Ultrasonics: fundamentals, technologies, and applications
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton, FL
CRC Press
2012
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Series: | Mechanical engineering
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and indexes |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 723 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780824758899 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Ensminger, Dale |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ultrasonics |b fundamentals, technologies, and applications |c Dale Ensminger and Leonard J. Bond |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL |b CRC Press |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 723 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Mechanical engineering | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and indexes | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Ultrasonic waves |x Industrial applications | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ultrasonics | |
| 650 | 7 | |a SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a MATHEMATICS / Applied |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) |2 bisacsh | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Bond, Leonard J. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024786985&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
to the Third Edition
...........................................................................
;
......xvii
Preface to the Second Edition
.................................................................................xxi
Preface to the First Edition
..................................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgments
..................................................................................................xxv
Chapter
1
Ultrasonics: A Broad Field
...................................................................1
1.1
Introduction
...............................................................................1
1.2
Brief Early History
....................................................................5
1.3
Underwater Sound (SONAR)
....................................................7
1.4
Medical and Biological Ultrasonics
..........................................8
1.5
Industrial Ultrasonics
..............................................................11
1.6
Nondestructive Testing/Evaluation
..........................................14
1.7
Ultrasonics in Electronics
........................................................15
1.8
Physical Acoustics
...................................................................16
1.9
Ultrasonic Systems: Transmitters and Receivers
....................20
1.10
Low-Intensity Applications
.....................................................21
1.11
High-Intensity Applications
....................................................22
1.12
Modern Ultrasonics: An Interdisciplinary Field
.....................22
References
..........................................................................................23
Chapter
2
Elastic Wave Propagation and Associated Phenomena
......................27
2.1
Introduction
.............................................................................27
2.2
Power Delivered to an Oscillating System
..............................29
2.3
Velocity of Sound
....................................................................29
2.3.1
Velocity of Sound in Solids
........................................30
2.3.2
Velocity of Sound in Liquids
......................................33
2.3.3
Velocity of Sound in Gases
........................................34
2.4
Impingment of an Ultrasonic Wave on a Boundary
between Two Media
.................................................................36
2.4.1
Simple Reflection and Transmission at
Normal Incidence
.......................................................37
2.4.2
Some Basic Mechanics
...............................................40
2.4.3
General Considerations of Incident Waves
................42
2.4.4
Development of General Equations for
Reflection and Refraction Where Mode
Conversion Is Possible
.............................................44
2.4.5
Wave Incident on a Liquid-Solid Plane
Interface, Semi-Infinite Media
...................................50
2.4.6
Shear Wave at a Solid-Solid Interface Polarized
Parallel to the Plane of the Interface
..........................52
vi
Contents
2.4.7
Reflection, Refraction, and Mode Conversion in
General Applications of Ultrasonic Energy
...............55
2.5
Transmission through Thin Plates
...........................................56
2.6
Diffraction
...............................................................................59
2.6.1
Huygens Principle
.....................................................59
2.6.2
Diffraction in Three-Dimensional Space
...................63
2.6.3
Directivity Pattern
......................................................64
2.6.4
Focusing
.....................................................................64
2.7
Standing Waves
.......................................................................65
2.8
Doppler
Effect
.........................................................................67
2.9
Superposition of Waves
...........................................................70
2.10
Attenuation of an Ultrasonic Wave
.........................................72
2.10.1
Attenuation Due to Beam Spreading
.........................72
2.10.2
Attenuation Due to Scattering
....................................73
2.10.2.1
Scattering from a Cylindrical
Obstruction in a Homogeneous
Medium
.......................................................75
2.10.2.2
Scattering by a Sphere in a
Homogeneous Medium
...............................75
2.10.2.3
Scattering from a Disk-Shaped Cavity
in the Path of an Ultrasonic Beam
..............77
2.10.2.4
Scattering from an Elastic
Isotropie
