Verfügbarkeit: Ultrasonics :: THWS Bibkatalog

Ultrasonics: fundamentals, technologies, and applications

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Ensminger, Dale (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 2012
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Mechanical engineering
Schlagworte:	Ultrasonic waves > Industrial applications Ultrasonics SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics MATHEMATICS / Applied TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) Ultraschalltechnik Ultraschall
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and indexes
Beschreibung:	XXV, 723 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm
ISBN:	9780824758899

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface to the Third Edition ........................................................................... ; ......xvii Preface to the Second Edition .................................................................................xxi Preface to the First Edition ..................................................................................xxiii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xxv Chapter 1 Ultrasonics: A Broad Field ...................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1 1.2 Brief Early History ....................................................................5 1.3 Underwater Sound (SONAR) ....................................................7 1.4 Medical and Biological Ultrasonics ..........................................8 1.5 Industrial Ultrasonics ..............................................................11 1.6 Nondestructive Testing/Evaluation ..........................................14 1.7 Ultrasonics in Electronics ........................................................15 1.8 Physical Acoustics ...................................................................16 1.9 Ultrasonic Systems: Transmitters and Receivers ....................20 1.10 Low-Intensity Applications .....................................................21 1.11 High-Intensity Applications ....................................................22 1.12 Modern Ultrasonics: An Interdisciplinary Field .....................22 References ..........................................................................................23 Chapter 2 Elastic Wave Propagation and Associated Phenomena ......................27 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................27 2.2 Power Delivered to an Oscillating System ..............................29 2.3 Velocity of Sound ....................................................................29 2.3.1 Velocity of Sound in Solids ........................................30 2.3.2 Velocity of Sound in Liquids ......................................33 2.3.3 Velocity of Sound in Gases ........................................34 2.4 Impingment of an Ultrasonic Wave on a Boundary between Two Media .................................................................36 2.4.1 Simple Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence .......................................................37 2.4.2 Some Basic Mechanics ...............................................40 2.4.3 General Considerations of Incident Waves ................42 2.4.4 Development of General Equations for Reflection and Refraction Where Mode Conversion Is Possible .............................................44 2.4.5 Wave Incident on a Liquid-Solid Plane Interface, Semi-Infinite Media ...................................50 2.4.6 Shear Wave at a Solid-Solid Interface Polarized Parallel to the Plane of the Interface ..........................52 vi Contents 2.4.7 Reflection, Refraction, and Mode Conversion in General Applications of Ultrasonic Energy ...............55 2.5 Transmission through Thin Plates ...........................................56 2.6 Diffraction ...............................................................................59 2.6.1 Huygens Principle .....................................................59 2.6.2 Diffraction in Three-Dimensional Space ...................63 2.6.3 Directivity Pattern ......................................................64 2.6.4 Focusing .....................................................................64 2.7 Standing Waves .......................................................................65 2.8 Doppler Effect .........................................................................67 2.9 Superposition of Waves ...........................................................70 2.10 Attenuation of an Ultrasonic Wave .........................................72 2.10.1 Attenuation Due to Beam Spreading .........................72 2.10.2 Attenuation Due to Scattering ....................................73 2.10.2.1 Scattering from a Cylindrical Obstruction in a Homogeneous Medium .......................................................75 2.10.2.2 Scattering by a Sphere in a Homogeneous Medium ...............................75 2.10.2.3 Scattering from a Disk-Shaped Cavity in the Path of an Ultrasonic Beam ..............77 2.10.2.4 Scattering from an Elastic Isotropie Sphere in a Homogeneous Medium ............77 2.10.2.5 Numerical Techniques to Study Wave Propagation and Scattering .........................78 2.10.2.6 Scattering in Practice ..................................83 2.10.3 Attenuation Due to Hysteresis ....................................88 2.10.4 Attenuation Due to Other Mechanisms ......................88 2.10.5 Measurement System Models .....................................88 2.10.5.1 Resolution ...................................................90 2.10.5.2 Signal-to-Noise and Measurement Window .......................................................91 2.11 Relaxation ................................................................................92 2.12 High-Power Phenomena ..........................................................94 2.12.1 Cavitation ...................................................................95 