Holdings: The physics of glaciers

The physics of glaciers:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Cuffey, Kurt (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann 2011
Edition:	4. ed., reprinted
Subjects:	Gletscher Glaziologie Gletscherkunde
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Bis 3. Aufl. u.d.T.: The physics of glaciers / W. S. B. Paterson
Physical Description:	XII, 693 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9780123694614

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adam_text	Contents Preface to Fourth Edition .............................................................xi Preface to First Edition ..............................................................xii Chapter 1 Introduction ...............................................................1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................1 1.2 History and Perspective ...............................................................2 1.3 Organization of the Book .............................................................6 Further Reading ........................................................................9 Chapter 2 Transformation of Snow to Ice ...........................................11 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 11 2.2 Snow, Firn, and Ice .................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Density of Ice .............................................................. 12 2.3 Zones in a Glacier ................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Distribution of Zones ...................................................... 15 2.4 Variation of Density with Depth in Firn ............................................ 16 2.5 Snow to Ice Transformation in a Dry-snow Zone .................................. 19 2.5.1 Processes ................................................................... 19 2.5.2 Models of Density Profiles in Dry Firn ...................................22 2.5.3 Reduction of Gas Mobility ................................................25 2.6 Hoar Layers ..........................................................................26 2.7 Transformation When Meltwater Is Present ........................................27 Further Reading ......................................................................28 Chapter 3 Grain-Scale Structures and Deformation of Ice ...........................29 3.1 Introduction ..........................................................................29 3.2 Properties of a Single Ice Crystal ...................................................30 3.2.1 Structure ...................................................................30 3.2.2 Deformation of a Single Crystal ..........................................32 3.3 Polycrystalline Ice: Grain-scale Forms and Processes .............................33 3.3.1 Orientation Fabrics: Brief Description ...................................33 3.3.2 Impurities and Bubbles ....................................................33 3.3.3 Texture and Recrystallization .............................................35 3.3.4 Formation of С -axis Orientation Fabrics .................................43 3.3.5 Mechanisms of Polycrystalline Deformation ............................48 3.4 Bulk Creep Properties of Polycrystalline Ice .......................................51 3.4.1 Strain Rate and Incompressibility ........................................51 3.4.2 Deviatoric Stress ...........................................................52 3.4.3 Bench-top Experiments: The Three Phases of Creep ....................52 3.4.4 Isotropie Creep Behavior ..................................................54 3.4.5 Controls on Creep Parameter A ...........................................64 III Contents 3.4.6 Recommended Isotropie Creep Relation and Values for Л ..............72 3.4.7 Anisotropie Creep of Ice ..................................................78 3.5 Elastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Ice .........................................88 Appendix 3.1.........................................................................88 Appendix 3.2: Data for Figure 3.16 ................................................89 Chapter 4 Mass Balance Processes: 1. Overview and Regimes .......................91 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................91 4.1.1 Notes on Terminology .....................................................94 4.2 Surface Mass Balance ...............................................................96 4.2.1 Surface Accumulation Processes .........................................96 4.2.2 Surface Ablation Processes ...............................................99 4.2.3 Annual (Net) Balance and the Seasonal Cycle ..........................100 4.2.4 Annual Glacier Balance and Average Specific Balances ...............102 4.2.5 Variation of Surface Balance with Altitude .............................102 4.2.6 Generalized Relation of Surface Balance to Temperature and Precipitation ..........................................................104 4.2.7 Relation of Glacier-wide Balance to the Area-Altitude Distribution ...............................................................108 4.3 Mass Balance Variations of Mountain Glaciers ...................................109 4.3.1 Interannual Fluctuations of Balance .....................................109 4.3.2 Cumulative Balance and Delayed Adjustments ......................... Ill 4.3.3 Regional Variations of Mass Balance ...................................113 4.4 Englacial Mass Balance ............................................................115 4.4.1 Internal Accumulation ....................................................115 4.4.2 Internal Ablation ..........................................................115 4.5 Basal Mass Balance ................................................................116 4.5.1 Basal Accumulation ......................................................116 4.5.2 Basal Ablation ............................................................118 4.6 Mass Loss by Calving ..............................................................121 4.6.1 The Calving Spectrum ...................................................122 4.6.2 Calving