Sphere in a Homogeneous Medium
............77
2.10.2.5
Numerical Techniques to Study Wave
Propagation and Scattering
.........................78
2.10.2.6
Scattering in Practice
..................................83
2.10.3
Attenuation Due to Hysteresis
....................................88
2.10.4
Attenuation Due to Other Mechanisms
......................88
2.10.5
Measurement System Models
.....................................88
2.10.5.1
Resolution
...................................................90
2.10.5.2
Signal-to-Noise and Measurement
Window
.......................................................91
2.11
Relaxation
................................................................................92
2.12
High-Power Phenomena
..........................................................94
2.12.1
Cavitation
...................................................................95
References
..........................................................................................97
Chapter
3
Fundamental Equations Employed in Ultrasonic
Design and Applications
..................................................................101
3.1
Introduction
...........................................................................101
3.2
Simple Spring-Mass Oscillator
.............................................102
3.2.1
Ideal Condition
—
Simple
Harmonic Motion
.....................................................102
3.2.2
Real Condition
—
Damped Simple
Harmonic Motion
.....................................................104
Contents
vii
3.2.3
Effect of Damping on Phase Relationships
—
The
Forced Oscillator
......................................................105
3.3
Wave Equations
.....................................................................107
3.3.1
Plane-Wave Equation
...............................................108
3.3.2
General Wave Equation
............................................109
3.4
Solution of the Plane-Wave Equation, Linear System
...........110
3.4.1
General Solution
.......................................................110
3.4.2
Free-Free Longitudinally Vibrating
Uniform Bar
........................................................
Ill
3.4.3
Stress in a Vibrating Uniform Bar
...........................113
3.4.4
Mechanical Impedance
............................................114
3.4.5
Quality Factor
(β)
....................................................116
3.5
Transverse-Wave Equation
....................................................119
3.6
Solution of the Transverse-Wave Equation
............................120
3.6.1
Clamped-Free Uniform Bar
....................................121
3.6.2
Free-Free Bar (Bar Free at Both Ends)
...................126
3.6.3
Clamped-Clamped Bar (Bar Clamped
at Both Ends)
............................................................129
3.6.4
Effect of Geometry on Transverse
Vibrations of Bars
....................................................129
3.7
Plate Waves
............................................................................130
3.7.1
General
..................,..................................................130
3.7.2
Lamb Waves
.............................................................131
3.7.3
Rayleigh Waves
........................................................136
3.7.4
Flexural Plates
..........................................................136
3.7.4.1
Rectangular Plate with Simply
Supported Edges
.......................................137
3.7.4.2
Free Circular Plate
....................................138
3.7.4.3
Circular Plate with Its Center Fixed
.........138
3.7.4.4
Finite Exciting Sources (Transducers)
......139
References
........................................................................................139
Chapter
4
Design of Ultrasonic Horns for High Power Applications
...............141
4.1
Introduction
...........................................................................141
4.2
Horn Equations
......................................................................141
4.3
Types of Horns
......................................................................142
4.3.1
Cylinder or Uniform Bar as an
Ultrasonic Horn
........................................................142
4.3.2
Stepped Horn (Double Cylinder)
.............................142
4.3.3
Exponentially Tapered Horn
....................................143
4.3.4
Wedge-Shaped Horns
...............................................146
4.3.5
Conical Horns
...........................................................151
4.3.6
Catenoidal Horns
......................................................155
4.4
Combining Sections of Different Configurations
for Practical Applications
......................................................157
viii Contents
4.5
Effect
of Damping on the Operation of Horns
......................159
4.6
Wide Horns and Horns of Large Cross Section
....................160
4.6.1
Wide-Blade Type Horns
...........................................162
4.6.2
Horns of Large Cross Section
..................................164
4.6.3
Rotating Hollow Horn
..............................................164
4.7
Advanced Horn and System Design
......................................167
References
........................................................................................169
Chapter
5
Basic Design of Ultrasonic Transducers
..........................................171
5.1
Introduction
...........................................................................171
5.2
Equivalent Circuits
................................................................174
5.3
Piezoelectric Transducers
......................................................175
5.3.1
Equivalent Circuit of a Simple Piezoelectric
Transducer
................................................................178
5.3.2
Efficiency of a Simple Piezoelectric Transducer
......180
5.3.3
Maximum Power Transfer between Electronic
Power Source and Simple Piezoelectric Transducers....