References ..........................................................................................97 Chapter 3 Fundamental Equations Employed in Ultrasonic Design and Applications ..................................................................101 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................101 3.2 Simple Spring-Mass Oscillator .............................................102 3.2.1 Ideal Condition — Simple Harmonic Motion .....................................................102 3.2.2 Real Condition — Damped Simple Harmonic Motion .....................................................104 Contents vii 3.2.3 Effect of Damping on Phase Relationships — The Forced Oscillator ......................................................105 3.3 Wave Equations .....................................................................107 3.3.1 Plane-Wave Equation ...............................................108 3.3.2 General Wave Equation ............................................109 3.4 Solution of the Plane-Wave Equation, Linear System ...........110 3.4.1 General Solution .......................................................110 3.4.2 Free-Free Longitudinally Vibrating Uniform Bar ........................................................ Ill 3.4.3 Stress in a Vibrating Uniform Bar ...........................113 3.4.4 Mechanical Impedance ............................................114 3.4.5 Quality Factor (β) ....................................................116 3.5 Transverse-Wave Equation ....................................................119 3.6 Solution of the Transverse-Wave Equation ............................120 3.6.1 Clamped-Free Uniform Bar ....................................121 3.6.2 Free-Free Bar (Bar Free at Both Ends) ...................126 3.6.3 Clamped-Clamped Bar (Bar Clamped at Both Ends) ............................................................129 3.6.4 Effect of Geometry on Transverse Vibrations of Bars ....................................................129 3.7 Plate Waves ............................................................................130 3.7.1 General ..................,..................................................130 3.7.2 Lamb Waves .............................................................131 3.7.3 Rayleigh Waves ........................................................136 3.7.4 Flexural Plates ..........................................................136 3.7.4.1 Rectangular Plate with Simply Supported Edges .......................................137 3.7.4.2 Free Circular Plate ....................................138 3.7.4.3 Circular Plate with Its Center Fixed .........138 3.7.4.4 Finite Exciting Sources (Transducers) ......139 References ........................................................................................139 Chapter 4 Design of Ultrasonic Horns for High Power Applications ...............141 4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................141 4.2 Horn Equations ......................................................................141 4.3 Types of Horns ......................................................................142 4.3.1 Cylinder or Uniform Bar as an Ultrasonic Horn ........................................................142 4.3.2 Stepped Horn (Double Cylinder) .............................142 4.3.3 Exponentially Tapered Horn ....................................143 4.3.4 Wedge-Shaped Horns ...............................................146 4.3.5 Conical Horns ...........................................................151 4.3.6 Catenoidal Horns ......................................................155 4.4 Combining Sections of Different Configurations for Practical Applications ......................................................157 viii Contents 4.5 Effect of Damping on the Operation of Horns ......................159 4.6 Wide Horns and Horns of Large Cross Section ....................160 4.6.1 Wide-Blade Type Horns ...........................................162 4.6.2 Horns of Large Cross Section ..................................164 4.6.3 Rotating Hollow Horn ..............................................164 4.7 Advanced Horn and System Design ......................................167 References ........................................................................................169 Chapter 5 Basic Design of Ultrasonic Transducers ..........................................171 5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................171 5.2 Equivalent Circuits ................................................................174 5.3 Piezoelectric Transducers ......................................................175 5.3.1 Equivalent Circuit of a Simple Piezoelectric Transducer ................................................................178 5.3.2 Efficiency of a Simple Piezoelectric Transducer ......180 5.3.3 Maximum Power Transfer between Electronic Power Source and Simple Piezoelectric Transducers.... 181 5.3.4 Determining Transformation Factor (a) for the Piezoelectric Transducer Material ...........................183 5.3.5 Quality Factor (Q) of Piezoelectric Transducers ..............................................................183 5.3.6 KLM and Examples of Designs Using Transducer Model .....................................................184 5.3.7 Piezoelectric Transducers for High-Intensity Applications ..............................................................185 5.3.8 Pulse-Type Transducers for Low-Intensity Applications Sensing ................................................189 5.3.9 Piezoelectric Polymers for Transducers ...................190 5.3.10 Piezoelectric Materials and Their Properties ...........191 5.4 Magnetostrictive Transducers ................................................192 5.4.1 Maximum Power Transfer to the Magnetostrictive Transducer ....................................197 5.4.2 Efficiency of the Magnetostrictive Transducer ........198 5.4.3 Magnetostrictive Transducers