Mass metrology:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2012
|
| Series: | Springer series in materials science
155 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 353 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| ISBN: | 3642234119 9783642234118 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Gupta, S. V. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mass metrology |c S. V. Gupta |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 353 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 235 mm x 155 mm | ||
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
1 UNIT O F MASS AND STANDARDS O F MASS 1
1.1 CONCEPTS O F MASS 1
1.1.1 GRAVITATIONAL MASS 2
1.1.2 INERTIAL MASS 2
1.1.3 EQUALITY O F INERTIAL AND GRAVITATIONAL MASS 3
1.2 MASS AND WEIGHT O F A BODY 3
1.2.1 CONVENTIONAL MASS 4
1.2.2 VARIATION O F THE WEIGHT OF A BODY
ON SURFACE O F EARTH 4
1.3 UNIT O F MASS 7
1.3.1 HISTORY O F THE UNITS OF METRE AND KILOGRAM 7
1.3.2 UNIT O F LENGTH 8
1.3.3 KILOGRAM DE ARCHIVES 8
1.4 METRIC CONVENTION 8
1.4.1 INTERNATIONAL KILOGRAM 9
1.4.2 NATIONAL PROTOTYPES O F KILOGRAM 11
1.4.3 NATIONAL PROTOTYPE KILOGRAM AND OTHER STANDARDS IN INDIA 11
1.4.4 CALIBRATION OF TRANSFER STANDARDS O F MASS 12
1.5 HIERARCHY O F MASS STANDARDS 12
1.5.1 NOMENCLATURE 12
1.5.2 MEASUREMENT CHAIN 14
1.5.3 TRACKING THE MASS VALUES O F STANDARDS 14
1.5.4 PERIOD O F VERIFICATION OR CALIBRATION 15
1.5.5 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS 15
1.6 TRACEABILITY O F MEASUREMENTS 15
1.6.1 TRACEABILITY 15
1.6.2 C I P M M R A 17
REFERENCES 17
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1013760859
IMAGE 2
X C O N T E N T S
2 TWO-PAN EQUAL-ARM BALANCES 19
2.1 INTRODUCTION 19
2.2 BRIEF HISTORY 19
2.3 OTHER 1-KG BALANCES 2 0
2.3.1 EQUAL-ARM INTERCHANGEABLE PAN BALANCE UK 2 0
2.3.2 EQUAL ARM WITH DOUBLE INTERCHANGEABLE PAN BALANCE 22
2.3.3 SUBSTITUTION BALANCE NPL-INDIA 2 2
2.3.4 ELECTRONIC BALANCE WITH AUTOMATION AT NPL-INDIA 23
2.3.5 HYDROSTATIC BALANCE 24
2.4 INSTALLATION O F A BALANCE 26
2.4.1 PROPER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR BALANCE ROOM 26
2.4.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCATION O F THE BALANCE 26
2.5 EVALUATION O F METROLOGICAL DATA FOR A BALANCE 27
2.5.1 NEED FOR EVALUATION 27
2.5.2 VISUAL EXAMINATION 29
2.5.3 SENSITIVITY 30
2.5.4 PERIOD O F SWING OR TIME PERIOD 32
2.5.5 ACCURACY O F RIDER BAR 33
2.5.6 STABILITY/ REPEATABILITY 35
2.5.7 REPEATABILITY O F WEIGHING 35
2.5.8 EQUALITY O F ARM LENGTHS 36
2.5.9 CALCULATION O F ARM RATIO, REPEATABILITY O F SINGLE AND DOUBLE
WEIGHING 37
2.5.10 REQUIREMENT FOR ARM RATIO AND REPEATABILITY OF WEIGHING 39
2.5.11 TEST FOR PARALLELISM O F KNIFE EDGES . 39
2.6 METHODS O F WEIGHING 41
2.6.1 DIRECT WEIGHING 41
2.6.2 TRANSPOSITION WEIGHING 41
2.6.3 SUBSTITUTION WEIGHING 42
2.7 DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION AND SUBSTITUTION WEIGHING 42
2.7.1 DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION METHOD 42
2.7.2 DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION WITH SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION O F S.R 43
2.7.3 DOUBLE SUBSTITUTION 4 5
2.7.4 DOUBLE SUBSTITUTION WEIGHING WITH SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION O F
S.R 45
2.8 MAINTENANCE O F STANDARD BALANCES 4 6
2.8.1 CATEGORY O F BALANCES 4 6
2.8.2 REFERENCE BALANCES 4 6
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XI
