Fundamental medical mycology:
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2012
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| ISBN: | 9780470177914 0470177918 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamental medical mycology |c Errol Reiss ; H. Jean Shadomy ; G. Marshall Lyon |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Lyon, G. Marshall |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| adam_text | Titel: Fundamental medical mycology
Autor: Reiss, Errol
Jahr: 2012
Contents
Preface
XVII
Acknowledgments xix
Part One Introduction to Fundamental Medical
Mycology, Laboratory Diagnostic Methods,
and Antifungal Therapy
1. Introduction to Fundamental Medical
Mycology 3
1.1 Topics not Covered, or Receiving Secondary
Emphasis 3
1.2 Biosafety Considerations: Before You Begin
Work with Pathogenic Fungi... 3
1.2.1 Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC) 4
1.2.2 Precautions to Take in Handling Etiologic
Agents that Cause Systemic Mycoses 4
1.2.3 Additional Precautions at Biosafety
Level 3 (BSL 3) 5
1.2.4 Safety Training 5
1.2.5 Disinfectants and Waste Disposal 5
1.3 Fungi Defined: Their Ecologie Niche 5
1.4 Medical Mycology 5
1.5 A Brief History of Medical Mycology 6
1.5.1 Ancient Greece 6
1.5.2 Middle Ages 6
1.5.3 Twentieth Century 6
1.5.4 Endemic Mycoses in the Americas 6
1.5.5 Era of Immunosuppression in the
Treatment of Cancer, Maintenance of
Organ Transplants, and Autoimmune
Diseases 7
1.5.6 Opportunistic Mycoses 7
1.5.7 HIV/AIDS 7
1.5.8 Twenty-first Century 8
1.6 Rationale for Fungal Identification 9
1.6.1 Developing the Treatment Plan 9
1.6.4
1.6.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.6.2 Investigating Outbreaks 10
1.6.3 Determining the Susceptibility to
Antifungal Agents 10
Estimating the Significance of Fungi
Generally Considered to be Opportunists
or Saprobes 10
Types of Vegetative Growth 10
Sporulation 11
Dimorphism 11
1.8.1 Dimorphism and Pathogenesis 12
Sex in Fungi 13
1.9.1 Anamorph and Teleomorph
Nomenclature 13
1.10 Classification of Mycoses Based on the
Primary Site of Pathology 13
1.10.1 Superficial Mycoses 13
1.10.2 Cutaneous Mycoses 13
1.10.3 Systemic Opportunistic Mycoses 13
1.10.4 Subcutaneous Mycoses 13
1.10.5 Endemic Mycoses Caused by Dimorphic
Environmental Molds 13
1.11 Taxonomy/Classification: Kingdom
Fungi
1.11.1
14
The Phylogenetic Species Concept for
Classification 15
1.11.2 The Higher Level Classification of
Kingdom Fungi 15
1.12 General Composition of the Fungal
Cell 21
1.12.1 Yeast Cell Cycle 21
1.12.2 Hyphal Morphogenesis 21
1.12.3 Cell Wall 22
1.13 Primary Pathogens 25
1.13.1 Susceptibility to Primary
Pathogens 26
1.14 Endemic Versus Worldwide Presence 26
1.15 Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens 26
1.15.1 Susceptibility to Opportunistic Fungal
Pathogens: Host Factors 26
1.16 Determinants of Pathogenicity 27
vn
vin
Contents
General References in Medical
Mycology 27
Selected References for Introduction to
Fundamental Medical Mycology 28
Websites Cited 29
Questions 30
2. Laboratory Diagnostic Methods in Medical
Mycology
31
Selected References for Laboratory
Diagnostic Methods in Medical
Mycology 69
Websites Cited 70
Commercial Manufacturers and Suppliers of
Fungal Media, Stains, and Reagents 71
Packing and Shipping of Infectious Agents
and Clinical Specimens 72
Questions 72
2.1 Who Is Responsible for Identifying
Pathogenic Fungi? 31
2.1.1 Role of the Clinical Laboratorian 31
2.1.2 Role of the Physician 31
2.2 What Methods are Used to Identify
Pathogenic Fungi? 31
2.2.1 Culture and Identification 31
2.3 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification of Fungi in the Clinical