for High-Intensity Applications ..............................................................198 5.4.4 Giant Magnetostrictive Materials .............................200 5.4.5 Comparative Properties between Selected Magnetostrictive Materials .......................................200 5.5 Electromagnetic Devices .......................................................201 5.6 Pneumatic Devices (Whistles) ...............................................202 5.6.1 Some Practical Applications of Pneumatic Whistles ..................................................205 5.6.1.1 Coating Fine Particles ...............................205 5.6.1.2 Controlling Foam in Large Industrial Tanks for Liquids ......................................206 Contents ix 5.7 Mechanical Devices..............................................................206 5.8 Some Special High-Frequency Transducers .........................207 5.8.1 Electromagnetic Coupling ........................................207 5.8.2 Electrostatic Coupling ..............................................208 5.8.3 Surface Acoustic Wave Devices ...............................208 5.8.4 Resistive Layer Transducers .....................................209 5.8.5 Laser Ultrasonics ......................................................210 5.8.6 Ultrasonic Arrays .....................................................211 5.9 Transducer-Generated Wave Fields .......................................212 5.10 General Remarks ...................................................................215 References ........................................................................................216 Chapter 6 Determining Properties of Materials ...............................................219 6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................219 6.2 Approximate Methods for Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation .......................................................220 6.2.1 Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation in Isotropie Solids .........................................................220 6.2.2 Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation in Fluids ................................................223 6.3 Methods of Measuring Velocity of Sound .............................224 6.3.1 Interferometer Method .............................................225 6.3.2 Resonance Method ...................................................226 6.3.3 Sing-Around Method ............................................226 6.3.4 Pulse-Superposition Method ....................................228 6.3.5 Pulse-Echo-Overlap Method ....................................229 6.3.6 Measurements in Materials of High Attenuation ...............................................................230 6.3.7 Measurements at High Temperatures .......................233 6.3.8 Measurements at High Pressures .............................237 6.3.9 Water and Other Reference Materials ......................240 6.4 Low-Frequency Measurements of Elastic Moduli and Poisson s Ratio .......................................................................242 6.4.1 Measuring Flexural and Longitudinal Resonant Frequencies of Bars ..................................................242 6.4.2 Measuring Torsionai Resonant Frequencies of Isotropie Bars ...........................................................244 6.4.3 Determining Poisson s Ratio, Young s Modulus, and Shear Modulus from Flexural and Torsionai Resonance Data .................................244 6.5 Density, Viscosity and Particle Size Measurements ..............245 6.5.1 Ultrasonic Device for Quantitative Density Measurements of Slurries .........................................245 6.5.2 Viscosity Measurements by Ultrasonics ..................246 x Contents 6.5.3 Ultrasonic Diffraction Grating Spectroscopy for Particle Size and Viscosity .................................250 6.5.4 Particle Size in Emulsions, Colloids, and Slurries ...............................................................251 6.6 Determining Properties of Plastics and High Polymers .......................................................................252 6.7 General Comments on Measuring Acoustical Properties of Materials ..........................................................253 References ........................................................................................257 Chapter 7 Nondestructive Testing: Basic Methods and General Considerations ....................................................................259 7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................259 7.2 Basic Methods .......................................................................260 7.2.1 Resonance Methods ..................................................260 7.2.2 Pulse Methods ..........................................................261 7.2.3 Acoustic Emission Technique ..................................264 7.3 Factors Affecting Resolution and Sensitivity ........................266 7.3.1 Near-Field Effects ....................................................266 7.3.2 Properties of the Materials .......................................267 7.4 Unconventional Techniques Used for Nondestructive Testing ..........................................................269 7.4.1 Eddy Sonic Inspection Method ................................269 7.4.2 Sonic Analysis ..........................................................269 7.4.3 Acoustic Impact Technique ......................................271 7.4.4 Ultrasonic Spectroscopy ...........................................273 7.4.5 Critical Angle Analysis ............................................275 7.5 Instrumentation .....................................................................278 7.5.1 Coupling Energy to the Test Object .........................279 7.5.2 Resonance Methods ..................................................281 7.5.2.1 Transducers ...............................................282 7.5.2.2 Data