Landolt-Börnstein: numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series Group 8, Advanced materials and technologies ; Vol. 11, Nanocrystalline materials ; Subvol. A. Fundamentals and data in radiobiology, radiation biophysics, dosimetry and medical radiological protection
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| Other Authors: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin ; Heidelberg
Springer
2012
|
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783642236839 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 9783642236839 |9 978-3-642-23683-9 | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Landolt-Börnstein |b numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series |n Group 8, Advanced materials and technologies ; Vol. 11, Nanocrystalline materials ; Subvol. A. |p Fundamentals and data in radiobiology, radiation biophysics, dosimetry and medical radiological protection |c A. Almén ... .Ed. by A. Kaul |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Heidelberg |b Springer |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zählung |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Kaul, Alexander |d 1934-2023 |0 (DE-588)136279414 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Almén, Anja J. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |w (DE-604)BV047214680 |g 7,a |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024835285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024835285 | |
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION AND GUIDE FOR THE READER
CONTENTS AND DATA O F CHAPTERS 2-5 ( A . K A U L , J . H . B E R N H A R
D T , H . - M . K R A M E R , D . N O B K E , J . V A L E N T I N ) 1 -
1
1.1 I N T R O D U C T I O N 1-1
1.2 C H A P T E R 2: R A D I A T I O N S A N D BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: I O N
I Z I N G A N D N O N - I O N I Z I N G
R A D I A T I O N S 1-1
1.2.1 IONIZING RADIATION: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (SECT. 2 . 2 . 1 ) 1 - 2
1 . 2 . 2 IONIZING RADIATION: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS (SECT. 2 . 3 . 1 ) 1 -
3
1.2.2.1 DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS (SECT. 2 . 3 . 1 . 2 ) 1 - 3
1.2.2.2 STOCHASTIC EFFECTS (SECT. 2.3.1.3) 1-3
1.2.2.3 EFFECTIVE DOSE (SECT. 2.3.1.4) 1-4
1 . 2 . 3 N O N - I O N I Z I N G RADIATIONS: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ( S E
C T . 2 . 2 . 2 ) 1 - 4
1.2.3.1 DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND (SECT. 2.2.2.2) 1-4
1.2.3.2 STATIC AND SLOWLY VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ( S E C T
. 2.2.2.3) 1-4
1 . 2 . 3 . 3 T I M E VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS O F
FREQUENCIES LESS THAN 100 K H Z AND ABOVE (SECTS. 2 . 2 . 2 . 4 A N D 2
. 2 . 2 . 5 ) 1 - 5
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 OPTICAL RADIATIONS INCLUDING LASERS (SECT. 2 . 2 . 2 . 6 )
1 - 5
1 . 2 . 4 N O N - I O N I Z I N G RADIATIONS: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS (SECT.
2 . 3 . 2 ) 1 - 5
1 . 2 . 4 . 1 DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND (SECT. 2 . 3 . 2 . 2 ) 1 - 5
1.2.4.2 STATIC AND SLOWLY VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ( S E C T
. 2.3.2.3) 1-6
1.2.4.3 T I M E VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS O F FREQUENCIES
LESS THAN 100 K H Z (SECT. 2.3.2.4) 1-6
1 . 2 . 4 . 4 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS O F FREQUENCIES A B O V E 100 K H Z
(SECT. 2 . 3 . 2 . 5 ) 1-6
1 . 2 . 4 . 5 OPTICAL RADIATION AND LASERS ( S E C T. 2 . 3 . 2 . 6 ) 1
- 7
1 . 3 C H A P T E R 3 : D O S I M E T R Y IN DIAGNOSTIC R A D I O L O G
Y A N D R A D I O T H E R A P Y 1 - 7
1.3.1 DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY 1-7
1.3.2 RADIATION THERAPY 1-8
1.3.3 DOSE MEASUREMENT IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY AND RADIATION THERAPY ( S
E C T S . 3 . 3 A N D 3.4) 1 - 8
1 . 3 . 3 . 1 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY ( S E C T .
3 . 3 . 2 ) 1 - 8
1 . 3 . 3 . 3 DOSIMETRIC EQUIPMENT FOR DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY (SECT. 3 . 3
. 4 ) 1 - 9
1 . 3 . 3 . 4 DOSE MEASUREMENTS IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY ( S E C T . 3 .
