Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Ústav pro Soudobé Dějiny AV ČR
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Česká společnost po roce 1945
7 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 649 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788072851379 |
Internformat
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| 300 | |a 649 S. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Česká společnost po roce 1945 |v 7 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148885265842176 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Obsah
Úvodem
..................................................................................................5
1.
Opoziční hnutí na
počátku tzv. normalizace
........................................15
Odpor proti
realizaci tzv. normalizace
..............................................17
Radikálnímládež
............................................................................22
Exkomunisté
..................................................................................24
Exsocialisté
....................................................................................39
Snahy o
společný
postup
opozice.
Kontakty s
exilem
.....................44
Aktivityopozice
..............................................................................50
Postoje a odpor
obyvatelstva
...........................................................56
Moc a
opozice
...............................................................................62
2.
Odpor a
opozice v
období
„stabilizace
(1972-1977).........................70
Vztah KSČ ke společnosti a opozici..................................................
70
Postoje a odpor
společnosti
.............................................................76
Reformně komunistická opozice
....................................................82
Kulturníopozice
............................................................................111
Underground
................................................................................116
3.
Charta
77.........................................................................................124
Vznik Charty
77
a reakce moci
......................................................124
Ohlas Charty
77
ve společnosti
......................................................153
Význam Charty
77........................................................................166
Krize v Chartě
77
a hledání východisek
.........................................172
Charta
77
v letech
1977-1986......................................................223
4.
Obyvatelstvo
(1977-1986)...............................................................242
Pouť na Velehradě
.........................................................................247
5.
Moc a opozice
.................................................................................256
6.
Nová etapa ve vývoji opozičního hnutí
(1986-1989)........................275
Gorbačovova politika vůči střední Evropě a reakce KSČ
...............275
Reakce Charty
77
na novou situaci
................................................283
Ideově politické směry v Chartě
77...............................................299
Aktivity Charty
77.........................................................................316
7.
Vznik nových nezávislých iniciativ
..................................................328
Nezávislé skupiny se specifickým zaměřením
...............................330
Nezávislé iniciativy zaměřené na pomoc občanům
......................334
Výbory na obranu a za propuštění politických vězňů
...................337
Kruh přátel Polsko-československé solidarity
..............................337
Československý helsinský výbor
..................................................341
Demokratická iniciativa
................................................................345
Hnutí za občanskou svobodu
......................................................378
Nezávislé iniciativy se socialistickou orientací
..............................406
Klub za socialistickou přestavbu
-
Obroda
...................................406
Společnost pro studium demokratického socialismu
...................438
8.
Nástup mladé generace a vznik nezávislých iniciativ mládeže
.........441
Underground
..............................................................................450
České děti
...................................................................................452
Nezávislé mírové sdružení
-
Iniciativa za demilitarizaci
společnosti
................................................................................. 463
Mírový klub Johna Lennona
........................................................509
9.
Vztahy mezi nezávislými iniciativami
.............................................511
Spolupráce nezávislých iniciativ
..................................................511
Rozpory mezi nezávislými iniciativami
........................................517
10.
Odpor společnosti proti normalizačnímu režimu
..........................532
Odpor obyvatelstva
.....................................................................535
Ekologické hnutí
.........................................................................549
Petice a demonstrace
..................................................................556
Probuzení občanské společnosti
..................................................587
11.
Moc a opozice
...............................................................................604
Závěr
................................................................................................. 614
Summary
.......................................................................................... 627
Jmenný rejstřík
..................................................................................631
Literatura
...........................................................................................641
Summary
The defeat of the renewal process (which had been an attempt at the
structural reform of Soviet-style socialism), with the Soviet-led occupati¬
on of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact armies in
1968
and the restoration,
shortly afterwards, of
a régime
of hard-line Communism, whose main poli¬
cy was normalization , had fateful consequences for Czechoslovakia. These
events influenced not only the behaviour and attitudes of the population,
which became depressed, resigned to life without involvement in public
affairs, and focused almost solely on material interests, but also influen¬
ced the forms of active resistance to the new
régime.