Microbiology Laboratory 33
2.3.1 The Laboratory Manual 33
2.3.2 Specimen Collection 33
2.3.3 Direct Examination 34
2.3.4 Histopathology 36
2.3.5 Culture 37
2.3.6 Storage and Cryopreservation of Cultures
for QA and QC in the Clinical Mycology
Laboratory 41
2.3.7 Media and Tests for Yeast
Identification 42
2.3.8 Methods Useful for Mold
Identification 45
2.3.9 Microscopy Basics 53
2.3.10 Use of Reference Laboratories 59
2.3.11 Fungal Serology and Biochemical
Markers of Infection 59
2.4 Genetic Identification of Fungi 64
2.4.1 Commercial Test 64
2.4.2 Peptide Nucleic Acid-Fluorescent In Situ
Hybridization (PNA-FISH) 64
2.4.3 PCR-Sequencing Method 64
2.4.4 Nuclear rDNA Complex 64
2.4.5 Genetic Tools for Species
Identification 66
2.4.6 How Is the Genetic Identification of an
Unknown Fungus Accomplished? 66
2.4.7 Growth of the Fungus in Pure Culture,
Extraction and Purification of DNA 66
2.4.8 PCR of the Target Sequence 67
2.4.9 PCR Cycle Sequencing 68
2.4.10 Assemble the DNA Sequence 68
2.4.11 Perform a BLAST Search 68
2.4.12 The MicroSeq System® 68
2.4.13 Other Sequence Databases 68
General References for Laboratory
Diagnostic Methods in Medical
Mycology 69
3A. Antifungal Agents and Therapy
75
3A.1 Introduction 75
3A. 1.1 Major Antifungal Agents Approved for
Clinical Use 76
3A. 1.2 Comparison of Antibacterial and
Antifungal Agents According to Their
Intracellular Targets 79
3A.2 Amphotericin B (AmB-deoxycholate)
(Fungizone®, Apothecon Subsidiary of
Bristol-Myers-Squibb) 80
3A.2.1 Structure 80
3A.2.2 Mode of Action 80
3A.2.3 Indications 82
3A.2.4 Formulation 82
3A.2.5 Spectrum of Activity 82
3A.2.6 Clinical Uses 82
3A.2.7 Lipid Formulations of AmB 83
3A.2.8 Pharmacokinetics 84
3A.2.9 Interactions 85
3A.2.10 Adverse Reactions 85
3A.3 Fluconazole (FLC) (Diflucan®,
Pfizer) 86
3A.3.1 Structure and Mode of Action 86
3A.3.2 Indications 86
3A.3.3 Fluconazole Pharmacokinetics 87
3A.3.4 Efficacy 88
3A.3.5 Formulations 88
3A.3.6 Interactions 88
3A.3.7 Adverse Reactions 88
3A.4 Itraconazole (ITC) (Sporanox®, Janssen
Pharmaceutica Division of Johnson
Johnson) 89
3A.4.1 Action Spectrum 89
3A.4.2 ITC: Uncertain Bioavailability 89
3A.4.3 Properties 89
3A.4.4 Pharmacokinetics 89
3A.4.5 Interactions 90
3A.4.6 Adverse Reactions 90
3A.5 Voriconazole (VRC) (Vfend®,
Pfizer) 90
3A.5.1 Action Spectrum 90
3A.5.2 Pharmacokinetics 90
3A.5.3 Drug Interactions 91
3A.5.4 Adverse Reactions 91
3A.6 Posaconazole (PSC) (Noxafil®,
Schering-Plough/Merck Co.) 91
Contents ix
3A.6.1 Action Spectrum 91
3A.6.2 Pharmacokinetics 91
3A.6.3 Drug Interactions 92
3A.6.4 Adverse Reactions 92
3A.7 Azole Resistance Mechanisms 92
3A.7.1 Alteration of Target Enzyme
(Lanosterol Demethylase) 92
3A.7.2 Overexpression of Target
Enzyme 92
3A.7.3 Increased Efflux of Drug, CDR Efflux
Pumps 92
3A.7.4 Bypass Pathways 92
3A.7.5 Loss of Heterozygosity in
Chromosome 5 and Azole
Resistance 92
3A.7.6 Azole Resistance in Aspergillus
Species 93
3A.8 Echinocandins 93
3A.8.1 Mode of Action 93
3A.8.2 Spectrum of Activity 93
3A.9 Caspofungin (CASF) (Cancidas®,
Merck) 94
3A.9.1 Action Spectrum 94
3A.9.2 Dosage 95
3A.9.3 Pharmacokinetics 95
3A.9.4 Drug Interactions 95
3A.9.5 Adverse Reactions 95
3A.10 Micafungin (MCF) (Mycaminef®, Astellas
Pharma, Inc.) 95
3A.10.1 Indications 95
3 A. 10.2 Dosage 95
3A.10.3 Metabolism 96
3A.10.4 Drug Interactions 96
3A.11 Anidulafungin (ANF) (Eraxis®,
Pfizer) 96
3A.11.1 Indications 96
3A. 11.2 Invasive Candidiasis 96
3A.11.3 Molds 96
3A.11.4 Dosage 96
3A.11.5 Metabolism 96
3A. 11.6 Drug Interactions 97
3A. 11.7 Adverse Reactions 97
3A.12 Terbinafine (TRB) (Lamisil®,
Novartis) 97
3A. 12.1 Mode of Action 97