3 . 5 ) 1 - 9
1 . 3 . 3 . 5 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITY AND EQUIPMENT FOR MEASUREMENT IN
RADIOTHERAPY (SECT. 3 . 4 . 3 ) . 1 - 9
1 . 3 . 3 . 6 DOSIMETRY FOR TELETHERAPY (SECT. 3 . 4 . 4 ) 1-10
1 . 3 . 3 . 6 . 1 PHOTONS AND ELECTRONS (SECT. 3 . 4 . 4 . 1 ) 1 - 1 0
1 . 3 . 3 . 6 . 2 N O N - R E F E R E N C E CONDITIONS ( S E C T . 3 . 4
. 4 . 2 ) 1 - 1 0
1 . 3 . 3 . 6 . 3 PROTONS AND HEAVIER IONS (SECT. 3 . 4 . 4 . 4 ) 1 - 1
0
1 . 3 . 3 . 6 . 4 UNCERTAINTIES (SECT. 3 . 4 . 4 . 5 ) L-LL
1.3.3.7 DOSIMETRY FOR BRACHYTHERAPY (SECT. 3.4.5) 1-11
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1014072468
IMAGE 2
X
CONTENTS
1.4 C H A P T E R 4: D O S I M E T R Y IN N U C L E A R M E D I C I N E
DIAGNOSIS A N D T H E R A P Y 1 - 1 2
1 . 4 . 1 DOSIMETRIC AND BIOKINETIC MODELS ( S E C T . 4 . 2 ) 1 - 1 2
1 . 4 . 2 BIOKINETIC DATA AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F RADIONUCLIDES ( S
E C T S . 4 . 3 A N D 4 . 4 ) 1 - 1 3
1 . 4 . 3 D O S E COEFFICIENTS AND DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE ACTIVITIES ( S E
C T . 4 . 5 ) 1 - 1 4
1 . 4 . 4 DOSIMETRY IN N U C L E A R MEDICAL THERAPY (SECT. 4 . 6 ) 1 -
1 4
1 . 4 . 5 N E C E S S I T Y O F PATIENT-SPECIFIC DOSE PLANNING IN
RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY (SECT. 4 . 7 ) . . . . 1 - 1 5
1 . 4 . 6 D O S E TO THE EMBRYO AND FETUS DURING PREGNANCY ( S E C T . 4
. 8 ) 1 - 1 5
1 . 4 . 7 D O S E S TO INFANTS FROM BREASTFEEDING (SECT. 4 . 9 ) 1 - 1 5
1.5 C H A P T E R 5: M E D I C A L RADIOLOGICAL P R O T E C T I O N 1-16
1.5.1 T H E CONCEPT O F MEDICAL RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION (SECT. 5 . 2 ) 1
- 1 6
1 . 5 . 2 T H E SYSTEM O F APPLIED MEDICAL RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
(SECT. 5 . 3 ) 1 - 1 7
1 . 5 . 3 MEDICAL RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
AND DIAGNOSTIC
ULTRASOUND (SECT. 5 . 4 ) 1 - 1 7
1 . 6 G L O S S A R Y A N D I N D E X O F T E R M S 1 - 1 7
2 RADIATION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
( J . H . B E R N H A R D T , K . . - U . K A S C H , A. K A U L ) 2-1
2 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N ( J . H . B E R N H A R D T , K . - U . K
A S C H , A. K A U L ) 2-1
2 . 2 K I N D S O F R A D I A T I O N 2-3
2 . 2 . 1 I O N I Z I N G R A D I A T I O N ( K . - U . K A S C H ) 2 -
3
2.2.1.1 PHOTONS 2-3
2.2.1.1.1 COHERENT SCATTERING 2 - 4
2.2.1.1.2 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 2 - 4
2.2.1.1.3 COMPTON EFFECT (INCOHERENT SCATTERING) 2-5
2.2.1.1.4 PAIR PRODUCTION 2 - 8
2.2.1.1.5 PHOTONUCLEAR REACTION 2 - 8
2.2.1.1.6 ATTENUATION LAW, ENERGY TRANSFER AND ENERGY DEPOSITION 2 - 9
2.2.1.1.7 RELATIVE PREDOMINANCE O F INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS 2-11
2.2.1.1.8 PHOTON PRODUCTION 2-12
2.2.1.2 CHARGED PARTICLES 2-14
2.2.1.2.1 STOPPING P O W E R 2-15
2.2.1.2.1.1 COLLISIONAL LOSSES 2-15
2.2.1.2.1.2 RADIATIVE LOSSES 2-17
2.2.1.2.2 RADIATIVE VERSUS COLLISIONAL LOSSES 2-18
2.2.1.2.3 SCATTERING O F CHARGED PARTICLES 2 - 1 8
2.2.1.2.4 RANGE O F HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES 2 - 1 9
2.2.1.2.5 RANGE O F ELECTRONS 2-20
2.2.1.2.6 PRODUCTION O F CHARGED PARTICLES 2-21
2.2.1.3 ABSORBED DOSE D AND LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER ( L E T ) 2-21
2.2.1.4 PHOTONS VERSUS CHARGED PARTICLES IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 2-22
2.2.1.5 NEUTRONS AND 7T-MESONS 2-23
2.2.1.6 INTERACTION MODELING IN RADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING 2 -
2 4
2.2.1.7 SUMMARY 2-25
2.2.1.8 REFERENCES FOR 2.2.1 2-26
2 . 2 . 2 N O N - I O N I Z I N G R A D I A T I O N S ( J . H . B E R N
H A R D T ) 2 - 2 8
2.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION 2 - 2 8
2.2.2.2 ULTRASOUND 2-30
2.2.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION 2 - 3 0
2.2.2.2.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2-31
2.2.2.2.3 PULSED MODE O F OPERATION 2-33
