Stick With Them
129
Sampling Frames
130
Simple Random Sampling
130
Systematic Random Sampling
131
Stratified Sampling
132
Disproportionate Sampling
134
Weighting Results
135
Cluster Sampling and Complex Sampling Designs
135
Probability Proportionate to Size
136
PPS
Sampling in the Field
—
Space Sampling
137
Maximizing Between-Group Variance: The Wichita Study
140
How Big Should a Sample Be?
142
Key Concepts in This Chapter
143
Summary
144
Exercises
144
Further Reading
145
Chapter
6:
Sampling Theory
146
Probability Distributions
146
The Normal Curve and the Standard Deviation
148
Z-Scores
149
The Central Limit Theorem
150
Part
1
of the Central Limit Theorem
150
Part
2
of the Central Limit Theorem
153
The Standard Error and Confidence Intervals
154
Calculating Sample Size for Estimating Means
155
Small Samples: The ¿-Distribution
155
The Catch
156
Estimating Proportions
157
Estimating Proportions in Samples for
Smaller Populations
158
Another Catch
159
Key Concepts in This Chapter
159
Summary
160
Exercises
160
Further Reading
161
Chapter
7:
Nonprobability Sampling
162
Introduction
162
Quota Sampling
163
Purposive, or Judgment Sampling
164
Convenience, or Haphazard Sampling
167
Chain
Referral, or Network Sampling: The Snowball and RDS Methods
Snowball Sampling
■■■·· ■< ■
--H
,
Respondent-Driven Sampling
Choosing Informants
Key Informants
Finding Key Informants
Doc May Be Famous, but He s Not Unique
Informants Sometimes Lie
Selecting Culturally Specialized Informants
Poggie s Study of
Ciudad
Industrial
Sample Size in Nonprobability Sampling
■
And Finally
. ..
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
:,
Exercises
Further Reading
168
168
169
170
171
171
172
173
174
174
175
176
176
177
177
178
PART III: Data Collection-im*m
Chapter
8:
Interviewing I: Unstructured and Semistructured
The Big Picture
Interview Control
Informal Interviewing
Unstructured Interviewing
Semistructured Interviewing
Structured Interviewing
Unstructured Interviewing
A Case Study of Unstructured Interviewing
Getting Started
Letting the Informant or Respondent Lead
Probing
The Silent Probe
The Echo Probe
The Uh-Huh Probe
The Tell-Me-More Probe
The Long Question Probe
Probing by Leading
Baiting: The Phased-Assertion Probe
Highly Verbal and Nonverbal Respondents
The Ethics of Probing
Learning to Interview
The Importance of Language
Pacing the Study
Presentation of Self
, ·■·■<■
On Just Being Yourself
Little Things Mean a Lot
180
181
181
181
182
182
183
183
184
185
185
186
187
187
187
188
188
188
190
190
191
191
192
192
193
193
194
Using a Voice Recorder
194
Recording Equipment
194
Transcribers and VR Software
195
Recording Is Not a Substitute for Taking Notes
196
Using Photos in Interviews
196
Focus Groups
197
Why Are Focus Groups So Popular?
199
Are Focus Groups Valid?
199
Running a Focus Group
200
Analyzing Data From Focus Groups
201
Response Effects
202
The Deference Effect
204
The Social Desirability Effect
205
The Third-Party-Present Effect
206
Threatening Questions
206
Respondent/Informant Accuracy
207
LaPiere Discovers the Problem
208
Why People Are Inaccurate Reporters of
Their Own Behavior
209
Reducing Errors: Jogging People s Memories
209
Key Concepts in This Chapter
210
Summary
211
Exercises
212
Further Reading
213
Chapter
9:
Interviewing II: Questionnaires
215
Introduction
216
Questionnaires and Survey Research
216
The Computer Revolution in Survey Research
216
С
ATI,
CASI,
and
CAPI
216
Internet-Based Surveys
218
Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Formats
219
Face-to-Face Survey Interviews
219
Advantages of Face-to-Face Interviews
219
Disadvantages of Face-to-Face Interviews
220
Self-Administered Questionnaires
220
Advantages of Self-Administered Questionnaires
220
Disadvantages of Self-Administered Questionnaires
222
Telephone Interviews
223
Advantages of Telephone Interviews
223
Disadvantages of Telephone Interviews
224
When to Use What
225
Using Interviewers
226
Training Interviewers
226
Who to Hire
227
Make It Easy for Interviewers to Do Their Job
228
Closed- Versus Open-Ended Questions
228
Fifteen Rules for Question Wording and Format
■·
í
- 230
Pretesting and Learning From Mistakes
236
Translation and Back Translation ;
- ■■ . > ? 237
On-the-Fly Translation
-238
Back Translation of Qualitative Data
; 238
Translations and the Delphi Technique
■· ■ ■ ■ .:; ■■. 239
The Response Rate Problem
239
How to Adjust for
Nonresponse
240
Improving the Response Rate: Dillman s Total Design Method
241
Steps in Dillman s Method
242
Does All This Really Make a Difference?