3A.12.2 Action Spectrum 97
3A.12.3 Drug Synergy 97
3 A. 12.4 Metabolism 97
3A.12.5 Adverse Reactions 98
3A.13 5-Fluorocytosine (Flucytosine, 5FC)
(Ancobon®, Valeant
Pharmaceuticals) 98
3A.13.1 Indications 98
3A.13.2 Combination Therapy 98
3A.13.3 Metabolism 98
3A.13.4 Adverse Reactions 98
3A.14 Griseofulvin (Grifulvin V, Ortho
Pharmaceutical Corp.) 99
3A. 14.1 Mode of Action 99
3A.14.2 Action Spectrum 99
3 A. 14.3 Indications 99
3A.14.4 Dosage Regimen 99
3 A. 14.5 Metabolism 99
3A.14.6 Adverse Reactions 100
3A.15 Combination Therapy 100
3A.16 Suppressive or Maintenance
Therapy 100
3A. 17 Prophylactic Therapy 100
3A. 17.1 Bimodal Period of Risk 101
3A.17.2 Fluconazole and Alternatives for
Primary Prophylaxis 101
3A.17.3 Prophylaxis in Patients During the
Pre-engraftment Period with a History
of Invasive Mold Infections 102
3A.17.4 Prophylaxis in the Post-engraftment
Period 102
3A. 18 Empiric Therapy 102
3A.19 Innately Resistant Fungi 103
3A.19.1 Innately Resistant Molds 103
3A.19.2 Innately Resistant Yeasts 103
General Reference for Antifungal Agents
and Therapy 103
Selected References for Antifungal Agents
and Therapy 103
Websites Cited 105
Questions 105
3B. Antifungal Susceptibility Tests
107
3B.1 Antifungal Susceptibility Tests
Defined 107
3B.2 National and International Standards for
AFS Tests 107
3B.3 Objective of AFS Tests 107
3B.4 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
of an Antifungal Drug Defined 107
3B.4.1 MIC.50 and MIC90 108
3B.5 Broth Microdilution (BMD)
Method 108
3B.6 Clinical Indications for AFS
Testing 108
3B.7 Correlation Between the In Vitro
Determined MIC and the Clinical Efficacy
of Drug Therapy 108
3B.7.1 How Are the Conditions of
Susceptible or Resistant
Determined? 109
3B.7.2 What Are Breakpoints? 109
3B.7.3 Minimum Effective
Concentration 109
3B.8 AFS Methods Currently Available for Use
in the Clinical Laboratory 110
3B.8.1 Broth Microdilution (BMD)
Method 110
3B.8.2 Etest® 110
Contents
3B.8.3 Disk Diffusion Method 110
3B.9 Which Laboratories Conduct AFS
Tests? 110
3B. 10 Principles of AFS Tests 110
3B. 10.1 Standard Method for AFS Testing of
Yeasts 110
3B.10.2 Modifications Suggested to Improve
Performance of the BMD Method for
Yeast 112
3B.10.3 Commercial BMD Method with
Precoated Drug Panels: A
CLSI-Approved Method for AFS
Testing of Yeasts and Molds 113
3B.10.4 Standardization of AFS Tests for
Molds, M38-A2: Broth Microdilution
for Molds 114
3B.10.5 Etest® (bioMérieux, Marcy l Etoile,
France) 114
3B.10.6 Disk Diffusion AFS Tests 117
3B.10.7 VITEK 2® System for AFS
(bioMérieux, Marcy l Etoile,
France) 118
3B.10.8 Flow Cytometry AFS Test 118
3B.11 Summary of the Current Status of
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing 119
Selected References for Antifungal
Susceptibility Testing 120
Questions 121
Part Two Systemic Mycoses Caused by Dimorphic
Environmental Molds (Endemic Mycoses)
4. Blastomycosis
125
4.1 Blastomycosis-at-a-Glance 125
4.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 125
4.3 Case Presentations 126
4.4 Diagnosis 127
4.5 Etiologic Agent 127
4.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 128
4.7 Epidemiology 129
4.8 Risk Groups/Factors 129
4.9 Transmission 129
4.10 Determinants of Pathogenicity 130
4.10.1 Pathogenesis 130
4.10.2 Host Factors 130
4.10.3 Microbial Factors 130
4.11 Clinical Forms 131
4.12 Veterinary Forms 133
4.13 Therapy 133
4.14 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 134
General Reference for Blastomycosis 137
Selected References for
Blastomycosis 137
Questions 138
5. Coccidioidomycosis
141
5.1 Coccidioidomycosis-at-a-Glance 141
5.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 141