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XI
2.2.2.2.4 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 2-35
2.2.2.2.5 ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS USED TO DESCRIBE ULTRASOUND EXPOSURE 2-36
2.2.2.2.6 MECHANISMS O F INTERACTION 2-37
2.2.2.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION 2-37
2.2.2.2.6.2 THERMAL MECHANISM 2-38
2.2.2.2.6.3 NON-THERMAL MECHANISMS 2-38
2.2.2.2.7 SUMMARY 2-39
2.2.2.3 STATIC AND SLOWLY VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 2-39
2.2.2.3.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2 - 3 9
2.2.2.3.2 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES 2-40
2.2.2.3.3 INTERACTION MECHANISMS 2-41
2.2.2.3.4 SUMMARY 2-42
2.2.2.4 TIME-VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS O F FREQUENCIES LESS
THAN 100 K H Z 2-43
2.2.2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 2-43
2.2.2.4.2 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES 2-43
2.2.2.4.3 INTERACTION MECHANISMS 2-44
2.2.2.4.4 SUMMARY 2-47
2.2.2.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS O F FREQUENCIES ABOVE 100 K H Z 2 - 4 8
2.2.2.5.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2-48
2.2.2.5.2 SOURCES O F CONCERN 2-50
2.2.2.5.2.1 TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS 2-50
2.2.2.5.2.2 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 2-50
2.2.2.5.2.3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 2-51
2.2.2.5.2.4 RF ABLATION, SURGERY 2-51
2.2.2.5.3 BIOPHYSICAL INTERACTION MECHANISMS 2-52
2.2.2.5.4 SUMMARY 2-54
2.2.2.6 OPTICAL RADIATION AND LASERS 2-54
2.2.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION 2-54
2.2.2.6.2 RADIOMETRIC TERMS AND UNITS 2-55
2.2.2.6.3 OPTICAL RADIATION SOURCES 2-56
2.2.2.6.4 MECHANISMS O F INTERACTION 2-58
2.2.2.6.5 SUMMARY 2-59
2.2.2.7 REFERENCES FOR 2.2.2 2-59
2.3 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2-63
2.3.1 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS O F I O N I Z I N G R A D I A T I O N S (A. K A
U L ) 2 - 6 3
2.3.1.1 INTRODUCTION 2-63
2.3.1.2 DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS 2-64
2.3.1.2.1 DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS FOR RADIATION D A M A G E 2-64
2.3.1.2.2 WHOLE BODY IRRADIATION 2-64
2.3.1.2.3 PARTIAL BODY IRRADIATION: TOLERANCE DOSE 2-64
2.3.1.2.4 IRRADIATION IN UTERO 2-65
2.3.1.3 STOCHASTIC EFFECTS 2-65
2.3.1.3.1 CANCER INDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 2-65
2.3.1.3.2 RISK O F CANCER 2-66
2.3.1.3.3 DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS, RISK ESTIMATION AND THE
RADIOLOGICAL CONCEPT O F LIMITING THE RISK 2-66
2.3.1.3.4 RISK O F HERITABLE EFFECTS 2-67
2.3.1.3.5 INDUCTION O F DISEASES OTHER THAN CANCER 2-67
2.3.1.4 THE BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT O F THE EFFECTIVE DOSE 2-67
2.3.1.5 SUMMARY 2-68
2.3.1.6 REFERENCES FOR 2.3.1 2-68
IMAGE 4
XII
CONTENTS
2 . 3 . 2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS O F N O N - I O N I Z I N G R A D I A T I O
N S ( J . H . B E R N H A R D T ) 2 - 7 0
2.3.2.1 INTRODUCTION 2 - 7 0
2.3.2.2 ULTRASOUND 2 - 7 0
2.3.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-70
2.3.2.2.2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2-70
2.3.2.2.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HEALTH PROTECTION AND SAFETY GUIDELINES
2-72
2.3.2.2.4 SUMMARY 2-73
2.3.2.3 STATIC AND SLOWLY VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 2-74
2.3.2.3.1 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA 2-74
2.3.2.3.2 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT AND EXPOSURE GUIDELINES 2-75
2.3.2.3.3 SUMMARY 2-77
2.3.2.4 T I M E VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS O F FREQUENCIES
LESS THAN 100 K H Z 2-78
2.3.2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 2-78
2.3.2.4.2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2-78
2.3.2.4.3 OTHER EFFECTS 2-81
2.3.2.4.4 CANCER 2-81
2.3.2.4.5 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 2-82