· 244
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
■■ ,· 245
Panel Studies
246
Attrition ;
> ■■ 247
Some Specialized Survey Methods
247
Factorial Surveys
■<■; 247
Time Budgets and Diaries s
249
Event-History Calendar
: - : · .- ;
H;
250
Randomized Response
; : ; 251
The List Experiment
255
Key Concepts in This Chapter
256
; Summary
256
Exercises
257
Further Reading
259
Chapter
10:
Interviewing III: Relational Data
—
Domains and Networks
261
Introduction
261
Cultural Domains
262
Features of Cultural Domain Analysis
262
ι
Free Listing
264
і
You Can Learn a Lot From Free Lists
264
Free Lists and Applied Research
266
;
Triad Tests
266
: Balanced Incomplete Block Designs for Triad Tests
267
Free Pile Sorts
269
Administering a Pile Sort
269
Extracting Lists From Texts
270
The Lumper-Splitter Problem !
271
.
Rankings
271
Paired Comparisons
272
Networks
..■ 273
Collecting Sociocentric Network Data
274
Lists of Network Members
■ 274
,
Definitions of Ties
- · ■■ ■ ■ 274
Methods for Finding Network Ties
>■■·■. 274
/
Collecting Egocentric Network Data
>; ■■-*■■ ■- ■ ■ . ■ ■ · ■ < 276
Key Concepts in This Chapter
278
Summary
278
Exercises
279
Further Reading
280
Chapter
11:
Scales and Scaling
281
Simple Scales: Single Indicators
281
Complex Scales: Multiple Indicators
282
Indexes
283
How Indexes Work
283
Guttman Scales
284
The Coefficient of Reproducibility
285
Some Examples of a Guttman Scale
286
Data Scale, Variables Don t
288
Likért
Scales
289
Steps in Building a Likert Scale
290
Item Analysis
291
Scoring the Responses
291
Taking the
Interitem
Correlation
292
Cronbach s Alpha
293
Split Halves and the Combination Rule
293
Finding the Item-Total Correlation
294
Testing for Unidimensionality With Factor Analysis
295
Morokoff s Sexual Assertiveness Scale for Women
295
Visual Props as Scales
298
The Semantic Differential
298
Cantril s Ladder of Life
300
The Faces Scale
301
Magnitude Scaling
301
Magnitude Scaling of Constructs
303
Magnitude Scaling of Countries Hostility to the United States
303
And Finally
... 305
Key Concepts in This Chapter
305
Summary
306
Exercises
307
Further Reading
307
Chapter
12:
Participant Observation
309
Introduction
310
What is Participant Observation?
310
Some History
311
Fieldwork Roles
313
How Much Time Does It Take?
315
Rapid Assessment and Applications Research
315
Validity—Again
317
Entering the Field
319
The Skills of
a
Participant
Observer
■■-. ■,·■ 321
Learning the Language
321
How to Learn a New Language
; 322
Building Explicit Awareness
< ■ . 324
Building Memory
325
Maintaining Naivete
325
Building Writing Skills
- 327
Hanging Out, Gaining Rapport
· . 327
The Ethical Dilemma of Rapport
327
Objectivity
328
Objectivity and Value Neutrality
329
Native Ethnography: Studying Your Own Culture
330
Gender, Parenting, and Other Personal Characteristics
330
Sex and Fieldwork
.·:■■■ 2,2,2
Surviving Fieldwork
332
The Stages of Participant Observation
334
Initial Contact !