5.3 Case Presentations 142
5.4 Diagnosis 143
5.5 Etiologic Agents 143
5.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 144
5.7 Epidemiology 147
5.7.1 Incidence and Prevalence 147
5.7.2 Effect of Weather on Annual Fluctuations
in Prevalence of
Coccidioidomycosis 148
5.8 Risk Groups/Factors 149
5.9 Transmission 150
5.10 Determinants of Pathogenicity and
Pathogenesis 151
5.10.1 Allergic Findings 151
5.10.2 Pathology 151
5.10.3 Host Factors 151
5.10.4 Pathogenesis 153
5.10.5 Vaccine Development 154
5.10.6 Attenuated Live Chitinase Mutant
C. posadasii 154
5.11 Clinical Forms 155
5.12 Veterinary Forms 156
5.13 Therapy 156
5.14 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 158
Selected References for
Coccidioidomycosis 162
Websites Cited 163
Questions 164
6. Histoplasmosis
165
6.1 Histoplasmosis-at-a-Glance 165
6.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 165
6.3 Case Presentations 166
6.4 Etiologic Agents 169
6.5 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 170
6.6 Epidemiology 171
6.6.1 Incidence and Prevalence 171
6.6.2 Risk Groups/Factors 171
6.7 Transmission 171
6.8 Determinants of Pathogenicity 172
6.8.1 Host Factors 172
6.8.2 Microbial Factors 173
6.9 Clinical Forms 175
Contents xi
6.10 Veterinary Forms 178
6.11 Therapy 179
6.12 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 180
Selected References for
Histoplasmosis 184
Websites Cited 185
Questions 185
7. Paracoccidioidomycosis
187
7.1 Paracoccidioidomycosis-at-
a-Glance 187
7.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 187
7.3 Case Presentation 188
7.3.1 Oral Lesions in a Legionnaire (Horré
et al., 2002) 188
7.4 Etiologic Agent 188
7.5 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 189
7.6 Epidemiology 189
7.6.1 Incidence 189
7.6.2 Risk Groups/Factors 189
7.7 Transmission 191
7.8 Determinants of Pathogenicity 191
7.8.1 Host Factors 191
7.8.2 Microbial Factors 191
7.9 Clinical Forms 192
7.10 Veterinary Forms 193
7.11 Therapy 194
7.12 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 195
Selected References for
Paracoccidioidomycosis 198
Questions 199
8. Penicilliosis 201
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
Penicilliosis-at-a-Glance 201
Introduction/Disease Definition
Case Presentation 202
Diagnosis 203
Etiologic Agents 203
Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 203
Epidemiology 204
8.7.1 Incidence 204
8.7.2 Molecular Epidemiology
Risk Groups/Factors 205
Transmission 205
Determinants of Pathogenicity
8.10.1 Host Factors 205
8.10.2 Microbial Factors 205
Clinical Forms 206
Veterinary Forms 208
Therapy 208
205
205
8.14 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 208
Selected References for Penicilliosis 212
Website Cited 212
Questions 212
9. Sporotrichosis 215
9.1 Sporotrichosis-at-a-Glance 215
9.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 215
9.3 Case Presentations 216
9.4 Diagnosis 218
9.5 Etiologic Agents 218
9.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 219
9.7 Epidemiology 219
9.7.1 Risk Groups/Factors 220
9.8 Transmission 220
9.9 Determinants of Pathogenicity 220
9.9.1 Host Factors 220
9.9.2 Microbial Factors 221
9.10 Clinical Forms 223
9.11 Human-Animal Interface 224
9.12 Therapy 225
9.13 Laboratory Detection. Recovery, and
Identification 227
Selected References for
Sporotrichosis 230
Website Cited 231
Questions 231
10A. Less Frequent Mycoses Caused by
Dimorphic Environmental Molds:
Adiaspiromycosis 233
10A.1 Adiaspiromycosis-at-
a-Glance 233
10A.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 234
10A.3 Case Summaries 234
10A.4 Diagnosis 235
10A.5 Etiologic Agents 235