2.3.2.4.5.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 2-82
2.3.2.4.5.2 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 2 - 8 3
2.3.2.4.5.3 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT 2-83
2.3.2.4.5.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPOSURE GUIDELINES 2-84
2.3.2.4.6 SUMMARY 2-85
2.3.2.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS O F FREQUENCIES ABOVE 100 K H Z 2-86
2.3.2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 2-86
2.3.2.5.2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2-87
2.3.2.5.3 RISK ASSESSMENT AND EXPOSURE GUIDELINES 2-89
2.3.2.5.3.1 INTRODUCTION 2-89
2.3.2.5.3.2 QUANTIFYING INDUCED FIELD AND S A R 2-90
2.3.2.5.3.3 BASIC RESTRICTIONS AND REFERENCE LEVELS 2-90
2.3.2.5.4 SUMMARY 2-92
2.3.2.6 OPTICAL RADIATION AND LASERS 2-93
2.3.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION 2-93
2.3.2.6.2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS O F ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION 2-93
2.3.2.6.2.1 BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE DOSIMETRY 2-93
2.3.2.6.2.2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE SKIN 2-93
2.3.2.6.2.3 ACUTE EFFECTS ON THE SKIN 2-94
2.3.2.6.2.4 CHRONIC EFFECTS ON THE SKIN 2-95
2.3.2.6.2.5 SYSTEMIC EFFECTS 2-96
2.3.2.6.2.6 EFFECTS ON THE EYE 2-96
2.3.2.6.3 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS O F VISIBLE AND INFRARED RADIATION 2-97
2.3.2.6.4 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS O F LASER RADIATION 2-98
2.3.2.6.5 DERIVATION O F EXPOSURE LIMITS 2-99
2.3.2.6.6 SUMMARY 2-99
2.3.2.7 REFERENCES FOR 2.3.2 2-101
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XIII
3 DOSIMETRY IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY AND RADIOTHERAPY
( H . - M . K R A M E R , B . M . M O O R E S , H . - J . S E L B A C H
, F . - E . S T I E V E , S . V A T N I T S K Y ) 3 - 1
3 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N ( H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 - 1
3.1.1 REFERENCES FOR 3.1 3-2
3 . 2 D O S I M E T R I C C O N C E P T S ( H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 -
3
3.2.1 PHOTON RADIATION 3-3
3.2.1.1 BEAM ATTENUATION 3-3
3.2.1.2 INTERACTION PROCESSES 3-5
3.2.1.3 MASS-ENERGY ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 3-7
3.2.1.4 ENERGY DEPENDENCE O F INTERACTION PROCESSES 3-7
3.2.1.5 K E R M A 3-8
3.2.2 ELECTRON RADIATION 3-10
3.2.2.1 ENERGETIC ELECTRONS 3-10
3.2.2.2 INTERACTION PROCESSES 3-10
3.2.2.3 CAVITY THEORY, BRAGG-GRAY PRINCIPLE 3-11
3.2.3 REFERENCES FOR 3.2 3-13
3.3 DIAGNOSTIC R A D I O L O G Y 3-14
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION ( F . - E . S T I E V E , H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 -
1 4
3 . 3 . 2 D O S E QUANTITIES ( H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 - 1 5
3 . 3 . 3 CHARACTERIZATION O F THE RADIATION QUALITY ( B . M . M O O R E
S , H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 - 1 7
3 . 3 . 4 DOSIMETRIC EQUIPMENT FOR DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY ( B . M . M O O
R E S , F.-E. S T I E V E ) 3 - 1 8
3.3.4.1 IONIZATION DOSEMETERS 3-18
3.3.4.2 SCINTILLATION DOSEMETERS 3-19
3.3.4.3 THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSEMETERS (TLDS) 3-19
3.3.4.4 KERMA-AREA PRODUCT METERS 3-19
3.3.4.5 DOSE-LENGTH PRODUCT METERS ( B . M . M O O R E S ) 3 - 2 0
3 . 3 . 5 M E A S U R E M E N T S IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY (B.M. M O O R
E S , F . - E . S T I E V E ) 3 - 2 0
3.3.5.1 DOSIMETRY IN RADIOGRAPHY 3-21
3.3.5.1.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENTS 3-21
3.3.5.1.2 INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS 3-22
3.3.5.2 DOSIMETRY IN FLUOROSCOPY 3-23
3.3.5.3 DOSIMETRY IN MAMMOGRAPHY 3-24
3.3.5.3.1 PHANTOM MEASUREMENTS 3-24
3.3.5.3.2 PATIENT MEASUREMENTS 3-24
3.3.5.4 DOSIMETRY IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 3-24
3.3.5.4.1 METHODS O F MEASUREMENT O F CTDI 3-25