334
Culture Shock
. ;. 335
Discovering the Obvious
336
The Break
336
Focusing
337
Exhaustion, the Second Break, and Frantic Activity
337
Leaving the Field
337
The Front Edge of Social Science: Combining Methods
338
Key Concepts in This Chapter
340
Summary
340
Exercises
341
Further Reading
342
Chapter
13:
Field Notes and Database Management
344
About Field Notes
344
How to Write Field Notes
, 345
Four Types of Field Notes
345
Jottings
346
The Diary
347
The Log
348
Field Notes Proper
350
Field Notes
- ·■■::· ■ 350
Methodological Notes
Ї
350
Descriptive Notes
;■ ■ 352
Analytic Notes
352
Coding Field Notes ;
352
Coding Versus Indexing
353
Theme Codes: The OCM
г
. : 354
Theme Codes: In Vivo
, 356
Analyzing Field Notes
357
Database Management
358
Key Concepts in This Chapter
358
Summary
358
Exercises
359
Further Reading
359
Chapter
14:
Direct and Indirect Observation
360
Introduction
361
CM
—
Continuous Monitoring
361
Assessing Work
361
CM and Children
362
One Boy s Day
362
The
Zapotee
Children Study
362
Observing Grownups in the Field
364
Studying Shoppers
365
Recording and Coding Behavioral Data
366
Coding Schemes
366
Comparative Research
—
The Six Culture Study
367
Using Video for Continuous Monitoring
369
CM and Reactivity
370
Spot Sampling (Scan Sampling) and Time
Allocation Studies
371
Reactivity in
TA
Research
372
Sampling Problems in
TA
Research
372
Night-Time Sampling
374
Coding and Recording
TA Data
374
Experience Sampling
375
A Few Final Words on Reactive Observation
376
Disguised Field Observation
378
Pseudopatients
Check Into a Psychiatric Hospital
378
Critiques of Rosenhan s Study
379
Are These
Pseudopatient
Studies Ethical?
379
The Tearoom Trade Study
380
The Ethics of Deception
381
The Micturition Study
382
Passive Deception
383
Behavior Trace Studies: The Archeology of Behavior
384
Archival Research
385
Measuring Trends in Women s Fashion
385
And Finally
... 386
Key Concepts in This Chapter
386
Summary
387
Exercises
388
Further Reading
390
PART IV: Data Analysis
Chapter
15:
Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
392
Introduction
:
392
Qualitative/Quantitative ;
393
WhatAreData?
.
f
: 394
What s Analysis?
. . , . .,,·.: :·; :.■: 394
The Constant Validity Check
·. . >, 395
DataMatrices
; = /395
Profile Matrices
-, 396
Proximity Matrices
ì
, . ,· · ;/ 397
Presenting Results: Matrices and Tables
397
Presenting Results: Causal Flow Charts
, ; 400
Key Concepts in This Chapter
, -., , 402
Summary
„ .,
; : ;
402
Exercises
.-·.-
L
:, .
л,:.