2.8.3 SECONDARY STANDARD BALANCES 4 6
2.8.4 WORKING STANDARD BALANCES 47
REFERENCES 48
3 SINGLE-PAN MECHANICAL BALANCES 4 9
3.1 ' INTRODUCTION 4 9
3.2 DESCRIPTION O F A SINGLE-PAN BALANCE 4 9
3.3 EVALUATION O F SINGLE-PAN BALANCE 52
3.3.1 VERIFICATION INTERVAL 53
3.3.2 GENERAL EXAMINATION 53
3.3.3 SENSITIVITY O F THE SPRIT LEVEL O F THE BALANCE 54
3.3.4 HARDNESS O F KNIFE EDGES AND BEARING PLANES 54
3.3.5 SENSITIVITY SETTING 5 4
3.3.6 TESTS 55
3.3.7 TEST FOR SMALLEST BUILT-IN WEIGHT AND CALIBRATION O F ILLUMINATED
SCALE 55
3.3.8 CALIBRATION O F LOWER HALF AND UPPER HALF O F THE OPTICAL SCALE 56
3.3.9 SHORT DURATION TEST FOR PRECISION O F THE BALANCE 57
3.3.10 CALIBRATION O F BUILT-IN WEIGHTS FOR ALL DIAL SETTINGS 59
3.3.11 PERFORMANCE TEST 60
3.4 UNCERTAINTY IN CALIBRATION OF THE BALANCE 62
3.4.1 UNCERTAINTY OF MASS DETERMINATION BY THE BALANCE 63
REFERENCES 6 4
4 ELECTRONIC BALANCES AND EFFECT O F GRAVITY 65
4.1 INTRODUCTION 65
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE COMPENSATION 6 6
4.2.1 PRINCIPLE O F EMFC 6 6
4.2.2 PRINCIPLE O F EMFC BALANCE 67
4.3 PARTIALLY ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE COMPENSATED BALANCE 68
4.3.1 PARTIALLY EMFC TWO-PAN BALANCE 68
4.3.2 PARTIALLY EMFC SINGLE-PAN BALANCE 69
4.4 FULLY EMFC BALANCE 7 0
4.4.1 WITHOUT LEVER 7 0
4.4.2 BALANCE WITH MECHANICAL LEVERS 71
4.4.3 WORKING OF EMFC BALANCES 72
4.4.4 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY 72
4.5 RANGE O F CAPACITY O F EMFC BALANCE 75
4.6 AVAILABILITY OF EMFC CELLS 75
4.7 EFFECT OF VARIATION IN GRAVITY ON ELECTRONIC BALANCES 76
4.7.1 INSTRUMENTS AFFECTED BY GRAVITY 76
4.7.2 ERROR DUE TO VARIATION IN G 77
4.7.3 VARIATION O F G WITH RESPECT TO LATITUDE 78
IMAGE 4
XII C O N T E N T S
4.7.4 ERROR PER DEGREE CHANGE IN LATITUDE
AT DIFFERENT PLACES 80
4.7.5 SIGNIFICANT ERROR 81
4.7.6 CHOICE O F VALUES O F "N" TO CALCULATE ERROR AT VARIOUS LATITUDES
81
4.7.7 LATITUDE DIFFERENCES TO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT ERROR 82
4.7.8 INTRA-STATE MOVEMENT O F ELECTRONIC WEIGHING INSTRUMENTS 85
4.7.9 ERROR DUE TO ALTITUDE 86
4.8 CONCLUSION ABOUT THE MOVEMENT O F ELECTRONIC WEIGHING INSTRUMENTS 87
REFERENCES 88
5 STRAIN GAUGE LOAD CELLS 89
5.1 LOAD CELL 89
5.2 CONSTRUCTION 89
5.2.1 ELASTIC SPRING ELEMENT 89
5.2.2 DETECTOR 89
5.2.3 PASTING 9 0
5.3 RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGE 9 0
5.3.1 CHANGE IN RESISTANCE 9 0
5.3.2 MEASUREMENT O F RESISTANCE 91
5.3.3 CONFIGURATION O F STRAIN GAUGES ON SPRING ELEMENT 93
5.3.4 DIMENSIONS O F THE SPRING ELEMENT 9 6
5.3.5 METHODS O F CONNECTING SEVERAL LOAD CELLS 97
5.3.6 TRIMMING DEVICES IN THE LOAD CELL 98
5.4 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS 101
5.4.1 DEFINITIONS 101
5.4.2 NOTATIONS USED ON LOAD CELLS 103
5.5 CLASSIFICATION OF LOAD CELLS 104
5.5.1 ACCURACY CLASS 104
5.5.2 NUMBER O F INTERVALS 104
5.5.3 LOAD APPLICATION 105
5.6 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS FOR LOAD CELLS 105
5.6.1 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERROR AT VERIFICATION/MODEL APPROVAL 105
5.6.2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERROR AT INSPECTION 106
5.6.3 DETERMINATION O F ERROR FOR DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS 106
5.7 TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED 107
5.7.1 PERFORMANCE TESTS 107
5.7.2 INFLUENCE FACTORS TESTS 107
5.7.3 TEST CONDITIONS 107
5.8 PERFORMANCE TESTS 109