After
Gustav
Husák
became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak
Communist Party, people who had just been stripped of their Party mem¬
bership formed the basis of the opposition. The most active were the
recently deposed reformists. They gradually formed a political oppositi¬
on, together with former members of the Czechoslovak Socialist Party and
radial Trotskyist youth. Their aims were socialism, based on the process of
renewal, and the removal of
Husák
from power.
Because the opposition presented them with a serious obstacle, the
leadership of the new
régime
sought to eliminate it by means of force. In
show trials in the summer of
1972,
the opposition leaders were sentenced
to many years in prison. This repression demonstrated that reform was
impossible from within, and consequently the nascent opposition, led by
ex-Communists, concentrated on making the Czechoslovak question an
international affair. They put their hopes in the Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe
(CSCE),
held in Helsinki, and the international
conference of Communist parties, held in Berlin. Neither of these forums,
however, was concerned directly with Czechoslovakia. The opposition thus
found itself isolated internationally. Nor did it have success at home, though
it added human and civil rights to its socialist programme. Consequently,
the ex-Communists sought allies in the newly forming opposition in the
arts, whose representative,
Václav
Havel, came out publicly with an Open
Letter to
Husák,
in which he described the crisis as an existential one, which
could be solved by generally restoring personal integrity.
A special form of opposition in Czechoslovakia in this period was that
former political prisoners spoke out and planned a strategy for the struggle
against the normalization
régime.
627
In the next period, Charter
77
became the representative of the opposition.
Its Declaration, issued on
1
January
1977,
was inspired by the Helsinki Final
Act. Unlike the Helsinki Committees established in other Soviet bloc count¬
ries to monitor abuses of human and civil rights, the Charter
77
Declaration
was a comprehensive programme for upholding human and civil rights. It
was therefore an expressly political expression of demands, because it was
concerned with the essence of the totalitarian
régime,
even though the
Charter declared that it was not a political organization. The
régime,
how¬
ever, naturally saw the Charter as political, and launched a hateful propa¬
ganda campaign against its signatories, and sought to enlist the public in the
campaign by compelling them to sign protests against the Charter.
Charter
77
did not achieve its aims. It did not gain the support of the pub¬
lic, because it did not reflect their interests. This failure led to a discussion
amongst the Chartists, which lasted to the end of the Communist
régime.
The discussion was basically a search for an answer to the question of what
to do next. In essence, two currents were formed, one of which sought to
activate and politicize the Charter, whereas the other insisted on the origi¬
nal purpose and mission of the Charter.
Charter
77
experienced a profound crisis in
1978-81,
when the
régime
believed that the time was right to destroy it. It ordered the arrest of mem¬
bers of the Committee for the Defence of the Unjustly Prosecuted
(Výbor
na obranu nespravedlivě stíhaných),
which had been established in
1978
with the same aims as the Helsinki Committees in other countries of the
Soviet bloc, a big clampdown against the dissidents (as the opposition af¬
ter Charter
77
began to be called), was carried out in
1981
in connection
with the exposing of the channel through which the opposition kept in
touch with Czechoslovak exiles. Charter
77,
however, survived the attack
and this victory meant that continuity was maintained in the opposition
movement in Czechoslovakia. This was of great importance for the further
development of the opposition.
After Mikhail Gorbachev became First Secretary of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union, a qualitatively different situation arose in
Czechoslovakia from the one before. As Soviet intervention was no longer
likely, the struggle against the
régime
became a strictly Czechoslovak poli¬
tical matter. That is why the dissidents also had to work out a new strate¬
gy. New independent groups were formed, which saw politics as the main
instrument in the struggle against the
régime.
Charter
77,
however, stuck
to its original programme, but this diminished its importance as the main
628
actor
in the opposition. The role of the opposition, however, continued to
be onerous. The public was unwilling to support the opposition, since the
regime, despite great economic difficulties, was still able to provide social
security and a relatively high standard of living to all.
One special feature of these events was that, in addition to the liberal,
democratically orientated new independent groups, Rebirth, the Club for
Socialist Reconstruction
(Obroda
-
Klub za socialistickou přestavbu)
was
established, Its socialist programme stemmed from
perestroïka
and
glasnost.
It was the only such group to talk with the lower-ranking politicians, though
the
régime
had no interest in dialogue with the opposition, even a socialist
one, because the implementation of such a programme and the exoneration
of expelled Party members would have been a direct threat to them.