181
5.3.4
Determining Transformation Factor (a) for the
Piezoelectric Transducer Material
...........................183
5.3.5
Quality Factor (Q) of Piezoelectric
Transducers
..............................................................183
5.3.6
KLM
and Examples of Designs Using
Transducer Model
.....................................................184
5.3.7
Piezoelectric Transducers for High-Intensity
Applications
..............................................................185
5.3.8
Pulse-Type Transducers for Low-Intensity
Applications Sensing
................................................189
5.3.9
Piezoelectric Polymers for Transducers
...................190
5.3.10
Piezoelectric Materials and Their Properties
...........191
5.4
Magnetostrictive
Transducers
................................................192
5.4.1
Maximum Power Transfer to the
Magnetostrictive
Transducer
....................................197
5.4.2
Efficiency of the
Magnetostrictive
Transducer
........198
5.4.3
Magnetostrictive
Transducers for High-Intensity
Applications
..............................................................198
5.4.4
Giant
Magnetostrictive
Materials
.............................200
5.4.5
Comparative Properties between Selected
Magnetostrictive
Materials
.......................................200
5.5
Electromagnetic Devices
.......................................................201
5.6
Pneumatic Devices (Whistles)
...............................................202
5.6.1
Some Practical Applications of
Pneumatic Whistles
..................................................205
5.6.1.1
Coating Fine Particles
...............................205
5.6.1.2
Controlling Foam in Large Industrial
Tanks for Liquids
......................................206
Contents ix
5.7
Mechanical
Devices..............................................................206
5.8
Some
Special
High-Frequency Transducers
.........................207
5.8.1
Electromagnetic Coupling
........................................207
5.8.2
Electrostatic Coupling
..............................................208
5.8.3
Surface Acoustic Wave Devices
...............................208
5.8.4
Resistive Layer Transducers
.....................................209
5.8.5
Laser Ultrasonics
......................................................210
5.8.6
Ultrasonic Arrays
.....................................................211
5.9
Transducer-Generated Wave Fields
.......................................212
5.10
General Remarks
...................................................................215
References
........................................................................................216
Chapter
6
Determining Properties of Materials
...............................................219
6.1
Introduction
...........................................................................219
6.2
Approximate Methods for Measurement of
Velocity and Attenuation
.......................................................220
6.2.1
Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation in
Isotropie
Solids
.........................................................220
6.2.2
Measurement of Velocity and
Attenuation in Fluids
................................................223
6.3
Methods of Measuring Velocity of Sound
.............................224
6.3.1
Interferometer Method
.............................................225
6.3.2
Resonance Method
...................................................226
6.3.3
Sing-Around Method
............................................226
6.3.4
Pulse-Superposition Method
....................................228
6.3.5
Pulse-Echo-Overlap Method
....................................229
6.3.6
Measurements in Materials of High
Attenuation
...............................................................230
6.3.7
Measurements at High Temperatures
.......................233
6.3.8
Measurements at High Pressures
.............................237
6.3.9
Water and Other Reference Materials
......................240
6.4
Low-Frequency Measurements of Elastic Moduli and
Poisson s Ratio
.......................................................................242
6.4.1
Measuring Flexural and Longitudinal Resonant
Frequencies of Bars
..................................................242
6.4.2
Measuring
Torsionai
Resonant Frequencies of
Isotropie
Bars
...........................................................244
6.4.3
Determining Poisson s Ratio, Young s
Modulus, and Shear Modulus from Flexural
and
Torsionai
Resonance Data
.................................244
6.5
Density, Viscosity and Particle Size Measurements
..............245
6.5.1
Ultrasonic Device for Quantitative Density
Measurements of Slurries
.........................................245
6.5.2
Viscosity Measurements by Ultrasonics
..................246
x
Contents
6.5.3 Ultrasonic
Diffraction
Grating Spectroscopy
for Particle Size and Viscosity
.................................250
6.5.4
Particle Size in Emulsions, Colloids,
and Slurries
...............................................................251
6.6
Determining Properties of Plastics and
High Polymers
.......................................................................252