3.3.5.4.2 DOSE LENGTH PRODUCT (DLP) 3-25
3.3.5.4.3 THE RELEVANCE O F CTDI 3-25
3.3.5.5 DOSIMETRY IN DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY 3-26
3.3.5.5.1 INTRA-ORAL RADIOGRAPHY 3-26
3.3.5.5.2 PANORAMIC TOMOGRAPHY 3-27
3.3.5.5.3 DENTAL C T 3-27
3.3.5.6 DOSIMETRY FOR INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES 3-27
3.3.5.6.1 OVERALL DOSE TO THE PATIENT 3-28
3.3.5.6.2 MAXIMUM ENTRANCE SURFACE DOSE 3-28
3.3.6 REFERENCES FOR 3.3 3-28
IMAGE 6
X I V
CONTENTS
3 . 4 R A D I O T H E R A P Y ( H . - M . K R A M E R , H . - J . S E L
B A C H , S . V A T N I T S K Y ) 3 - 3 2
3 . 4 . 1 INTRODUCTION ( H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 - 3 2
3 . 4 . 2 DOSE QUANTITIES ( H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 - 3 2
3.4.2.1 PHOTON BEAMS 3 - 3 3
3.4.2.2 ELECTRON BEAMS 3 - 3 4
3.4.2.3 HADRON BEAMS 3-35
3.4.2.4 BRACHYTHERAPY 3-35
3.4.3 DOSIMETRIC EQUIPMENT FOR RADIATION THERAPY (H.-M. KRAMER) 3-36
3 . 4 . 4 D O S I M E T R Y FOR TELETHERAPY ( H . - M . K R A M E R , S
. V A T N I T S K Y , H . - J . S E L B A C H ) 3 - 4 1
3 . 4 . 4 . 1 PHOTONS AND ELECTRONS ( H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 - 4 1
3 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 1 L E A K A G E CURRENT 3 - 4 1
3.4.4.1.2 DENSITY O F AIR 3-42
3.4.4.1.3 POLARITY EFFECT 3-42
3.4.4.1.4 INCOMPLETE CHARGE COLLECTION 3-42
3.4.4.1.5 HUMIDITY O F AIR 3 - 4 4
3.4.4.1.6 RADIATION QUALITY 3-44
3.4.4.1.7 DISPLACEMENT EFFECT 3-46
3.4.4.1.8 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS OTHER THAN THE DENSITY O F AIR 3-48
3 . 4 . 4 . 2 N O N - R E F E R E N C E CONDITIONS ( H . - M . K R A M E
R ) 3 - 4 9
3.4.4.3 KILOVOLT X-RAY BEAMS (H.-M. K R A M E R ) 3 - 4 9
3.4.4.4 PROTONS AND HEAVIER IONS (S. V A T N I T S K Y ) 3 - 5 0
3.4.4.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3-50
3.4.4.4.2 BEAM DELIVERY TECHNIQUES 3-50
3.4.4.4.3 REFERENCE DOSIMETRY METHODS 3-51
3.4.4.4.4 NON-REFERENCE CONDITIONS 3-52
3 . 4 . 4 . 5 UNCERTAINTIES ( H . - M . K R A M E R ) 3 - 5 3
3.4.5 DOSIMETRY FOR BRACHYTHERAPY (H.-J. SELBACH) 3 - 5 4
3 . 4 . 5 . 1 INTRODUCTION 3 - 5 4
3.4.5.2 BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES 3 - 5 4
3.4.5.2.1 H D R AND P D R SOURCES 3-55
3.4.5.2.2 L D R SOURCES 3-55
3.4.5.2.3 OPHTALMIC APPLICATORS 3-55
3.4.5.2.4 ELECTRONIC X-RAY BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES 3-56
3.4.5.3 INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY 3-56
3.4.5.4 INTRACAVITARY BRACHYTHERAPY 3-57
3.4.5.5 ENDOVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY 3-57
3.4.5.6 AFTERLOADING TECHNIQUE 3-57
3.4.5.7 CALIBRATION AND TRACEABILITY 3 - 5 8
3.4.5.8 PRIMARY STANDARDS 3 - 5 8
3.4.5.8.1 STANDARDS FOR REFERENCE AIR KERMA RATE 3-58
3.4.5.8.2 STANDARDS FOR ABSORBED DOSE RATE TO WATER 3-61
3 . 4 . 5 . 9 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION O F DOSE RATE 3 - 6 2
3 . 4 . 5 . 1 0 DOSE CALCULATION AND PROTOCOLS 3 - 6 3
3.4.5.11 UNCERTAINTIES 3 - 6 4
3.4.6 REFERENCES FOR 3.4 3-65
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS X V
4 DOSIMETRY IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
( D . N O B K E , S . M A T T S S O N , L . J O H A N S S O N ) 4 - 1
4.1 I N T R O D U C T I O N 4-1
4.1.1 W H Y DOSIMETRY IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE? 4-1
4.1.2 RELATION BETWEEN ABSORBED DOSE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT 4 - 2
4.1.3 ABSORBED DOSES CANNOT B E MEASURED IN-VIVO 4-2
4.1.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 4 - 2
4.1.5 REFERENCES FOR 4.1 4 - 4
4.2 M E T H O D S F O R I N T E R N A L D O S I M E T R Y 4 - 6
4.2.1 GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS AND DEFINITIONS. QUANTITIES AND UNITS 4 - 6
4.2.1.1 ORGAN DOSES 4 - 6
4.2.1.2 EFFECTIVE DOSE 4 - 7
4.2.2 DOSIMETRY SYSTEMS 4-8
4.2.2.1 M1RD SYSTEM 4 - 9
4.2.2.2 ICRP FORMALISM FOR PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL INTAKE 4 - 9
4.2.2.3 JOINT M I R D - I C R P FORMALISM 4-10