10A.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 235
10 A.7 Epidemiology /Risk
Groups/Factors 235
10A.8 Transmission 235
10A.9 Determinants of Pathogenicity 236
10A. 10 Clinical Forms 236
10A. 11 Veterinary Forms 236
10A.12 Therapy 236
10A.13 Laboratory Detection. Recovery, and
Identification 236
Selected References for
Adiaspiromycosis 238
Questions 238
XII
Contents
ÎOB. Less Frequent Mycoses Caused by
Dimorphic Environmental Molds
(Endemic Mycoses): Lobomycosis
(Jorge Lôbo s Disease)
241
10B.1 Lobomycosis-at-a-Glance 241
10B.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 242
10B.3 Case Presentations 242
10B.4 Diagnosis 244
10B.5 Etiologic Agent 244
10B.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 244
10B.7 Epidemiology 244
10B.8 Risk Groups/Factors 244
10B.9 Transmission 244
10B.10 Determinants of Pathogenicity 245
1 OB. 10.1 Host Factors 245
10B.10.2 Microbial Factors 245
10B.11 Clinical Forms 245
10B.12 Veterinary Forms 245
10B.13 Therapy 246
10B.14 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 246
Selected References for
Lobomycosis 246
Questions 247
Part Three Systemic Mycoses Caused by
Opportunistic Yeasts and Pneumocystis
11. Candidiasis and Less Common Yeast
Genera
251
11.1 Candidiasis-at-a-Glance 251
11.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 251
11.3 Case Presentations 252
11.4 Diagnosis 255
11.5 Etiologic Agents and their Ecologie
Niches 255
11.5.1 Classification of Candida
Species 255
11.5.2 Less Common Candida Species of
Clinical Importance 257
11.6 Epidemiology 258
11.6.1 Major Types of Candidiasis 258
11.7 Risk Groups/Factors 264
11.7.1 Invasive Candidiasis 264
11.7.2 Mucosal Candidiasis 264
11.7.3 Cutaneous Candidiasis 265
11.8 Transmission 265
11.9 Clinical Forms 266
11.10 Determinants of Pathogenicity 273
11.10.1 Host Factors 273
11.10.2 Microbial Factors 276
11.11 Therapy 282
11.12 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 286
11.13 Less Common Opportunistic Yeast
Genera 292
11.13.1 Geotrichum capita turn
(Blastoschizomyces capitatus) 292
11.13.2 Rhodotorula Species 294
11.13.3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 295
Selected References for Candidiasis 297
Questions 301
12. Cryptococcosis
303
12.1 Cryptococcosis-at-a-Glance 303
12.2 Introduction/Disease
Definition 303
12.3 Case Presentations 304
12.4 Etiologic Agents 307
12.5 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 311
12.6 Epidemiology 312
12.7 Risk Groups/Factors 315
12.8 Transmission 316
12.9 Determinants of
Pathogenicity 316
12.9.1 Host Factors 316
12.9.2 Microbial Factors 318
12.10 Clinical Forms 321
12.11 Veterinary Forms 323
12.12 Therapy 324
12.13 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 326
General References for
Cryptococcosis 329
Selected References for
Cryptococcosis 329
Websites of Interest
or Cited 331
Questions 331
13. Pneumocystosis 333
13.1 Pneumocystosis-at-a-Glance 333
13.2 Introduction/Disease
Definition 333
13.3 Case Presentation 334
13.4 Etiologic Agent 335
13.5 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 336
13.6 Epidemiology 337
13.7 Risk Groups/Factors 339
13.8 Transmission 340
Contents xiii
13.9 Determinants of
Pathogenicity 340
13.9.1 Host Factors 340
13.9.2 Microbial Factors 342
13.10 Clinical Forms 343
13.11 Therapy 346
13.12 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 348
Selected References for
Pneumocystosis 351
Questions 352
15.7
15.8
15.9
Transmission 401
Determinants of Pathogenicity 401
15.8.1 Host Factors 401
15.8.2 Microbial Factors 401
Clinical Forms 402
15.10 Veterinary Forms 404
15.11 Therapy 405
15.12 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 407
Selected References for Fusarium