6.7
General Comments on Measuring Acoustical
Properties of Materials
..........................................................253
References
........................................................................................257
Chapter
7
Nondestructive Testing: Basic Methods and
General Considerations
....................................................................259
7.1
Introduction
...........................................................................259
7.2
Basic Methods
.......................................................................260
7.2.1
Resonance Methods
..................................................260
7.2.2
Pulse Methods
..........................................................261
7.2.3
Acoustic Emission Technique
..................................264
7.3
Factors Affecting Resolution and Sensitivity
........................266
7.3.1
Near-Field Effects
....................................................266
7.3.2
Properties of the Materials
.......................................267
7.4
Unconventional Techniques Used for
Nondestructive Testing
..........................................................269
7.4.1
Eddy Sonic Inspection Method
................................269
7.4.2
Sonic Analysis
..........................................................269
7.4.3
Acoustic Impact Technique
......................................271
7.4.4
Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
...........................................273
7.4.5
Critical Angle Analysis
............................................275
7.5
Instrumentation
.....................................................................278
7.5.1
Coupling Energy to the Test Object
.........................279
7.5.2
Resonance Methods
..................................................281
7.5.2.1
Transducers
...............................................282
7.5.2.2
Data Recording
.........................................283
7.5.3
Pulse Methods
..........................................................283
7.5.3.1
Transducers
...............................................283
7.5.3.2
Data Recording
.........................................285
7.5.4
Acoustic Emission Methods
.....................................288
7.5.5
Phased Arrays Systems
............................................289
7.5.6
Some Specialized Equipment
...................................289
7.5.7
Commonly Used Specifications and
Standards
..................................................................290
7.5.7.1
Standards for Ultrasonic
Inspection
..................................................290
7.5.7.2
Methods Used to Determine
Flaw Size
..................................................293
References
........................................................................................301
Contents
χι
Chapter
8
Use of Ultrasonics in the Nondestructive Testing and
Evaluation of Metals
.........................................................................305
8.1
Introduction
...........................................................................305
8.2
Internal Structure of Metals
..................................................306
8.2.1
Material Evaluation Based on Velocity and
Attenuation of Ultrasound
........................................309
8.2.2
Surface Hardness Measurements
.............................314
8.2.3
Evaluation of Sintered Products
...............................315
8.2.4
Elastic and Anelastic Asymmetry of Metals and
Acoustic Measurement of Residual Stress
...............315
8.2.5
Fatigue, Aging, and Monitoring for Metals
.............319
8.3
Inspection of Basic Structures and Products
.........................321
8.3.1
Welds
........................................................................321
8.3.2
Tubes, Pipes, and Shells
...........................................327
8.3.2.1
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of
Structural Integrity of Underground
Pipelines
....................................................333
8.3.3
Plates and Strips
.......................................................333
8.3.4
Forgings
....................................................................338
8.3.5
Bearings and Bearing Materials
..............................340
8.3.6
Castings
....................................................................341
8.3.7
Rails
..........................................................................344
8.3.8
Wires
........................................................................349
8.3.9
Rivets
........................................................................349
8.4
Inspection of Hot Metals
.......................................................350
8.4.1
Hot Steel
...................................................................350
8.4.2
Following the Liquid-Solid Interface During
Cooling of Ingots
......................................................351
8.5
Determination of Bond Integrity
...........................................352
8.6
Thickness Measurements
......................................................355
8.7
Inspection of Solder Joints
....................................................358