5.8.1 PERMISSIBLE ERROR, REPEATABILITY, NONLINEARITY AND HYSTERESIS
TESTS 109
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS X I I I
5.8.2 CREEP AND MINIMUM DEAD LOAD RETURN TESTS I L L
5.8.3 PERFORMANCE TESTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES 112
5.8.4 TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON MINIMUM DEAD LOAD OUTPUT 112
5.8.5 EFFECT O F BAROMETRIC PRESSURE TEST 112
5.8.6 HUMIDITY TEST 112
5.9 ADDITIONAL TESTS 113
5.9.1 VOLTAGE VARIATIONS 114
5.9.2 SHORT-TIME POWER REDUCTIONS 114
5.9.3 BURSTS (ELECTRICAL FAST TRANSIENTS) 115
5.9.4 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE 116
5.9.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY 116
5.9.6 SPAN STABILITY : 117
5.10 REQUIREMENTS FOR LOAD CELLS 119
REFERENCES 119
6 VARIOUS TYPES O F TRANSDUCERS FOR WEIGHING 121
6.1 INTRODUCTION 121
6.1.1 CLASSIFICATION 122
6.1.2 FORCE APPLIED BY A BODY 122
6.2 VIBRATING STRING/VIBRATING STRIP DEVICES 122
6.2.1 SINGLE-STRING TRANSDUCER CELL 123
6.2.2 DOUBLE-STRING TRANSDUCER CELL 124
6.2.3 S-SHAPED VIBRATING STRIP TRANSDUCER 124
6.2.4 TRANSDUCER WITH STRING VIBRATING IN HETERODYNE MODE 125
6.2.5 USE OF VIBRATING STRING TRANSDUCERS 125
6.3 TUNING FORK TRANSDUCER 127
6.4 GYROSCOPIC DEVICES 128
6.5 OPTICAL INTERFERENCE TRANSDUCER 130
6.6 MAGNETO-ELASTIC TRANSDUCER (PRESSDUCTOR) 131
6.6.1 CONSTRUCTION 131
6.6.2 PRINCIPLE O F MAGNETO-ELASTIC TRANSDUCER 132
6.7 CHANGE IN CAPACITANCE TRANSDUCER 133
6.8 PHOTOELECTRIC DEVICE 134
6.9 HYDRAULIC LOAD TRANSDUCER 135
6.10 PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER 135
6.10.1 LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE EFFECT 136
6.10.2 PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICE AND CASCADING TO INCREASE THE OUTPUT 136
6.10.3 SENSITIVITY IN DIFFERENT MODES 138
6.10.4 ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT CIRCUITS 138
6.10.5 PARTICULARS O F PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCERS 139
6.11 STRAIN GAUGE O F SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL 140
6.12 PIEZO-RESISTANT FORCE T RANSDUCER 140
IMAGE 6
XIV C O N T E N T S
6.13 LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER 140
6.14 INDUCTIVE WORM-SPRING TRANSDUCER 144
6.15 SURFACE WAVE RESONATOR 144
6.16 NUCLEONIC WEIGHING 145
6.16.1 PRINCIPLE 146
REFERENCES 147
7 TESTING O F ELECTRONIC BALANCES 149
7.1 INTRODUCTION 149
7.2 PRINCIPLE O F DIGITAL INDICATIONS 149
7.2.1 DIGITAL AND ANALOGUE INSTRUMENTS 149
7.2.2 PRINCIPLE O F DIGITAL INDICATION DEVICE 150
7.2.3 EQUALITY IN ERROR OF DIGITAL AND ANALOGUE INSTRUMENTS 153
7.2.4 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS 154
7.2.5 DEFINITIONS OF SOME IMPORTANT TERMS 154
7.2.6 PRACTICAL DETERMINATION O F THE ERROR OF A DIGITAL MACHINE 156
7.2.7 VERIFICATION O F DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE 156
7.2.8 RULE FOR ERRORS O F THE COMBINED SYSTEM 157
7.3 TESTING OF ELECTRONIC BALANCES/WEIGHING MACHINES 157
7.3.1 INTRODUCTION 157
7.3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 158
7.3.3 DESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS 158
7.3.4 CLASSES O F WEIGHING INSTRUMENTS 158
7.3.5 PERFORMANCE TESTS 160
7.4 TYPE APPROVAL TESTS 163
7.4.1 TESTS TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EFFECT O F INFLUENCE
QUANTITIES 163
7.4.2 EXTREME TEMPERATURE TEST 164
7.4.3 VARIATION IN SUPPLY VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY TEST 165