from Tidewater Glaciers ........................................123 4.6.3 Calving from Ice Shelves ................................................124 4.6.4 Calving Relations for Ice Sheet Models .................................127 4.7 Methods for Determining Glacier Mass Balance .................................127 4.8 Mass Balance Regimes of the Ice Sheets ..........................................131 4.8.1 Greenland Ice Sheet ......................................................131 4.8.2 Antarctic Ice Sheet .......................................................134 Further Reading .....................................................................136 Chapter 5 Mass Balance Processes: 2. Surface Ablation and Energy Budget .......737 5.1 Introduction .........................................................................137 5.1.1 Radiation ..................................................................138 5.1.2 Energy Budget of Earth s Atmosphere and Surface ....................138 5.2 Statement of the Surface Energy Budget ..........................................140 5.2.1 Driving and Responding Factors in the Energy Budget ................141 5.2.2 Melt and Warming Driven by Net Energy Flux .........................141 iv Contents 5.3 Components of the Net Energy Flux ..............................................142 5.3.1 Downward Shortwave Radiation ........................................143 5.3.2 Reflected Shortwave Radiation ..........................................145 5.3.3 Longwave Radiation .....................................................148 5.3.4 Field Example, Net Radiation Budget ...................................148 5.3.5 Subsurface Conduction and Radiation ..................................150 5.3.6 Turbulent Fluxes ..........................................................152 5.4 Relation of Ablation to Climate ....................................................160 5.4.1 Calculating Melt from Energy Budget Measurements ..................160 5.4.2 Simple Approaches to Modelling Melt ..................................162 5.4.3 Increase of Ablation with Warming .....................................165 5.4.4 Importance of the Frequency of Different Weather Conditions ........168 5.4.5 Energy Budget Regimes ..................................................169 Further Reading .....................................................................173 Chapter 6 Glacial Hydrology ...................................................... 775 6.1 Introduction .........................................................................175 6.1.1 Permeability of Glacier Ice ..............................................176 6.1.2 Effective Pressure ........................................................177 6.2 Features of the Hydrologie System ................................................177 6.2.1 Surface (Supraglacial) Hydrology .......................................178 6.2.2 Englacial Hydrology .....................................................179 6.2.3 Subglacial Hydrology ....................................................181 6.2.4 Runoff from Glaciers ....................................................185 6.3 The Water System within Temperate Glaciers ....................................194 6.3.1 Direction of Row .........................................................194 6.3.2 Drainage in Conduits .....................................................197 6.3.3 Drainage in Linked Cavities .............................................205 6.3.4 Subglacial Drainage on a Soft Bed ......................................209 6.3.5 Summary of Water Systems at the Glacier Bed .........................212 6.3.6 System Behavior ..........................................................214 6.4 Glacial Hydrological Phenomena ..................................................216 6.4.1 Jökulhlaups...............................................................216 6.4.2 Antarctic Subglacial Lakes ...............................................220 Further Reading .....................................................................222 Chapter 7 Basal Slip ..............................................................223 7.1 Introduction .........................................................................223 7.1.1 Measurements of Basal Velocity .........................................224 7.1.2 Local vs. Global Control of Basal Velocity .............................226 7.2 Hard Beds ...........................................................................229 7.2.1 Weertman s Theory of Sliding ...........................................229 7.2.2 Observations at the Glacier Sole .........................................233 7.2.3 Improvements to Weertman s Analysis ..................................234 7.2.4 Discussion of Assumptions ..............................................236 7.2.5 Comparison of Predictions with Observations ..........................237 7.2.6 How Water Changes Sliding Velocity on Hard Beds ...................238 Contents __________________________________ 7.2.7 Sliding of Debris-laden Ice .............................................. 250 7.2.8 Sliding at Sub-Freezing Temperatures ..................................253 7.2.9 Hard-bed Sliding: Summary and Outlook ...............................254 7.3 Deformable Beds ...................................................................255 7.3.1 Key Observations .........................................................256 7.3.2 Till Properties and Processes .............................................257 7.3.3 Constitutive Behaviors ...................................................264 7.3.4 Slip Rate ub on a Deformable Bed ......................................269 7.3.5 Large-scale Behavior of Soft Beds ......................................273 7.3.6 Continuity of Till .........................................................277 7.3.7 Additional Geological Information ......................................279 7.4 Practical Relations for Basal Slip and Drag .......................................280 Further Reading .....................................................................283 Chapter 8 The Flow of Ice Masses ................................................285 8.1 Introduction .........................................................................285 8.1.1 Ice Flux ...................................................................286 8.1.2 Balance Velocities ........................................................288 8.1.3 Actual Velocities ..........................................................289 8.1.4 How Surface Velocities Are Measured ..................................293 8.2 Driving and Resisting Stresses .....................................................295 8.2.1 Driving Stress and Basal Shear Stress ...................................295 8.2.2 Additional Resisting Forces and the Force Balance ....................299 8.2.3 Factors Controlling Resistance and Flow ...............................301 8.2.4 Effective Driving Force of a Vertical Cliff ..............................307 8.3 Vertical Profiles of Flow ............................................................309 8.3.1 Parallel Row ..............................................................309 8.3.2 Observed Complications in Shear Profiles ..............................311 8.4 Fundamental Properties of Extending and Compressing Flows ..................315 8.4.1 General Concepts .........................................................315 8.4.2 Uniform Extension or Compression .....................................317 8.5 General Governing Relations ......................................................319 8.5.1 Local Stress-equilibrium Relations ......................................320 8.5.2 General Solutions for Stress and Velocity ...............................321 8.5.3 Vertically Integrated Force Balance .....................................322 8.5.4 General Mass Conservation Relation (Equation of Continuity) ........330 8.5.5 Vertically Integrated Continuity Equations ..............................331 8.6 Effects of Valley Walls and Shear Margins ........................................338 8.6.1 Transverse Velocity Profile Where Basal Resistance Is Small .........339 8.6.2 Combined Effects of Side and Basal Resistances .......................340 8.7 Variations Along a Flow Line ......................................................346 8.7.1 Factors Controlling Longitudinal Strain Rate ...........................346 8.7.2 Local-scale Variation: Longitudinal Stress-gradient Coupling .........347 8.7.3 Large-Scale Variation ....................................................351 8.8 Flow at Tidewater Margins .........................................................353 8.8.1 Theory .....................................................................353 8.8.2 Observations: Columbia Glacier .........................................355 vi Contents 8.9 Ice Sheets: Flow Components ......................................................356 8.9.1 Flow at a Divide ..........................................................357 8.9.2 Ice Streams ................................................................360 8.9.3 Ice Shelves ................................................................373 8.9.4 Transition Zone Between Grounded and Floating Ice ..................384 8.9.5 Flow Over Subglacial Lakes .............................................385 8.10 Surface Profiles of Ice Sheets ......................................................385 8.10.1 Profile Equations .........................................................385 8.10.2 Other Factors Influencing Profiles .......................................390 8.10.3 Relation Between Ice Area and Volume .................................395 8.10.4 Travel Times ..............................................................396 8.10.5 Local-scale Relation of Surface and Bed Topography ..................397 Further Reading .....................................................................398 Chapter 9 Temperatures in Ice Masses ............................................399 9.1 Introduction .........................................................................399 9.2 Thermal Parameters of Ice and Snow ..............................................400 9.3 Temperature of Surface Layers ....................................................401 9.4 Temperate Glaciers .................................................................405 9.4.1 Ice Temperature ..........................................................405 9.4.2 Origin and Effect of Water ...............................................407 9.4.3 Distribution of Temperate Glaciers ......................................408 9.5 Steady-state Temperature Distributions ...........................................409 9.5.1 Steady-state Vertical Temperature Profile ...............................409 9.6 Measured Temperature Profiles ....................................................413 9.7 General Equation of Heat Transfer ................................................416 9.7.1 Derivation of Equation ...................................................416 9.7.2 Boundary and Basal Conditions .........................................419 9.8 Temperatures Along a Flow Line ..................................................420 9.8.1 Observations ..............................................................421 9.9 Time-varying Temperatures ........................................................423 9.10 Temperatures in Ice Shelves .......................................................426 Chapter 10 Large-Scale Structures ................................................429 10.1 Introduction .........................................................................429 10.2 Sedimentary Layers ................................................................430 10.3 Foliation .............................................................................430 10.3.1 Elongate Bubble Forms ..................................................434 10.3.2 Finite Strain ...............................................................434 10.4 Folds ................................................................................436 10.4.1 Folding in Central Regions of Ice Sheets ................................438 10.5 Boudinage ...........................................................................438 10.6 Faults ................................................................................440 10.7 Implications for Ice Core Stratigraphy ............................................441 10.8 Ogives and Longitudinal Corrugations ............................................443 10.9 Crevasses ............................................................................445 10.9.1 Patterns and Conditions for Occurrence .................................445 vii Contents 10.9.2 Crevasse Depth and Propagation ........................................449 10.9.3 Related Tensional Features ...............................................451 10.10 Structural Assemblages ............................................................452 Further Reading .....................................................................452 Chapter 11 Reaction of Glaciers to Environmental Changes .......................453 11.1 Introduction .........................................................................453 11.2 Reaction to Changes of Mass Balance: Scales ....................................454 11.2.1 Net Change of Glacier Length ...........................................455 11.2.2 Simple Models for Response ............................................456 11.2.3 Simple Models for Different Zones ......................................461 11.3 Reaction to Changes of Mass Balance: Dynamics ................................464 11.3.1 Theoretical Framework ...................................................464 11.3.2 Ice Thickness Changes ...................................................469 11.3.3 Relative Importance of Diffusion and Kinematic Waves ...............476 11.3.4 Numerical Models of Glacier Variation .................................477 11.4 Reactions to Additional Forcings ..................................................483 11.4.1 Response of Glaciers to Ice and Bed Changes ..........................483 11.4.2 Factors Influencing the Reaction of an Ice Sheet to the End of an Ice Age .............................................................485 11.4.3 Ice Flow Increased by Water Input ......................................490 11.5 Changes at a Marine Margin .......................................................494 11.5.1 Conceptual Framework ...................................................495 11.5.2 The Tidewater Glacier Cycle ............................................500 11.5.3 Interactions of Ice Shelves and Inland Ice ...............................503 11.5.4 Forcing by Sea-level Rise ................................................508 Further Reading .....................................................................510 Chapter 12 Glacier Surges ........................................................511 12.1 Introduction .........................................................................511 12.2 Characteristics of Surging Glaciers ................................................513 12.2.1 Spatial Distribution and Relation to Geological Setting ................513 12.2.2 Distribution in Time ......................................................514 12.2.3 Temperature Characteristics .............................................515 12.2.4 Characteristics of Form and Velocity ....................................516 12.3 Detailed Observations of Surges ...................................................517 12.3.1 Surges of Temperate Glaciers ............................................517 12.3.2 The Role of Water: Variegated Glacier ..................................520 12.3.3 Surges Where the Bed Is Partly Frozen .................................523 12.3.4 Surges of Polythermal Tidewater Glaciers ..............................526 12.4 Surge Mechanisms .................................................................528 12.4.1 General Evidence Relevant to the Mechanism ..........................528 12.4.2 The Mechanism for Temperate Glaciers ................................532 12.4.3 Polythermal Glaciers .....................................................536 12.5 Surging of Ice Sheets? ..............................................................537 12.6 Ice Avalanches ......................................................................538 VIII Contents Chapter 13 Ice Sheets and the Earth System ......................................541 13.1 Introduction .........................................................................541 13.2 Interaction of Ice Sheets with the Earth System ..................................542 13.2.1 Processes Driving Ice Sheet Change ....................................543 13.2.2 Feedback Processes ......................................................548 13.3 Growth and Decay of Quaternary Ice Sheets ......................................555 13.3.1 Relation to Milankovitch Forcings ......................................557 13.3.2 Climate Forcings at the LGM ............................................561 13.3.3 Onset of Quaternary Cycles ..............................................563 13.3.4 Heinrich Events ...........................................................563 13.4 Ice Sheet Evolution Models ........................................................565 13.4.1 Model Components .......................................................565 13.4.2 Model Calibration ........................................................569 13.4.3 Simulations of Quaternary Ice Sheets ...................................569 Further Reading .....................................................................574 Chapter 14 Ice, Sea Level, and Contemporary Climate Change ....................575 14.1 Introduction .........................................................................575 14.1.1 Equivalent Sea Level .....................................................576 14.1.2 Recent Climate and Sea-level Change ...................................577 14.2 Global Warming and Mountain Glaciers ..........................................578 14.2.1 History of Glacier Lengths ...............................................579 14.2.2 Worldwide Mass Balance of Mountain Glaciers and Small Ice Caps ...................................................................582 14.2.3 Sea-level Forecasts: Mountain Glaciers and Small Ice Caps ...........586 14.3 The Ice Sheets and Global Warming ..............................................590 14.3.1 Greenland .................................................................590 14.3.2 