8.7.1
Acoustic Microscopy
................................................360
8.8
In-Service Inspection of Nuclear Reactors
............................361
References
........................................................................................365
Chapter
9
Use of Ultrasonics in the Inspection and
Characterization of Nonmetals
........................................................371
9.1
Introduction
...........................................................................371
9.2
Concrete
.................................................................................372
9.3
Ceramics and Ceramic Coatings
...........................................376
9.4
Timber, Wood, and Wood Composites
..................................379
9.5
Paper
......................................................................................381
9.6
Leather
...................................................................................382
9.7
Plastics, Polymers, and Composites
......................................382
9.7.1
Inspection of Fibrous-Bonded Composites
..............385
xii Contents
9.7.2
Tires
..........................................................................392
9.7.3 Polymer
Membranes
.................................................393
9.7.4
Energetic Materials and Solid
Rocket
Motors
.........395
9.7.5
Low Density Foams (Aerogel)
.................................397
9.8
Adhesive Bond Integrity
........................................................397
References
........................................................................................399
Chapter
10
Imaging, Process Control, and Miscellaneous
Low-Intensity Applications
..............................................................405
10.1
Introduction
...........................................................................405
10.2
Ultrasonic Imaging
................................................................405
10.2.1
Historical Background
............................................406
10.2.2
Electron Acoustic Image Converter
........................408
10.2.3 Schlieren
Imaging
...................................................413
10.2.4
Liquid
Lévitation
Imaging
......................................416
10.2.5
Ultrasonic Imaging with Liquid Crystals
...............416
10.2.6
Photographic Methods of Imaging by Ultrasonics....
417
10.2.7
Ultrasonic Holography
............................................418
10.2.8
Acoustic Microscopy
...............................................422
10.2.9
Ultrasonic Arrays
....................................................424
10.2.10
Applications of Ultrasonic Imaging
........................425
10.3
Process Monitoring, Measurement, and Control
...................425
10.3.1
Ultrasound in Process Industries
............................427
10.3.2
Ultrasonic Systems and Measurements
..................427
10.3.3
Velocity and Attenuation Measurement to
Characterize Media and Monitor Processes
...........428
10.3.4
Monitoring Solidification (Interface Sensing)
........429
10.3.5
Acoustic Time Domain Reflectometry
...................429
10.3.6
Three-Phase Reactors
.............................................430
10.3.7
Process Tomography Using Ultrasonic Methods
.... 431
10.3.8
Ultrasonic Transducers: Process Industry
Applications
............................................................432
10.3.9
Density Measurement
..............................................432
10.3.10
Ultrasonic Characterization of Multiphase
Fluids and Flow
.......................................................435
10.3.10.1
Slurry Particle Size and
Concentration
.........................................435
10.3.10.2
Ultrasonic Device for Empirical
Measurements of Slurry
Concentration
.........................................437
10.3.10.3
Measurement of Viscosity Using
Ultrasonic Reflection Techniques
...........438
10.3.10.4
Ultrasonic Diffraction Grating
Spectroscopy for Particle Size and
Viscosity in Slurries
...............................438
Contents xiii
10.3.10.5 Ultrasonic Backscatter
Measurement
for Slurry Concentration and Phase
Changes
..................................................438
10.3.11
Fluid Flow Measurement, Velocity Profiles,
and Rheology
..........................................................439
10.3.11.1
Velocity Profiles and Rheology
..............443
10.3.11.2
Ultrasonic Liquid-Level Methodology
...446
10.3.11.3
Multiphase Flow Visualization
...........446
10.3.12
Pressure and Temperature
.......................................447
10.4
Underwater Applications
.......................................................447
10.5
Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors and Delay Lines
.................448
10.6
Application in Gases
..............................................................450
References
........................................................................................452
Chapter
11
Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasonics: Basic
Mechanisms and Effects
..................................................................459
11.1
Introduction
...........................................................................459