7.4.4 SHORT TIME POWER REDUCTION TEST 165
7.4.5 ELECTRICAL BURSTS TEST 165
7.4.6 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE TEST 166
7.4.7 ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST 166
7.5 NONLINEARITY 167
7.5.1 METHODS O F ESTIMATING NONLINEARITY 167
7.6 HYSTERESIS ERROR 168
7.7 GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING BALANCES 168
7.8 CLASS O F ELECTRONIC BALANCES NOT COVERED BY OIML 169
REFERENCES 169
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS X V
8 AIR DENSITY AND BUOYANCY CORRECTION 171
8.1 INTRODUCTION 171
8.2 EQUATION FOR DENSITY O F AIR 172
8.2.1 PARAMETERS O F THE GAS EQUATION 173
8.2.2 MOLAR MASS O F WATER VAPOUR 175
8.2.3 CONSTANTS INVOLVED IN P SV , F AND Z 177
8.2.4 VARIABLE PARAMETERS 177
8.2.5 UNCERTAINTY BUDGET O F AIR DENSITY EVALUATION FROM C1PM FORMULA
178
8.2.6 AIR DENSITY TABLES 178
8.3 AIR BUOYANCY ARTEFACT METHOD 178
8.3.1 PRINCIPLE 178
8.3.2 ARTEFACTS 182
8.3.3 UNCERTAINTY BUDGET 188
8.4 OPTICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINATION O F AIR DENSITY 190
8.4.1 RELATION O F REFRACTIVE INDEX AND DENSITY O F AIR 190
8.4.2 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 191
8.4.3 BIPM REFRACTOMETER 192
REFERENCES 196
9 WEIGHTS-STANDARDS O F MASS 1 99
9.1 INTRODUCTION 199
9.2 OIML CLASSIFICATION O F WEIGHTS 200
9.3 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS 201
9.3.1 OIML MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS 201
9.3.2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS IN WEIGHTS IN USA 201
9.3.3 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS IN COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS IN INDIA 203
9.4 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS FOR OTHER WEIGHTS 205
9.4.1 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS FOR WEIGHTS USED IN SCIENTIFIC AND
INDUSTRIAL FIELDS 205
9.4.2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS IN STANDARD WEIGHTS FOR LEGAL METROLOGY
205
9.4.3 SPECIAL PURPOSE REFERENCE STANDARDS (GERMANY) . . . . 205 9.5
MATERIAL OF WEIGHTS - 205
9.5.1 PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIAL O F WEIGHTS 206
9.5.2 MATERIAL FOR WEIGHTS OF 1 G AND ABOVE 208
9.5.3 MATERIAL FOR FRACTIONAL WEIGHTS 211
9.5.4 MATERIAL FOR ADJUSTMENT O F WEIGHTS 211
9.6 DESIGN AND FINISH O F THE WEIGHTS 212
9.6.1 BASICS O F DESIGN O F WEIGHTS 212
9.6.2 SURFACE FINISH O F GRAM WEIGHTS 215
IMAGE 8
XVI C O N T E N T S
9.6.3 FRACTIONAL WEIGHTS 215
9.6.4 WEIGHT BOX 216
9.7 EFFECT O F FINITE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY 217
9.7.1 EXPRESSION FOR MAGNETIC FORCE 217
9.7.2 MEASUREMENT O F MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY O F WEIGHTS 219
9.8 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES 221
9.9 EFFECT OF INEQUALITY O F TEMPERATURE O F WEIGHT AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
222
9.9.1 BUOYANT FORCE 222
9.9.2 CHANGE IN MASS DUE TO CONVECTION O F AIR 223
9.9.3 CHANGE IN INDICATION WITH TIME 224
9.9.4 CHANGE IN MASS DUE TO ADSORPTION 225
9.10 EFFECT O F DENSITY O F MATERIAL O F WEIGHTS 227
9.10.1 CRITERION FOR DENSITY RANGE O F THE WEIGHT 228
9.10.2 DETERMINATION O F DENSITY O F A WEIGHT 229
9.11 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 232
9.12 SURFACE RESISTANCE O F PLATINUM-IRIDIUM MASS STANDARDS 232
9.12.1 EFFECT O F CHANGE IN RELATIVE HUMIDITY 234