Recording .........................................283 7.5.3 Pulse Methods ..........................................................283 7.5.3.1 Transducers ...............................................283 7.5.3.2 Data Recording .........................................285 7.5.4 Acoustic Emission Methods .....................................288 7.5.5 Phased Arrays Systems ............................................289 7.5.6 Some Specialized Equipment ...................................289 7.5.7 Commonly Used Specifications and Standards ..................................................................290 7.5.7.1 Standards for Ultrasonic Inspection ..................................................290 7.5.7.2 Methods Used to Determine Flaw Size ..................................................293 References ........................................................................................301 Contents χι Chapter 8 Use of Ultrasonics in the Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Metals .........................................................................305 8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................305 8.2 Internal Structure of Metals ..................................................306 8.2.1 Material Evaluation Based on Velocity and Attenuation of Ultrasound ........................................309 8.2.2 Surface Hardness Measurements .............................314 8.2.3 Evaluation of Sintered Products ...............................315 8.2.4 Elastic and Anelastic Asymmetry of Metals and Acoustic Measurement of Residual Stress ...............315 8.2.5 Fatigue, Aging, and Monitoring for Metals .............319 8.3 Inspection of Basic Structures and Products .........................321 8.3.1 Welds ........................................................................321 8.3.2 Tubes, Pipes, and Shells ...........................................327 8.3.2.1 Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structural Integrity of Underground Pipelines ....................................................333 8.3.3 Plates and Strips .......................................................333 8.3.4 Forgings ....................................................................338 8.3.5 Bearings and Bearing Materials ..............................340 8.3.6 Castings ....................................................................341 8.3.7 Rails ..........................................................................344 8.3.8 Wires ........................................................................349 8.3.9 Rivets ........................................................................349 8.4 Inspection of Hot Metals .......................................................350 8.4.1 Hot Steel ...................................................................350 8.4.2 Following the Liquid-Solid Interface During Cooling of Ingots ......................................................351 8.5 Determination of Bond Integrity ...........................................352 8.6 Thickness Measurements ......................................................355 8.7 Inspection of Solder Joints ....................................................358 8.7.1 Acoustic Microscopy ................................................360 8.8 In-Service Inspection of Nuclear Reactors ............................361 References ........................................................................................365 Chapter 9 Use of Ultrasonics in the Inspection and Characterization of Nonmetals ........................................................371 9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................371 9.2 Concrete .................................................................................372 9.3 Ceramics and Ceramic Coatings ...........................................376 9.4 Timber, Wood, and Wood Composites ..................................379 9.5 Paper ......................................................................................381 9.6 Leather ...................................................................................382 9.7 Plastics, Polymers, and Composites ......................................382 9.7.1 Inspection of Fibrous-Bonded Composites ..............385 xii Contents 9.7.2 Tires ..........................................................................392 9.7.3 Polymer Membranes .................................................393 9.7.4 Energetic Materials and Solid Rocket Motors .........395 9.7.5 Low Density Foams (Aerogel) .................................397 9.8 Adhesive Bond Integrity ........................................................397 References ........................................................................................399 Chapter 10 Imaging, Process Control, and Miscellaneous Low-Intensity Applications ..............................................................405 10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................405 10.2 Ultrasonic Imaging ................................................................405 10.2.1 Historical Background ............................................406 10.2.2 Electron Acoustic Image Converter ........................408 10.2.3 Schlieren Imaging ...................................................413 10.2.4 Liquid Lévitation Imaging ......................................416 10.2.5 Ultrasonic Imaging with Liquid Crystals ...............416 10.2.6 Photographic Methods of Imaging by Ultrasonics.... 417 10.2.7 Ultrasonic Holography ............................................418 10.2.8 Acoustic Microscopy ...............................................422 10.2.9 Ultrasonic Arrays ....................................................424 10.2.10 Applications of Ultrasonic Imaging ........................425 10.3 Process Monitoring, Measurement, and Control ...................425 10.3.1 Ultrasound in Process Industries ............................427 10.3.2 Ultrasonic Systems and Measurements ..................427 10.3.3 Velocity and Attenuation Measurement to Characterize Media and Monitor Processes ...........428 10.3.4 Monitoring Solidification (Interface Sensing) ........429 10.3.5 Acoustic Time Domain Reflectometry ...................429 10.3.6 Three-Phase Reactors .............................................430 10.3.7 Process Tomography Using Ultrasonic Methods .... 