11.2
General Discussion
................................................................460
11.2.1
Energy and Energy Conversion
...............................463
11.2.2
Interaction Zones
....................................................465
11.3
Mechanical Effects
................................................................466
11.3.1
Cavitation
................................................................466
11.3.2
Dispersions, Homogenization,
and Emulsification
...................................................468
11.3.3
Agglomeration and Flocculation
.............................471
11.3.4
Precipitates and Sols
...............................................471
11.3.5
Enhancement of Heat Transfer
................................471
11.3.6
Diffusion through Membranes
................................474
11.4
Chemical Effects: Sonochemistry
.........................................475
11.4.1
Depolymerization
....................................................477
11.4.2
Polymerization
........................................................481
11.4.3
Catalysis
..................................................................482
11.4.4
Precipitation
............................................................483
11.4.5
Metals
..................................................... .................483
11.4.6
Crystallization
.........................................................484
11.4.7
Sonoluminescence
...................................................485
11.5
Metallurgical Effects
.............................................................488
References
........................................................................................491
Chapter
12
Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasonics Based on
Mechanical Effects
........................·...................................................495
12.1
Introduction
...........................................................................495
12.2
Cleaning
.................................................................................496
12.2.1
Principles of Ultrasonic Cleaning
...........................496
xiv
Contents
12.2.2
Factors That Affect the Cleaning Operation
...........497
12.2.3
Types of Ultrasonic Cleaners
..................................498
12.2.4
Electronic Generators for Ultrasonic Cleaners
.......500
12.2.5
Choice of Ultrasonic Cleaning Fluids
.....................500
12.2.6
Procedures for Ultrasonic Cleaning
........................502
12.2.7
Methods of Evaluating Ultrasonic Cleaners
...........506
12.3
Machining, Forming, and Joining
.........................................510
12.3.1
Machining
...............................................................510
12.3.2
Metal Forming
........................................................515
12.3.3
Accelerated Fatigue Testing
....................................519
12.3.4
Deburring
................................................................523
12.3.5
Compaction of Powder Metals and Similar
Materials
.................................................................524
12.3.6
Soldering
.................................................................526
12.3.7
Welding
...................................................................527
12.3.7.1
Welding Metals
......................................527
12.3.7.2
Welding Thermoplastic Materials
..........529
12.4
Liquid Atomization and Droplet Formation
..........................533
12.5
Agglomeration and Flocculation
...........................................540
12.5.1
Agglomeration
.........................................................541
12.5.2
Standing Wave Separators
......................................541
12.5.3
Flocculation
.............................................................542
12.6
Drying and Dewatering
.........................................................543
12.6.1
Acoustical Drying
...................................................543
12.6.2
Electroacoustic Dewatering
....................................543
12.7
Agricultural Applications
......................................................547
12.7.1
Tomato Pollination
..................................................547
12.7.2
Germination of Seeds
.............................................547
12.8
Pest Control
...........................................................................548
12.9
Control of Foams
...................................................................549
12.10
Coating Materials and Particles
............................................550
12.11
Preparation of Carbon Spheres
..............................................551
12.12
Glassware Testing
..................................................................551
12.13
Dispersions and De-Agglomeration
......................................552
12.13.1
Dyes and Pigments
..................................................552
12.13.2
Preparation of Specimens for Study under
Electron Microscopes
..............................................552
12.13.3
Preparation of Soil Samples for Analysis
...............553
12.13.4
Dispersion of Clay Suspensions
..............................553
12.13.5