403
Further Reading
,; 403
Chapter
16:
Analyzing Cultural Domains and Proximity Matrices
404
Introduction :
405
Analyzing Free Lists
405
Measuring the Salience of Free-List Items
406
Selecting Items From a Free List for Further Study
408
Analyzing Pile Sort Data: Individual Matrices
409
Multidimensional Scaling
411
How MDS Works
412
Interpreting MDS Graphs
415
Analyzing Pile Sort Data: Aggregate Matrices
417
Cluster Analysis
417
How Cluster Analysis Works
419
Clusters of Cities
421
Green Behavior and Electric Cars in the
United States
ì
421
Analyzing Triad Data
422
Analyzing Sentence Frames
428
Analyzing Paired Comparisons
430
Cultural Consensus Analysis
432
Cultural Competence
;:
434
When Agreement Equals Knowledge: Equation
1 437
Adjusting for Guessing
■ · ■ - 437
When Agreement Equals Knowledge: Equation
2 438
Assumptions of the Model
438
Running Consensus Analysis
438
Retrieving the Answer Key to a Test
_ 439
Making Up Questions for a Formal Consensus Test
441
The Informal Model
442
Selecting Domain-Specific Informants
444
Cultural Consonance
447
Analyzing Network Data
447
One-Mode and Two-Mode Data
448
Graphs and Matrices
448
One-Mode Matrices From Two-Mode Matrices
450
Network Structure
450
Centrality
454
Studying Whole Networks
455
Personal Network Analysis
458
It s Not What You Know, It s Who You Know
458
Homophily
458
Weak Ties and Strong Ties
459
Adding Network Data to the Classic Recipe
459
Semantic Networks
461
And Finally
... 463
Key Concepts in This Chapter
463
Summary
464
Exercises
465
Further Reading
466
Chapter
17:
Analyzing Qualitative Data I: Applying Logic to Text
468
Ethnographic Decision Modeling (EDM)
469
How to Build EDMs
469
Testing an EDM on a National Sample
472
Representing Complicated Models With Tables:
Young and Garro s EDM
472
Representing Complicated Models With IF-THEN Charts:
Ryan and Martinez s EDM
476
Folk Taxonomies
479
Covert Categories
479
Cultural Domains and Folk Taxonomies
482
How to Make a Taxonomy: Pile Sorts
482
How to Make a Taxonomy: Lists and Frames
484
Things to Look for in Folk Taxonomies
485
Componential Analysis
485
Faris s Study of Cat Harbour: Componential Analysis From Ethnography
488
Problems With Componential Analysis
489
Analytic Induction and Boolean Tests
490
The Steps in Analytic Induction
491
Cressey s Study of Embezzlers
491
Critique of Analytic Induction
492
Qualitative Comparative Analysis
—
QCA
492
Haworth-Hoeppner s Study of Eating Disorders
493
Arranging Data in a Truth Table
493
Finding the Simplest Set, or Prime Implicants
496
And Finally
... ,
^
;- 497
Key Concepts in This Chapter c
498
Summary ;
■:·.
¡
498
Exercises
. : · , , ■:;·.: ■■ , 499
Further Reading
;
¡
499
Chapter
18:
Analyzing Qualitative Data II: Grammar Beyond the Sentence ;,
500
Introduction ,Tj
, 500
Narrative Analysis
·,„■■■■■■ -;,■· 501
Rubinstein s Study of the Death of Mothers
.
!;
, ,
:,
í
501
Bletzer and Koss s Study: Comparing Narratives
, ...
^,
,;■■■..■ . ■ - 502
Performance Analysis: Ethnopoetics
.?, ,
:
, 503
Hymes s Discovery of Ethnopoetics
, ;.,. , .·.. 503
Tedlock s Study of the
Popol
Vuh
, , , - ,, , 505
Schemas,
Models, and Metaphors
,, 505
Quinn s American Marriage Schema
¡
506
Mathews s Mexican Folktale Schema I
...-;. .,. . 507
Conversation Analysis
508
Transcriptions
,508
Taking Turns and Repair Tactics
...,.., 508
How Repair Tactics Work
510
Adjacency Pairs
; · · 510
Dynamic Sequences
· 511
Manzo s Study of Taking Turns in a Jury
ι
512
Language in Use
·
t
514
Negrón s
Study of Situational Ethnicity in New York
514
Dropping Hints and Doing Business
.·:> 515
There s a Lot Going on Here, Too
v
516
Language and Power: Critical Discourse Analysis
: .·· ·. 517
Gender and Discourse
517
Doctor-Patient Interaction
: 518
Borges
and Waitzkin s Study:
í. ···. í
■-,. ■.
Coding Doctor-Patient Interactions
, : 518
Presenting the Results
:. ■ ..■■.) ■ 518
■■
And Finally
...
n,.:
: ; : 520
Key Concepts in This Chapter
:
!
: 520
Summary
■-..
¡
■> . ;. 521
Exercises
■ ..
¡г ;
; 522
1
Further Reading
ι
: ; ! : . 523
Chapter
19:
Analyzing Qualitative Data
ΙΠ:
Grounded Theory and Content Analysis
524
.
Introduction
, , .-, , 524
Grounded Theory
ґ
, .,.;,, , -525
,
Coding Texts for Themes
¿,...