Antarctica .................................................................595 14.3.3 Model Forecasts of Ice Sheet Contributions to Sea-level Change ......601 14.3.4 Simple Approaches to Forecasts for the Century Ahead ...............604 14.4 Summary ............................................................................607 14.4.1 Recent Sea-level Rise ....................................................607 14.4.2 The Twentieth Century ...................................................608 14.4.3 This Century ..............................................................608 Chapter 15 Ice Core Studies ......................................................611 15.1 Introduction .........................................................................611 15.1.1 Some Essential Terms and Concepts ....................................612 15.1.2 Delta Notation ............................................................612 15.2 Relation Between Depth and Age .................................................614 15.2.1 Theoretical Relations .....................................................614 15.2.2 Determination of Ages ...................................................622 15.2.3 Difference of Gas and Ice Ages ..........................................630 15.3 Fractionation of Gases in Polar Firn ...............................................630 15.4 Total Air Content ...................................................................634 15.5 Stable Isotopes of Ice ...............................................................636 ix Contents 15.5.1 Conceptual Model........................................................636 15.5.2 Interpretation of Records .................................................644 15.6 Additional Techniques of Temperature Reconstruction ..........................650 15.6.1 Borehole Temperatures ...................................................650 15.6.2 Melt Layers ...............................................................651 15.6.3 Thermal and Gravitational Fractionation of Gases .....................652 15.7 Estimation of Past Accumulation Rates ...........................................652 15.8 Greenhouse Gas Records ...........................................................654 15.8.1 Histories of Atmospheric Concentration ................................654 15.8.2 Isotopie Compositions of Greenhouse Gases ...........................659 15.9 Gas Indicators of Global Parameters ..............................................659 15.9.1 Global Mean Ocean Temperature ........................................659 15.9.2 Global Biological Productivity ..........................................660 15.10 Paniculate and Soluble Impurities .................................................660 15.10.1 Electrical Conductivity Measurement (ECM) ...........................662 15.10.2 Primary Aerosols .........................................................662 15.10.3 Secondary Aerosols ......................................................664 15.11 Examples of Multiparameter Records from Ice Sheets ...........................667 15.11.1 Deglacial Climate Change ...............................................667 15.11.2 A Long Record of Climate Cycling .....................................667 15.12 Low-latitude Ice Cores .............................................................670 15.13 Surface Exposures in Ablation Zones .............................................672 Further Reading .....................................................................674 Appendix: A Primer on Stress and Strain ..........................................675 Index ..............................................................................683 References and other supplemental materials can be found on The Physics of Glaciers companion website at: http://www.elsevierdirect.com/companion.jsp?lSBN=97801 23694614
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author	Cuffey, Kurt
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id	DE-604.BV039935853
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T00:14:31Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780123694614
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024794016
oclc_num	695838036
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM
owner_facet	DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM
physical	XII, 693 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
publishDate	2011
publishDateSearch	2011
publishDateSort	2011
publisher	Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann
record_format	marc
spelling	Cuffey, Kurt Verfasser aut The physics of glaciers K. M. Cuffey ; W. S. B. Paterson 4. ed., reprinted Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann 2011 XII, 693 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bis 3. Aufl. u.d.T.: The physics of glaciers / W. S. B. Paterson Gletscher (DE-588)4137668-7 gnd rswk-swf Glaziologie (DE-588)4205614-7 gnd rswk-swf Gletscherkunde (DE-588)4157593-3 gnd rswk-swf Gletscherkunde (DE-588)4157593-3 s DE-604 Gletscher (DE-588)4137668-7 s 1\p DE-604 Glaziologie (DE-588)4205614-7 s 2\p DE-604 Paterson, W. S. B. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024794016&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Cuffey, Kurt The physics of glaciers Gletscher (DE-588)4137668-7 gnd Glaziologie (DE-588)4205614-7 gnd Gletscherkunde (DE-588)4157593-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4137668-7 (DE-588)4205614-7 (DE-588)4157593-3
title	The physics of glaciers
title_auth	The physics of glaciers
title_exact_search	The physics of glaciers
title_full	The physics of glaciers K. M. Cuffey ; W. S. B. Paterson
title_fullStr	The physics of glaciers K. M. Cuffey ; W. S. B. Paterson
title_full_unstemmed	The physics of glaciers K. M. Cuffey ; W. S. B. Paterson
title_short	The physics of glaciers
title_sort	the physics of glaciers
topic	Gletscher (DE-588)4137668-7 gnd Glaziologie (DE-588)4205614-7 gnd Gletscherkunde (DE-588)4157593-3 gnd
topic_facet	Gletscher Glaziologie Gletscherkunde
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024794016&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT cuffeykurt thephysicsofglaciers AT patersonwsb thephysicsofglaciers

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