431 10.3.8 Ultrasonic Transducers: Process Industry Applications ............................................................432 10.3.9 Density Measurement ..............................................432 10.3.10 Ultrasonic Characterization of Multiphase Fluids and Flow .......................................................435 10.3.10.1 Slurry Particle Size and Concentration .........................................435 10.3.10.2 Ultrasonic Device for Empirical Measurements of Slurry Concentration .........................................437 10.3.10.3 Measurement of Viscosity Using Ultrasonic Reflection Techniques ...........438 10.3.10.4 Ultrasonic Diffraction Grating Spectroscopy for Particle Size and Viscosity in Slurries ...............................438 Contents xiii 10.3.10.5 Ultrasonic Backscatter Measurement for Slurry Concentration and Phase Changes ..................................................438 10.3.11 Fluid Flow Measurement, Velocity Profiles, and Rheology ..........................................................439 10.3.11.1 Velocity Profiles and Rheology ..............443 10.3.11.2 Ultrasonic Liquid-Level Methodology ...446 10.3.11.3 Multiphase Flow Visualization ...........446 10.3.12 Pressure and Temperature .......................................447 10.4 Underwater Applications .......................................................447 10.5 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors and Delay Lines .................448 10.6 Application in Gases ..............................................................450 References ........................................................................................452 Chapter 11 Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasonics: Basic Mechanisms and Effects ..................................................................459 11.1 Introduction ...........................................................................459 11.2 General Discussion ................................................................460 11.2.1 Energy and Energy Conversion ...............................463 11.2.2 Interaction Zones ....................................................465 11.3 Mechanical Effects ................................................................466 11.3.1 Cavitation ................................................................466 11.3.2 Dispersions, Homogenization, and Emulsification ...................................................468 11.3.3 Agglomeration and Flocculation .............................471 11.3.4 Precipitates and Sols ...............................................471 11.3.5 Enhancement of Heat Transfer ................................471 11.3.6 Diffusion through Membranes ................................474 11.4 Chemical Effects: Sonochemistry .........................................475 11.4.1 Depolymerization ....................................................477 11.4.2 Polymerization ........................................................481 11.4.3 Catalysis ..................................................................482 11.4.4 Precipitation ............................................................483 11.4.5 Metals ..................................................... .................483 11.4.6 Crystallization .........................................................484 11.4.7 Sonoluminescence ...................................................485 11.5 Metallurgical Effects .............................................................488 References ........................................................................................491 Chapter 12 Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasonics Based on Mechanical Effects ........................·...................................................495 12.1 Introduction ...........................................................................495 12.2 Cleaning .................................................................................496 12.2.1 Principles of Ultrasonic Cleaning ...........................496 xiv Contents 12.2.2 Factors That Affect the Cleaning Operation ...........497 12.2.3 Types of Ultrasonic Cleaners ..................................498 12.2.4 Electronic Generators for Ultrasonic Cleaners .......500 12.2.5 Choice of Ultrasonic Cleaning Fluids .....................500 12.2.6 Procedures for Ultrasonic Cleaning ........................502 12.2.7 Methods of Evaluating Ultrasonic Cleaners ...........506 12.3 Machining, Forming, and Joining .........................................510 12.3.1 Machining ...............................................................510 12.3.2 Metal Forming ........................................................515 12.3.3 Accelerated Fatigue Testing ....................................519 12.3.4 Deburring ................................................................523 12.3.5 Compaction of Powder Metals and Similar Materials .................................................................524 12.3.6 Soldering .................................................................526 12.3.7 Welding ...................................................................527 12.3.7.1 Welding Metals ......................................527 12.3.7.2 Welding Thermoplastic Materials ..........529 12.4 Liquid Atomization and Droplet Formation ..........................533 12.5 Agglomeration and Flocculation ...........................................540 12.5.1 Agglomeration .........................................................541 12.5.2 Standing Wave Separators ......................................541 12.5.3 