9.12.2 EFFECT O F CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE 234
9.12.3 EFFECT O F CHANGE IN PRESSURE 234
9.13 EFFECT O F WEIGHING IN AIR AND VACUUM 235
9.14 STABILITY O F MASS STANDARDS 235
9.14.1 INSTABILITY IN MASS STANDARDS DUE TO MERCURY CONTAMINATION 235
9.14.2 INSTABILITY IN MASS STANDARDS DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC CARBON AND
OXYGEN 236
REFERENCES 237
10 GROUP WEIGHING METHOD 239
10.1 INTRODUCTION 239
10.2 DIFFERENT SETS OF WEIGHTS 240
10.2.1 SETS O F WEIGHTS 240
10.2.2 HEAD WEIGHTS 241
10.3 PRINCIPAL OF GROUP WEIGHING 241
10.3.1 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND METHOD O F LEAST SQUARES 242
10.3.2 DESIGN MATRIX 243
10.3.3 VARIANCE COVARIANCE MATRIX 244
10.3.4 WEIGHTING FACTOR 245
10.3.5 IMPROVING A WEIGHING DESIGN 246
10.3.6 EFFICIENCY OF A WEIGHING DESIGN 248
10.3.7 AVERAGE OF SQUARES O F RESIDUAL ERRORS 248
10.4 CALIBRATION O F SET O F WEIGHTS 248
10.4.1 SERIES 5, 2, 2, 1 248
10.4.2 SERIES 5, 2, 1, 1' 259
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS X V I I
10.4.3 SERIES 5,2,1,1' (BIPM) 262
10.4.4 SERIES 4, 3, 2, 1, (BIPM) 265
10.4.5 SERIES 5 3 2 1 270
10.5 CALCULATIONS WITH WEIGHING FACTORS 274
10.6 MULTIPLES O F UNIT O F MASS 278
10.7 WEIGHTS O F SAME DENOMINATIONS 280
10.7.1 OPTIMUM VALUE OF N 281
10.7.2 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 282
10.7.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 283
REFERENCES 284
11 NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR DETECTION O F SMALL MASS DIFFERENCE 287
11.1 INTRODUCTION 287
11.2 CANTILEVER VIBRATION 287
11.2.1 CHARACTERISATION O F CANTILEVER 288
11.2.2 DIMENSIONS AND MASS O F AN ATTOGRAM CANTILEVER . . . . 290 11.3
NANOTECHNOLOGY 291
11.4 EXAMPLES O F FABRICATION O F MICRO-CANTILEVERS 292
11.4.1 ETCHING PROCESS 292
11.4.2 ELECTRON BEAM LITHOGRAPHY 294
11.4.3 VARIOUS MICRO-CANTILEVERS IN USE 295
11.5 PRINCIPLES O F DETECTION O F MICRO-CANTILEVER MOTION 295
11.6 EXAMPLES O F DETECTION MICRO-CANTILEVER RESPONSE 296
11.6.1 DETECTION BY USING AN INTERFEROMETER 296
11.6.2 DETECTION BY CAPACITY MEASUREMENT 296
11.6.3 IMPROVED FIBRE-OPTIC INTERFEROMETER 299
11.7 MASS SENSITIVITY O F CANTILEVERS 300
11.7.1 NO CHANGE IN SPRING CONSTANT (END-POINT LOADING) 300
11.7.2 CHANGING SPRING CONSTANT (UNIFORM LOADING) 301
11.8 MASS DETECTOR CANTILEVERS 301
11.8.1 AT FEMTOGRAM LEVEL 301
11.8.2 AT ATTOGRAM LEVEL 302
11.8.3 SUB-ATTOGRAM LEVEL 303
11.8.4 ZEPTOGRAM LEVEL 303
11.8.5 SUB-ZEPTOGRAM LEVEL (ONE GOLD ATOM) 304
11.8.6 AT ATTONEWTON LEVEL 304
11.8.7 A FINAL GOAL 305
11.8.8 VISCOSITY: A PROBLEM 306
11.9 MINIMUM DETECTABLE FORCE/MASS 306
11.10 MICRO-CANTILEVER APPLICATIONS 307
11.10.1 LARGE SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO 307
11.10.2 EXAMINATION O F SURFACE 308
11.10.3 THERMAL/PHOTO-THERMAL 308
IMAGE 10
XVIII C O N T E N T S
11.10.4 LOW POWER CONSUMPTION
MICRO-CANTILEVERS 309
11.10.5 CHEMISTRY 309
11.10.6 BIOLOGY 310
11.10.7 HEALTHCARE 310
11.10.8 PHYSICS (VISCOSITY AND DENSITY) 311
11.10.9 MAGNETOMETRY 312
11.10.10 DATASTORAGE 313
11.10.11 TERRORIST THREAT DETECTION 313
REFERENCES 313
12 REDEFINING THE UNIT O F MASS 321
12.1 INTRODUCTION 321
12.1.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR DEFINING A BASE UNIT 322
12.2 POSSIBILITIES TO REDEFINE KILOGRAM 322
12.2.1 OUTCOME OF REDEFINING A UNIT OF MEASUREMENT 323
12.2.2 MEANING OF TAKING A MEASURED VALUE AS EXACT 324
12.3 THE KILOGRAM THROUGH AVOGADRO CONSTANT 324