An entirely new element in the struggle with the normalization regime
was provided by the young generation. They began to join the opposition
movement in the second half of the
1980s.
They were mainly orientated to
confrontations like demonstrations, and organized the first ones since the
late
1960s.
The most important independent group of young people was
Bohemian Children
(České děti),
with a quite unusual programme, deman¬
ding the restoration of the monarchy and the restitution of the property of
the nobility and the religious orders. They saw this as constituting a radical
rejection of the totalitarian system.
Another such group was the Independent Peace Association
-
the Initiative
for the Demilitarization of Society
(Nezávislé mírové sdružení
-
Iniciativa
za
demilitarizaci společnosti).
Its main demand was the preservation of peace.
This group, like the former, tried to take an approach independent of the
traditional dissidents, though many of its members were related to them.
Certain changes took place also amongst individual members of the pub¬
lic. Some of them began to make clear their dissatisfaction with the regime
by signing petitions (the most important of which were the petition for
religious freedom, signed by about
600,000
Czechoslovaks, and Several
Sentences
[Několik vět],
signed by about
40,000
Czechoslovaks), and by
taking part in demonstrations, beginning with one in August
1988
to mark
the twentieth year of the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia, the first such
demonstration since
1969.
Another new element was the rebirth of civil society. White-collar wor¬
kers, including people involved in the arts, began to come out publicly,
beginning in the spring of
1989,
by organizing a petition in support of
Václav
Havel, who was in prison. This group too sought to take an approach
629
independent
of the dissidents, though some of the events they organized
were inspired by dissidents.
The students also became political. They formed two currents. One sought
to take use the Union of Socialist Youth
(Svaz socialistické mládeže,
SSM)
for its ends. The other endeavoured to form an independent student move¬
ment. The student organizations also wished to act independently of the
dissidents, though a number of them were in touch with dissidents. It was
the students who ultimately provided the impetus for the Velvet Revolution
and, in the early stage, provided a programme as well. The dissidents, by
contrast, were completely unprepared for this moment.
The regime considered the opposition its chief adversary. Since it was
unable to cope with the opposition by political means, the regime had
to resort to force, as in the arrests and show trials of
1972.
Afterwards,
although repression was not so harsh, the secret police (StB) remained the
main instrument in the struggle against the opposition. Though the regi¬
me concentrated chiefly on gathering intelligence and breaking apart the
opposition, it did not manage to defeat this movement. The regime found
itself in increasingly greater isolation and ultimately became powerless in
the face of the Velvet Revolution.
630
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Otáhal, Milan 1928-2017 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120825147 |
| author_facet | Otáhal, Milan 1928-2017 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Otáhal, Milan 1928-2017 |
| author_variant | m o mo |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039923865 |
| classification_rvk | MG 96092 KS 7515 MG 96390 NQ 8275 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)774957851 (DE-599)BVBBV039923865 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte Slavistik |
| era | Geschichte 1969-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1969-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039923865 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:14:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788072851379 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024782292 |
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| physical | 649 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Ústav pro Soudobé Dějiny AV ČR |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Česká společnost po roce 1945 |
| series2 | Česká společnost po roce 1945 |
| spelling | Otáhal, Milan 1928-2017 Verfasser (DE-588)120825147 aut Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 Milan Otáhal Praha Ústav pro Soudobé Dějiny AV ČR 2011 649 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Česká společnost po roce 1945 7 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1969-1989 gnd rswk-swf Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 s Geschichte 1969-1989 z DE-604 Česká společnost po roce 1945 7 (DE-604)BV019605041 7 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024782292&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024782292&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Otáhal, Milan 1928-2017 Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 Česká společnost po roce 1945 Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043649-4 (DE-588)4069573-6 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 |
| title_auth | Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 |
| title_exact_search | Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 |
| title_full | Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 Milan Otáhal |
| title_fullStr | Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 Milan Otáhal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 Milan Otáhal |
| title_short | Opoziční proudy v české společnosti 1969 - 1989 |
| title_sort | opozicni proudy v ceske spolecnosti 1969 1989 |
| topic | Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Opposition Böhmische Länder Tschechoslowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024782292&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024782292&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV019605041 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT otahalmilan opozicniproudyvceskespolecnosti19691989 |