4.2.3 DOSIMETRIC MODELS 4-11
4.2.3.1 ANATOMICAL MODELS 4-11
4.2.3.2 MODELS FOR BONE 4-13
4.2.3.3 RESPIRATORY TRACT AND ALIMENTARY TRACT 4-14
4.2.4 BIOKINETIC MODELS 4-14
4.2.4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION O F BIOKINETIC MODELS 4 - 1 5
4.2.4.2 BIOKINETIC MODELS FOR THE ALIMENTARY TRACT 4-16
4.2.4.4 SYSTEMIC MODELS 4-20
4.2.4.5 EXCRETION MODELS 4-22
4.2.5 COMPUTER PROGRAMS 4-22
4.2.6 REFERENCES FOR 4.2 4-23
4.3 COLLECTION O F BIOKINETIC D A T A 4-26
4.3.1 MEASUREMENTS WITH EXTERNAL PROBES 4-26
4.3.2 MEASUREMENTS O F SAMPLES O F BLOOD O R EXCRETA 4-27
4.3.3 WHOLE BODY COUNTING 4-27
4.3.4 G A M M A CAMERA MEASUREMENTS ON HUMANS 4-27
4.3.4.1 CONJUGATE COUNTING 4-29
4.3.4.2 S P E C T AND S P E C T / C T 4-29
4.3.4.3 PI: I AND PET/CT 4 - 3 0
4.3.4.4 MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE O F BIOKINETIC DATA
4-31
4.3.5 RADIATION PROTECTION, RISK CONSIDERATIONS W H E N ADMINISTERING
RADIONUCLIDES T O VOLUNTEERS (NON-PATIENTS) 4-31
4.3.6 REFERENCES FOR 4.3 4-32
4.4 P H Y S I C A L P R O P E R T I E S O F T H E M O S T I M P O R T A
N T R A D I O N U C L I D E S 4-33
4.4.1 REFERENCE FOR 4.4 4 - 3 4
4.5 DOSES TO P A T I E N T S IN DIAGNOSTICS 4-35
4.5.1 EXAMPLES O F BIOKINETIC MODELS FOR FREQUENTLY USED
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 4-35
4.5.2 LIST O F DOSE COEFFICIENTS 4-35
4.5.3 DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS 4-37
4.5.4 PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS 4 - 3 8
4.5.5 REFERENCES FOR 4.5 4-38
4.6 DOSES TO P A T I E N T S IN T H E R A P Y 4-40
4.6.1 METHODS FOR DOSE ESTIMATION 4 - 4 0
4.6.2 RADIOIODIDE THERAPY 4-40
4.6.2.1 CALCULATIONS O F THE ABSORBED DOSE TO THE THYROID AT TREATMENT O
F HYPERTHYROIDISM 4-41
IMAGE 8
XVI
4.6.2.2 4.6.2.3 4.6.2.4
4.6.3 4.6.4
4.6.5 4.6.5.1 4.6.5.2
4.6.6 4.6.7
4 . 7
4.7.1
4 . 8
4.8.1
4.8.2 4.8.3
4.8.4 4.8.4.1 4.8.4.2
4.8.5 4.8.6
4 . 9
4.9.1
4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4
4 . 1 0
4.10.1
4.10.2 4.10.3
4 . 1 1
5
5 . 1
5.1.1
5.1.2 5.1.3
5 . 2
5.2.1
5.2.2 5.2.2.1 5.2.2.2
5.2.3
5 . 3
5.3.1
5.3.1.1 5.3.1.2 5.3.1.3
CONTENTS
DOSIMETRY FOR TREATMENT O F THYROID CANCER 4 - 4 2
THYROID STUNNING 4 - 4 3
ABSORBED DOSE ESTIMATIONS TO ORGANS OTHER THAN THE THYROID FOR RADIATION
PROTECTION PURPOSES 4 - 4 3
POLYCYTEMIA 4 - 4 4
BONE PALLIATION 4 - 4 4
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND PEPTIDE AND RECEPTOR SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 4-45
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOURS 4 - 4 5
TREATMENT O F LIVER TUMOURS WITH MICROSPHERES 4 - 4 5
TYPICAL DOSES TO TUMOURS AND CRITICAL ORGANS 4-45
REFERENCES FOR 4.6 4 - 4 6
NECESSITY O F PATIENT-SPECIFIC DOSE P L A N N I N G IN R A D I O N U C L
I D E T H E R A P Y 4 - 5 0
REFERENCES FOR 4.7 4-51
DOSE T O E M B R Y O A N D F O E T U S E S IN DIAGNOSTIC N U C L E A R M
E D I C I N E 4 - 5 2
EXTERNAL IRRADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVITY IN THE MOTHER 4 - 5 2
TRANSFER OVER THE PLACENTA BARRIER 4-52
PHANTOMS FOR PREGNANT W O M E N 4 - 5 3
DOSE COEFFICIENTS 4 - 5 3
18F-FDG 4 - 5 4
" M T C SODIUM PERTECHNETATE 4 - 5 4
RECOMMENATIONS TO DECREASE DOSE TO FOETUS 4-55
REFERENCES FOR 4.8 4-55
DOSES T O I N F A N T S F R O M B R E A S T F E E D I N G 4-57
EXCRETION 4 - 5 7
ESTIMATED DOSES 4-57
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERRUPTIONS 4-57
REFERENCES FOR 4.9 4 - 5 9
C U R R E N T T R E N D S A N D F U T U R E D E V E L O P M E N T S 4 -
6 0
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING 4 - 6 0
THERAPY 4 - 6 0
REFERENCES FOR 4.10 4-61
S U M M A R Y A N D C O N C L U S I O N S 4-62
MEDICAL RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION ( A . A L M E N , J. V A L E N T I N )
5-1
I N T R O D U C T I O N 5-1
HISTORICAL FLASHBACK 5-1
W H Y RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION IS ESSENTIAL 5-2
REFERENCES FOR 5.1 5-3
C O N C E P T U A L RADIOLOGICAL P R O T E C T I O N A N D I N T E R N A