,
j
,,, 525
Kurasaki s and Nyamongo s
Codebooks
«· , · · 527
Linking Themes Into Theoretical Models
ţ
, <] . 530
Displaying
and Validating the Models
532
Kearney s Study of Pregnant Women Who Use Cocaine
533
Using Exemplar Quotes
535
Content Analysis
536
Steps in Content Analysis
538
Hirschman s Study of People as Products
538
Intercoder
Reliability
542
Cohen s Kappa
543
Carey
et al. s
Use of Kappa
544
How Much
Intercoder
Agreement Is Enough?
544
HRAF: Cross-Cultural Content Analysis
545
Doing Cross-Cultural Text-Based Research
545
Computers and Text Analysis
546
Programs for Doing Text Analysis
546
Key Concepts in This Chapter
547
Summary
547
Exercises
548
Further Reading
548
Chapter
20:
Univariate Analysis
550
Introduction
550
Raw Data
551
Frequency Distributions
554
Using a Frequency Table
554
Measures of Central Tendency
557
Central Tendency I: The Mode
558
Central Tendency II: The Median
559
The Median of Grouped Data
559
Central Tendency III: The Mean
560
Why It s Better to Collect Interval Data as Intervals
561
A Mathematical Feature of the Mean
562
The Outlier Problem
566
Shape: Visualizing Distributions
566
Bar Graphs and Pie Charts
567
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
568
Box-and-Whisker Plots
568
Histograms and Frequency Polygons
570
Bimodal Distributions
575
Measures of Dispersion
575
Measures of Dispersion I: Range and Interquartile Range
576
Measures of Dispersion II: The Variance and the Standard Deviation
577
The Logic of Hypothesis Testing
579
Type I and Type II Errors
581
So, What About the Mean of WELF06?
581
Testing the Means of Small Samples: The Univariate i-Test
582
Testing the Value of
t
583
Testing
the Means of Large Samples: Using z-Scores
, , ! 583
More About z-Scores
■■ ■■■·.
r
,: 584
Why Use Standard Scores?
«,::;. ? 584
The Univariate Chi-Square Test
■■-. . 585
Finding the Significance of
χ2
- . ■ ,::
ι
585
And Finally
. .. ; ■;■;■: -,: : .
:;
: 586
Key Concepts in This Chapter
:,.;.:; .,·.·; 587
Summary
:··
f
?
587
Exercises
■
Г
w;.·
■■- ·.·.-; 589
Further Reading
: :;- ;
: ; : ·: 591
Chapter
21:
Bivariate Analysis: Testing Relations
592
Introduction
, , , 593
The
ŕ-Test:
Comparing Two Means ^^^
Testing the Value of
í
595
An Example: The
Bem Sex
Role Inventory
596
ANO VA—
Analysis of Variance
596
An Example of
ANO VA:
Rating the Performance of Job Candidates
600
Direction and Shape of Covariations
601
Linear and Nonlinear, Positive and Negative Relations
« - : 604
Cross-Tabs of Nominal Variables
■ 605
Reading Percentage Tables
* 606
Correlation and Cause: Antecedent and Intervening Variables
;
¡
607
Lambda and the
PRE
Principle
608
The Problems With Lambda
. ; 609
Chi-Square
609
Calculating
χ2
■; 610
Calculating the Expected Frequencies in Bivariate Tables
610
Chi-Square for Multiple Comparisons
■ ■ < - 611
The Special Case of the
2
x
2
Table
* ■: 613
About Low Cell Counts
· : 615
Fisher s Exact Test
615
TheOddsRatio
- . : 616
Testing the Association Between Ordinal Variables ^
._, 617
Gamma
* ■ 617
Calculating the Pairs for Gamma
· 619
Testing the Significance of Gamma
, : ■, „ : ; ; 619
Kendall s Tau-b
: 620
Yule s
Q
621
What to Use for Nominal and Ordinal Variables
s
· 621
■·■
Correlation: The Powerhouse Statistic for Covariation
¡
622
Spearman s
r
,■■:■<-..■■
¡¡
: :. .: ; ·■ 622
Pearson s
r i U
·.:■;. .- 622
;
c
The Sums of the Squared Distances to the
Mean ¡
r
. < 626
Regression 626
Drawing the Regression Line
628
How Regression Works
628
Calculating
r
and r2
630
Testing the Significance of
r
630
Nonlinear Relations
632
Nonlinear Relations Are Everywhere
632
Calculating Eta-Squared
636
Statistical Significance, the Shotgun Approach, and Other Issues
637
Measurement and Statistical Assumptions
638
Eliminating the Outliers
638
Tests of Significance
639
The Bonferroni Correction
639
Statistical Power
642
The Shotgun Approach
643
The Problem With the Shotgun Approach
644
Key Concepts in This Chapter
647
Summary
647
Exercises
650
Further Reading
653
Chapter
22:
Multivariate Analysis
654
Introduction
654
Elaboration: Controlling for Independent Variables
655
Men and Women Voters
655
Partial Correlation
657
Car Wrecks and Teenage Births
657
Multiple Regression
660
The Multiple Regression Equation
660
The MVD-TEENBIRTH Puzzle
661
Two Examples of Multiple Regression
664
Some Cautions in Doing Multiple Regression
666
Path Analysis
666
An Example of Path Analysis: Why Some Patients
Wind Up Back in the Hospital
667
Factor Analysis
670
Factor Analysis and Scales
671
Handwerker s Domestic Activities Scale
672
Discriminant Function Analysis
675
And Finally
. . . 676
Key Concepts in This Chapter
677
Summary
677