Flocculation .............................................................542 12.6 Drying and Dewatering .........................................................543 12.6.1 Acoustical Drying ...................................................543 12.6.2 Electroacoustic Dewatering ....................................543 12.7 Agricultural Applications ......................................................547 12.7.1 Tomato Pollination ..................................................547 12.7.2 Germination of Seeds .............................................547 12.8 Pest Control ...........................................................................548 12.9 Control of Foams ...................................................................549 12.10 Coating Materials and Particles ............................................550 12.11 Preparation of Carbon Spheres ..............................................551 12.12 Glassware Testing ..................................................................551 12.13 Dispersions and De-Agglomeration ......................................552 12.13.1 Dyes and Pigments ..................................................552 12.13.2 Preparation of Specimens for Study under Electron Microscopes ..............................................552 12.13.3 Preparation of Soil Samples for Analysis ...............553 12.13.4 Dispersion of Clay Suspensions ..............................553 12.13.5 Dispersion of Chlorinated Pesticides and Other Solutions ........................................................554 12.13.6 Emulsification of Flotation Agents .........................555 12.13.7 Dispersion of Sodium in Hydrocarbons ..................555 12.13.8 Dispersion of Heterogeneous Phases in Molten Metals .........................................................555 References ........................................................................................555 Contents xv Chapter 13 Applications of Ultrasonics Based on Chemical Effects — Sonochemistry ..................................................................563 13.1 Introduction ...........................................................................563 13.2 Sonochemistry .......................................................................563 13.3 Industrial Processes ...............................................................569 13.3.1 Accelerated Etching ................................................569 13.3.2 Treating Beverages, Juices, and Essential Oils .......571 13.3.3 Treatment of Sewage ...............................................572 13.3.4 Extraction Processes ...............................................573 13.3.5 Demulsification of Crude Petroleum .......................574 13.4 Miscellaneous Chemical Effects and Applications ...............575 13.5 Electrolysis and Electroplating ..............................................576 13.6 Preparation of Nanomaterials ................................................577 References ........................................................................................578 Chapter 14 Medical Applications of Ultrasonic Energy .....................................583 14.1 Introduction ...........................................................................583 14.2 Power Measurements and Dosages .......................................585 14.3 Basic Mechanisms and Principles .........................................589 14.3.1 Mechanisms ............................................................589 14.3.2 Effect on Human Blood ..........................................592 14.3.3 Effect on Tissue Regeneration ................................593 14.4 Diagnosis ...............................................................................593 14.4.1 Principles .................................................................595 14.4.2 Equipment ...............................................................595 14.4.3 Ultrasonic Contrast Agents .....................................596 14.4.4 Diagnosis by Reflection Methods ...........................597 14.4.4.1 Abdomen and Uterus ..............................597 14.4.4.2 Neurology ...............................................599 14.4.4.3 Abdominal — Liver .................................602 14.4.4.4 Ophthalmology .......................................603 14.4.4.5 Three-Dimensional Ultrasound ..............604 14.4.4.6 Cardiac ...................................................605 14.4.4.7 Tomography and Holography .................607 14.4.4.8 Miscellaneous .........................................609 14.4.5 Diagnosis by Doppler Methods ...............................609 14.5 Therapy ..................................................................................613 14.5.1 Equipment ...............................................................614 14.5.2 Physical Therapy .....................................................614 14.5.2.1 Rheumatic and Related Disorders ..........617 14.5.3 Sonicated Drug Delivery .........................................618 14.5.3.1 Phonophoresis .........................................618 14.5.3.2 Diffusion of Subcutaneous Injections .... 619 xvi Contents 14.5.3.3 Blood-Brain Barrier ...............................619 14.5.3.4 Ultrasonic Gene and Drug Delivery and Activation ........................................619 14.5.4 Miscellaneous Medical Therapy Applications of Ultrasound ...........................................................620 14.5.4.1 Ophthalmic Therapy ..............................620 14.5.4.2 Effects on Paced Hearts .........................620 14.6 Surgery ..................................................................................620 14.6.1 Equipment ...............................................................621 14.6.2 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound — Hyperthermia ..........................................................621 14.6.2.1 Cancer ....................................................622 14.6.2.2 Neurosonic Surgery ................................627 14.6.2.3 Applications of Hyperthermia ................628 14.6.3 Shock Wave Lithotripsy ..........................................629 14.6.4 Tissue Dissection and Ablation ...............................630 14.6.4.1 Phacoemulsification ................................631 14.6.4.2 Ultrasonic Surgery Using Tissue Fragmentation .........................................633 14.6.4.3 Ultrasonic-Assisted Lipoplasty ..............633 14.6.4.4 Ultrasonic Scalpels .................................634 14.6.4.5 Intravascular Surgery (Thrombolysis).... 