12.3.1 VALUES O F AVOGADRO CONSTANT 325
12.3.2 DETECTION O F ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE OR INACTIVE IMPURITIES 327
12.3.3 DETECTION OF VACANCY CONCENTRATION 328
12.3.4 LATTICE PARAMETER O F SILICON 329
12.3.5 MEAN MOLAR MASS 329
12.4 THE KILOGRAM THROUGH ION COLLECTION METHOD 331
12.5 THE KILOGRAM THROUGH LEVITATION METHOD 333
12.6 THE KILOGRAM THROUGH VOLTAGE BALANCE 335
12.7 THE KILOGRAM THROUGH WATT BALANCE 337
12.8 THE KILOGRAM, EINSTEIN ENERGY EQUATION AND PLANCK CONSTANT 339
12.8.1 ANOTHER WAY OF DEFINING THE KILOGRAM 340
12.9 PLANCK CONSTANT H IN TERMS O F OTHER CONSTANTS 341
12.9.1 STATUS O F WATT BALANCE 341
12.10 PRACTICAL STANDARDS TO REALISE KILOGRAM 343
12.11 CONCLUSION IN REGARD TO THE KILOGRAM 343
REFERENCES 344
CGPM DRAFT RESOLUTION 2011 347
INDEX 349 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gupta, S. V. |
| author_facet | Gupta, S. V. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gupta, S. V. |
| author_variant | s v g sv svg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039929489 |
| classification_rvk | UX 1100 UX 1300 ZQ 3750 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)812192448 (DE-599)DNB1013760859 |
| dewey-full | 531.140287 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 531 - Classical mechanics |
| dewey-raw | 531.140287 |
| dewey-search | 531.140287 |
| dewey-sort | 3531.140287 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Physik Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik / Mechatronik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039929489 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-21T00:26:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3642234119 9783642234118 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024787783 |
| oclc_num | 812192448 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-703 DE-92 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-703 DE-92 |
| physical | XVIII, 353 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Springer series in materials science |
| series2 | Springer series in materials science |
| spelling | Gupta, S. V. Verfasser aut Mass metrology S. V. Gupta Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2012 XVIII, 353 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer series in materials science 155 Wägen (DE-588)4188815-7 gnd rswk-swf Wägen (DE-588)4188815-7 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-642-23412-5 Springer series in materials science 155 (DE-604)BV000683335 155 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3857319&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024787783&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gupta, S. V. Mass metrology Springer series in materials science Wägen (DE-588)4188815-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4188815-7 |
| title | Mass metrology |
| title_auth | Mass metrology |
| title_exact_search | Mass metrology |
| title_full | Mass metrology S. V. Gupta |
| title_fullStr | Mass metrology S. V. Gupta |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mass metrology S. V. Gupta |
| title_short | Mass metrology |
| title_sort | mass metrology |
| topic | Wägen (DE-588)4188815-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wägen |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000683335 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT guptasv massmetrology |