Exercises
679
Further Reading
680
Appendix
A: Table of Areas Under a Normal Curve :
681
Appendix B: Student s
t
Distribution
684
Appendix C: Chi-Square Distribution Table
; 685
Appendix
D: F
Table for the
.05
Level of Significance
687
Appendix E: Resources for Social Researchers
■■■·■:·:,■ ■ 691
References
. 696
Author Index
. , 755
Subject Index
· .-■.- 766
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bernard, H. Russell 1940- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124315925 |
| author_facet | Bernard, H. Russell 1940- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bernard, H. Russell 1940- |
| author_variant | h r b hr hrb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039983638 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | H62 |
| callnumber-raw | H62 |
| callnumber-search | H62 |
| callnumber-sort | H 262 |
| callnumber-subject | H - Social Science |
| classification_rvk | MR 2000 |
| classification_tum | SOZ 700f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)785859081 (DE-599)BVBBV039983638 |
| dewey-full | 300.72 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-raw | 300.72 |
| dewey-search | 300.72 |
| dewey-sort | 3300.72 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie |
| edition | 2. edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039983638 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:15:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781412978545 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2011049881 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024840924 |
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| physical | xxxiii, 789 Seiten Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2013 |
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| publisher | SAGE |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bernard, H. Russell 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)124315925 aut Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches H. Russell Bernard (University of Florida) 2. edition Los Angeles SAGE [2013] xxxiii, 789 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis Seite 696-753 Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Datenanalyse (DE-588)4123037-1 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Qualitative Sozialforschung (DE-588)4395695-6 gnd rswk-swf Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd rswk-swf Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s DE-604 Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 s Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 s Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 s Qualitative Sozialforschung (DE-588)4395695-6 s Datenanalyse (DE-588)4123037-1 s 2\p DE-604 Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s 3\p DE-604 4\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024840924&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Bernard, H. Russell 1940- Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Datenanalyse (DE-588)4123037-1 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Qualitative Sozialforschung (DE-588)4395695-6 gnd Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4123037-1 (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4395695-6 (DE-588)4137346-7 (DE-588)4038971-6 (DE-588)4232139-6 (DE-588)4014606-6 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches |
| title_auth | Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches |
| title_exact_search | Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches |
| title_full | Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches H. Russell Bernard (University of Florida) |
| title_fullStr | Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches H. Russell Bernard (University of Florida) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches H. Russell Bernard (University of Florida) |
| title_short | Social research methods |
| title_sort | social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches |
| title_sub | qualitative and quantitative approaches |
| topic | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Datenanalyse (DE-588)4123037-1 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Qualitative Sozialforschung (DE-588)4395695-6 gnd Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Forschungsmethode Datenanalyse Qualitative Sozialforschung Qualitative Methode Methode Quantitative Methode Empirische Sozialforschung Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024840924&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bernardhrussell socialresearchmethodsqualitativeandquantitativeapproaches |