Dispersion of Chlorinated Pesticides and
Other Solutions
........................................................554
12.13.6
Emulsification of Flotation Agents
.........................555
12.13.7
Dispersion of Sodium in Hydrocarbons
..................555
12.13.8
Dispersion of Heterogeneous Phases in
Molten Metals
.........................................................555
References
........................................................................................555
Contents xv
Chapter
13 Applications
of Ultrasonics Based on Chemical
Effects
—
Sonochemistry
..................................................................563
13.1
Introduction
...........................................................................563
13.2
Sonochemistry
.......................................................................563
13.3
Industrial Processes
...............................................................569
13.3.1
Accelerated Etching
................................................569
13.3.2
Treating Beverages, Juices, and Essential Oils
.......571
13.3.3
Treatment of Sewage
...............................................572
13.3.4
Extraction Processes
...............................................573
13.3.5
Demulsification of Crude Petroleum
.......................574
13.4
Miscellaneous Chemical Effects and Applications
...............575
13.5
Electrolysis and Electroplating
..............................................576
13.6
Preparation of Nanomaterials
................................................577
References
........................................................................................578
Chapter
14
Medical Applications of Ultrasonic Energy
.....................................583
14.1
Introduction
...........................................................................583
14.2
Power Measurements and Dosages
.......................................585
14.3
Basic Mechanisms and Principles
.........................................589
14.3.1
Mechanisms
............................................................589
14.3.2
Effect on Human Blood
..........................................592
14.3.3
Effect on Tissue Regeneration
................................593
14.4
Diagnosis
...............................................................................593
14.4.1
Principles
.................................................................595
14.4.2
Equipment
...............................................................595
14.4.3
Ultrasonic Contrast Agents
.....................................596
14.4.4
Diagnosis by Reflection Methods
...........................597
14.4.4.1
Abdomen and Uterus
..............................597
14.4.4.2
Neurology
...............................................599
14.4.4.3
Abdominal
—
Liver
.................................602
14.4.4.4
Ophthalmology
.......................................603
14.4.4.5
Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
..............604
14.4.4.6
Cardiac
...................................................605
14.4.4.7
Tomography and Holography
.................607
14.4.4.8
Miscellaneous
.........................................609
14.4.5
Diagnosis by
Doppler
Methods
...............................609
14.5
Therapy
..................................................................................613
14.5.1
Equipment
...............................................................614
14.5.2
Physical Therapy
.....................................................614
14.5.2.1
Rheumatic and Related Disorders
..........617
14.5.3
Sonicated Drug Delivery
.........................................618
14.5.3.1
Phonophoresis
.........................................618
14.5.3.2
Diffusion of Subcutaneous Injections
.... 619
xvi Contents
14.5.3.3
Blood-Brain Barrier
...............................619
14.5.3.4
Ultrasonic Gene and Drug Delivery
and Activation
........................................619
14.5.4
Miscellaneous Medical Therapy Applications
of Ultrasound
...........................................................620
14.5.4.1
Ophthalmic Therapy
..............................620
14.5.4.2
Effects on Paced Hearts
.........................620
14.6
Surgery
..................................................................................620
14.6.1
Equipment
...............................................................621
14.6.2
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
—
Hyperthermia
..........................................................621
14.6.2.1
Cancer
....................................................622
14.6.2.2
Neurosonic Surgery
................................627
14.6.2.3
Applications of Hyperthermia
................628
14.6.3
Shock Wave Lithotripsy
..........................................629
14.6.4
Tissue Dissection and Ablation
...............................630
14.6.4.1
Phacoemulsification
................................631
14.6.4.2
Ultrasonic Surgery Using Tissue
Fragmentation
.........................................633
14.6.4.3
Ultrasonic-Assisted Lipoplasty
..............633
14.6.4.4
Ultrasonic Scalpels
.................................634
14.6.4.5
Intravascular
Surgery (Thrombolysis)....