T I O N A L R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S 5 - 4
T H E BASIC PRINCIPLES O F RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 5-4
APPLICATION O F RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION TO MEDICAL EXPOSURES 5-4
JUSTIFICATION O F MEDICAL EXPOSURES 5-5
OPTIMISATION O F RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION FOR MEDICAL EXPOSURES 5-5
REFERENCES FOR 5.2 5 - 6
A P P L I E D RADIOLOGICAL P R O T E C T I O N 5-7
MANAGEMENT O F RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM IN THE CLINIC 5-7
A QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM SUPPORTS RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 5-7
STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS ARE NECESSARY 5-8
' T H I R D PARTIES': ATTENTION MUST B E PAID TO OTHERS THAN PATIENTS
AND PERSONNEL 5-8
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XVII
5.3.2 FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND RADIATION SOURCES 5-9
5.3.2.1 SPECIFIC ISSUES CONCERNING SEALED SOURCES 5-9
5.3.2.2 PLANNING, VERIFYING, AND DOCUMENTING STRUCTURAL SHIELDING 5-10
5.3.2.3 MONITORING AND CLASSIFICATION O F W O R K AREAS 5-12
5.3.3 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 5-12
5.3.3.1 OCCUPATIONAL DOSES 5-13
5.3.3.2 MONITORING O F OCCUPATIONAL DOSE 5-14
5.3.4 SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMISATION AND JUSTIFICATION 5-15
5.3.4.1 DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS 5-15
5.3.4.2 JUSTIFICATION O F DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATIONS 5-16
5.3.5 DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY 5-17
5.3.5.1 DESIGN O F INSTALLATIONS AND STRUCTURAL SHIELDING IN DIAGNOSTIC
RADIOLOGY 5-17
5.3.5.2 OPTIMISATION O F THE PROTECTION O F THE PATIENT IN DIAGNOSTIC
RADIOLOGY 5-17
5.3.5.3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY 5-18
5.3.5.3.1 INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY AND FLUOROSCOPICALLY GUIDED
PROCEDURES 5-18
5.3.5.3.2 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) 5-19
5.3.5.3.3 PROCEDURES PERFORMED OUTSIDE THE X-RAY DEPARTMENT 5-19
5.3.5.3.4 CHILDREN 5-19
5.3.5.3.5 PREGNANT PATIENTS 5-20
5.3.5.3.6 CARERS AND COMFORTERS 5-20
5.3.5.4 PROTECTION O F PERSONNEL AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC 5-20
5.3.5.4.1 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: INTERVENTIONAL AND FLUOROSCOPIC
PROCEDURES 5-21
5.3.6 DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC NUCLEAR MEDICINE 5-21
5.3.6.1 DESIGNING FACILITIES AND STRUCTURAL SHIELDING: SPECIAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE 5-21
5.3.6.1.1 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING WASTE 5-22
5.3.6.2 OPTIMISATION O F THE PROTECTION O F THE PATIENT 5-23
5.3.6.2.1 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: CHILDREN 5-24
5.3.6.2.2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: THE PREGNANT PATIENT 5-24
5.3.6.2.3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: PATIENTS W H O ARE BREAST-FEEDING 5-25
5.3.6.2.4 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION: INTRODUCING P E T / C T AND OTHER
MULTI-MODAL EXAMINATIONS IN THE CLINIC 5-25
5.3.6.2.5 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION: CARERS AND COMFORTERS 5-25
5.3.6.3 PROTECTION O F THE PERSONNEL AND GENERAL PUBLIC 5-26
5.3.6.3.1 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION: HOSPITALISED PATIENTS DURING TREATMENT
5-26
5.3.6.3.2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION: CONSIDERATIONS W H E N PATIENTS LEAVE
THE HOSPITAL AFTER TREATMENT. 5-27 5.3.6.3.3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS:
DEATH SOON AFTER TREATMENT 5-27
5.3.7 THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGY 5-28
5.3.7.1 DESIGNING THE FACILITIES AND STRUCTURAL SHIELDING - SPECIAL
CONSIDERATION IN RADIATION THERAPY 5-28
5.3.7.1.1 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: ACCIDENT PREVENTION 5-29