634 14.6.4.6 Physics of Tissue Dissection and Ablation ..................................................636 14.6.5 Ultrasound in Dentistry ...........................................638 14.6.6 Selected Other Ultrasonic Surgical Procedures ......640 14.6.6.1 Laryngeal Papillomatosis .......................640 14.6.6.2 Meniere s Disease ...................................640 14.6.6.3 Stapedectomy .........................................642 14.6.6.4 Selective Hypophysectomy ....................643 14.7 Tissue Characterization .........................................................643 14.8 High-Frequency Imaging/Acoustic Microscopy ...................646 14.9 Ancillary Application of Biomedical and Research Applications ...........................................................648 14.9.1 Cell and Spore Disruption .......................................648 References ........................................................................................649 Glossary ................................................................................................................659 Appendix A ...........................................................................................................663 Appendix В ...........................................................................................................685 Author Index .........................................................................................................689 Subject Index ........................................................................................................713 ACOUSTICS Ultrasonics Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications THIRD EDITION Recent advances in power electronics greatly benefit the multidisciplinary field of modern ultrasonics. More powerful, compact, and versatile electronic chips and software enable new computer-based devices for real-time data capture, storage, analysis, and display and advance the science and technology employed in commercial systems and applications of ultrasound. Reviewing the scientific basis behind these improvements, Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, Applications, Third Edition discusses them in detail, with new and additional figures and references, offering a completely revised and expanded examination of the state of modern ultrasonics. This new edition of a bestselling industry reference discusses the full breadth of ultrasonics applications for industrial and medical use and provides the fundamentals and insights gathered over the authors collective 80 years in the field. It provides a unique and comprehensive treatment of the science and technology behind the latest advancements and applications in both low and high power implementations. Coverage combines fundamental physics, a review and analysis of sensors and transducers, and the systems required for the full spectrum of industrial, nondestructive testing and medical and biomedical uses. It includes citations of numerous references and covers both main stream and the more unusual and obscure applications of ultrasound. Ultrasonics is ubiquitous in its industrial applications for sensing, NDT, and process measurements, in high power forms for processing and sonochemistry, as well as in medical procedures where it is used for diagnosis, therapy and surgery. This book provides a complete overview of the field, presenting numerous applications, cutting-edge advancements and improvements, additional figures and references, and a look at future directions. CRC Press r & Francis Group /-tavlors: 6000 Broken Sound P .; Suite 300, Восз Raton, FL 3 3487 711 Third Avenue NevvYor- 2 Park Square. Milton Park DK8897 ISBN: Ч7б-а-вгЧ7-5авЧ-Ч 90000 www.crcpress.com
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spellingShingle	Ensminger, Dale Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Ultrasonic waves Industrial applications Ultrasonics SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics bisacsh MATHEMATICS / Applied bisacsh TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) bisacsh Ultraschalltechnik (DE-588)4232362-9 gnd Ultraschall (DE-588)4061555-8 gnd
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title	Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications
title_auth	Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications
title_exact_search	Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications
title_full	Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Dale Ensminger and Leonard J. Bond
title_fullStr	Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Dale Ensminger and Leonard J. Bond
title_full_unstemmed	Ultrasonics fundamentals, technologies, and applications Dale Ensminger and Leonard J. Bond
title_short	Ultrasonics
title_sort	ultrasonics fundamentals technologies and applications
title_sub	fundamentals, technologies, and applications
topic	Ultrasonic waves Industrial applications Ultrasonics SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics bisacsh MATHEMATICS / Applied bisacsh TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) bisacsh Ultraschalltechnik (DE-588)4232362-9 gnd Ultraschall (DE-588)4061555-8 gnd
topic_facet	Ultrasonic waves Industrial applications Ultrasonics SCIENCE / Mathematical Physics MATHEMATICS / Applied TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Engineering (General) Ultraschalltechnik Ultraschall
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