634
14.6.4.6
Physics of Tissue Dissection and
Ablation
..................................................636
14.6.5
Ultrasound in Dentistry
...........................................638
14.6.6
Selected Other Ultrasonic Surgical Procedures
......640
14.6.6.1
Laryngeal Papillomatosis
.......................640
14.6.6.2
Meniere s Disease
...................................640
14.6.6.3
Stapedectomy
.........................................642
14.6.6.4
Selective Hypophysectomy
....................643
14.7
Tissue Characterization
.........................................................643
14.8
High-Frequency Imaging/Acoustic Microscopy
...................646
14.9
Ancillary Application of
Biomedical
and
Research Applications
...........................................................648
14.9.1
Cell and Spore Disruption
.......................................648
References
........................................................................................649
Glossary
................................................................................................................659
Appendix A
...........................................................................................................663
Appendix
В
...........................................................................................................685
Author Index
.........................................................................................................689
Subject Index
........................................................................................................713
ACOUSTICS
Ultrasonics
Fundamentals, Technologies,
and Applications
THIRD EDITION
Recent advances in power electronics greatly benefit the multidisciplinary field
of modern ultrasonics. More powerful, compact, and versatile electronic chips
and software enable new computer-based devices for real-time data capture,
storage, analysis, and display and advance the science and technology employed
in commercial systems and applications of ultrasound. Reviewing the scientific
basis behind these improvements, Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies,
Applications, Third Edition discusses them in detail, with new and additional
figures and references, offering a completely revised and expanded examination
of the state of modern ultrasonics.
This new edition of a bestselling industry reference discusses the full breadth
of ultrasonics applications for industrial and medical use and provides the
fundamentals and insights gathered over the authors collective
80
years in
the field. It provides a unique and comprehensive treatment of the science and
technology behind the latest advancements and applications in both low and
high power implementations. Coverage combines fundamental physics, a review
and analysis of sensors and transducers, and the systems required for the full
spectrum of industrial, nondestructive testing and medical and
biomedical
uses.
It includes citations of numerous references and covers both main stream and
the more unusual and obscure applications of ultrasound.
Ultrasonics is ubiquitous in its industrial applications for sensing, NDT, and
process measurements, in high power forms for processing and sonochemistry,
as well as in medical procedures where it is used for diagnosis, therapy and
surgery. This book provides a complete overview of the field, presenting numerous
applications, cutting-edge advancements and improvements, additional figures
and references, and a look at future directions.
CRC
Press
r
&
Francis Group
/-tavlors:
6000
Broken Sound
P
.;
Suite
300,
Восз
Raton,
FL
3 3487
711
Third Avenue
NevvYor-
2
Park Square. Milton Park
DK8897
ISBN:
Ч7б-а-вгЧ7-5авЧ-Ч
90000
www.crcpress.com
|
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| dewey-sort | 3620.2 18 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Physik |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Ensminger, Dale Verfasser aut Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Dale Ensminger and Leonard J. Bond 3. ed. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 2012 XXV, 723 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mechanical engineering Includes bibliographical references and indexes Ultrasonic waves Industrial applications Ultrasonics SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics bisacsh MATHEMATICS / Applied bisacsh TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) bisacsh Ultraschalltechnik (DE-588)4232362-9 gnd rswk-swf Ultraschall (DE-588)4061555-8 gnd rswk-swf Ultraschall (DE-588)4061555-8 s DE-604 Ultraschalltechnik (DE-588)4232362-9 s Bond, Leonard J. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024786985&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024786985&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Ensminger, Dale Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Ultrasonic waves Industrial applications Ultrasonics SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics bisacsh MATHEMATICS / Applied bisacsh TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) bisacsh Ultraschalltechnik (DE-588)4232362-9 gnd Ultraschall (DE-588)4061555-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4232362-9 (DE-588)4061555-8 |
| title | Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications |
| title_auth | Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications |
| title_exact_search | Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications |
| title_full | Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Dale Ensminger and Leonard J. Bond |
| title_fullStr | Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Dale Ensminger and Leonard J. Bond |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Dale Ensminger and Leonard J. Bond |
| title_short | Ultrasonics |
| title_sort | ultrasonics fundamentals technologies and applications |
| title_sub | fundamentals, technologies, and applications |
| topic | Ultrasonic waves Industrial applications Ultrasonics SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics bisacsh MATHEMATICS / Applied bisacsh TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) bisacsh Ultraschalltechnik (DE-588)4232362-9 gnd Ultraschall (DE-588)4061555-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ultrasonic waves Industrial applications Ultrasonics SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics MATHEMATICS / Applied TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) Ultraschalltechnik Ultraschall |
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