5.3.7.2 OPTIMISATION O F THE PROTECTION O F THE PATIENT 5-29
5.3.7.2.1 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 5-30
5.3.7.3 PROTECTION O F THE PERSONNEL AND GENERAL PUBLIC 5-30
5.3.7.3.1 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: DISCHARGE O F PATIENTS AFTER TREATMENT
WITH PERMANENT IMPLANTS. 5-30
5.3.8 REFERENCES FOR 5.3 5-31
IMAGE 10
XVIII CONTENTS
5.4 M A G N E T I C R E S O N A N C E I M A G I N G , DIAGNOSTIC U L T R
A S O U N D ( J . H . B E R N H A R D T ) 5 - 3 4
5.4.1 INTRODUCTION 5 - 3 4
5.4.2 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 5 - 3 4
5.4.2.1 PROTECTION O F PATIENTS AND VOLUNTEERS UNDERGOING M R PROCEDURES
5-34
5.4.2.1.1 CONTRAINDICATIONS AND FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS 5-38
5.4.2.2 PROTECTION O F THE PERSONNEL AND GENERAL PUBLIC 5-39
5.4.2.2.1 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES 5-40
5.4.2.2.2 GENERAL PUBLIC EXPOSURES 5-40
5.4.2.2.3 PROTECTIVE MEASURES 5-41
5.4.3 DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND 5-41
5.4.3.1 PROTECTION O F THE PATIENT 5-41
5.4.3.1.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 5-41
5.4.3.1.2 EQUIPMENT OUTPUT DISPLAYS 5-42
5.4.3.1.3 INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDELINES 5-43
5.4.4 REFERENCES FOR 5.4 5-46
5.5 S U M M A R Y 5-48
GLOSSARY ( J . H . B E R N H A R D T , K . - U . K A S C H , A . K A U L
, H . - M . K R A M E R , D . N O G K E , J . V A L E N T I N ) . . . G
- L
INDEX O F TERMS L-L
ONLINE SPRINGERMATERIALS: WWW.SPRINGERMATERIALS.COM
DOL: 10.1007/978-3-642-23684-6 |
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| spelling | Landolt-Börnstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series Group 8, Advanced materials and technologies ; Vol. 11, Nanocrystalline materials ; Subvol. A. Fundamentals and data in radiobiology, radiation biophysics, dosimetry and medical radiological protection A. Almén ... .Ed. by A. Kaul Berlin ; Heidelberg Springer 2012 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kaul, Alexander 1934-2023 (DE-588)136279414 edt Almén, Anja J. Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV047214680 7,a DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024835285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Landolt-Börnstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series |
| title | Landolt-Börnstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series |
| title_auth | Landolt-Börnstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series |
| title_exact_search | Landolt-Börnstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series |
| title_full | Landolt-Börnstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series Group 8, Advanced materials and technologies ; Vol. 11, Nanocrystalline materials ; Subvol. A. Fundamentals and data in radiobiology, radiation biophysics, dosimetry and medical radiological protection A. Almén ... .Ed. by A. Kaul |
| title_fullStr | Landolt-Börnstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series Group 8, Advanced materials and technologies ; Vol. 11, Nanocrystalline materials ; Subvol. A. Fundamentals and data in radiobiology, radiation biophysics, dosimetry and medical radiological protection A. Almén ... .Ed. by A. Kaul |
| title_full_unstemmed | Landolt-Börnstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series Group 8, Advanced materials and technologies ; Vol. 11, Nanocrystalline materials ; Subvol. A. Fundamentals and data in radiobiology, radiation biophysics, dosimetry and medical radiological protection A. Almén ... .Ed. by A. Kaul |
| title_short | Landolt-Börnstein |
| title_sort | landolt bornstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology new series fundamentals and data in radiobiology radiation biophysics dosimetry and medical radiological protection |
| title_sub | numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology : new series |
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