Mycosis 410
Website Cited 411
Questions 411
Part Four Systemic Mycoses Caused by
Opportunistic Hyaline Molds
14. Aspergillosis
16. Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium Mycosis
413
357
14.1 Aspergillosis at-a-Glance 357
14.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 358
14.3 Case Presentations 358
14.3.1 Diagnosis 360
14.4 Etiologic Agents 361
14.5 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 362
14.6 Epidemiology and Risk
Groups/Factors 363
14.7 Transmission 369
14.8 Determinants of Pathogenicity 370
14.8.1 Host Factors 370
14.8.2 Microbial Factors 372
14.9 Clinical Forms 375
14.10 Veterinary Forms 378
14.11 Therapy 379
14.12 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 383
Selected References for
Aspergillosis 390
Websites Cited 393
Questions 393
Appendix 395
15. Fusarium Mycosis 397
16.1 Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium
Mycosis-at-a-Glance 413
16.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 414
16.3 Case Presentations 414
16.4 Diagnosis 416
16.5 Etiologic Agents 416
16.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 418
16.7 Epidemiology 419
16.7.1 Risk Groups/Factors 421
16.8 Transmission 421
16.9 Determinants of Pathogenicity 421
16.9.1 Host Factors 421
16.9.2 Microbial Factors 421
16.10 Clinical Forms 422
16.11 Veterinary Forms 423
16.12 Therapy 424
16.13 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 426
Selected References for
Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium
Mycosis 428
Website Cited 429
Questions 429
17A. Mucormycosis 431
15.1 Fusarium Mycosis-at-a-Glance 397
15.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 398
15.3 Case Presentation 398
15.3.1 Diagnosis 399
15.4 Etiologic Agents 399
15.5 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 399
15.6 Epidemiology 399
15.6.1 Incidence and Prevalence 399
15.6.2 Risk Factors 400
17A.1 Mucormycosis-at-a-Glance 433
17A.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 434
17A.3 Case Presentations 434
17A.4 Diagnosis 436
17A.5 Etiologic Agents 436
17A.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 437
17A.7 Epidemiology and Risk
Groups/Factors 440
17 A.8 Transmission 442
17A.9 Determinants of Pathogenicity 442
17A.9.1 Host Factors 442
XIV
Contents
17A.9.2 Microbial Factors 442
17A.10 Clinical Forms 444
17A.11 Veterinary Forms 445
17A.12 Therapy 446
17A.13 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 447
Selected References for
Mucormycosis 452
Websites Cited 454
Questions 454
17C.10 Determinants of Pathogenicity 470
17C.11 Clinical Forms 470
17C.12 Veterinary Forms 471
17C.13 Therapy 471
17C. 14 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 471
Selected References for
Entomophthoramycosis Caused by
Conidiobolus Species 472
Questions 473
17B. Entomophthoramycosis Caused by
Basidiobolus ranarum
457
17B.1 Entomophothoramycosis Caused by
Basidiobolus ranarum-at-
a-Glance 457
17B.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 458
17B.3 Case Presentations 458
17B.4 Etiologic Agent 460
17B.5 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 461
17B.6 Epidemiology 461
17B.7 Risk Groups/Factors 461
17B.8 Transmission 461
17B.9 Determinants of Pathogenicity 461
17B.9.1 Host Factors 461
17B.9.2 Microbial Factors 461
17B.10 Clinical Forms 462
17B.11 Veterinary Forms 462
17B.12 Therapy 462
17B.13 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 463
Selected References for
Entomophthoramycosis Caused by
Basidiobolus ranarum 464
Questions 465
17C. Entomophthoramycosis Caused by
Conidiobolus Species
467
467
467
17C.1 Entomophthoramycosis Caused by
Conidiobolus Species-at-a-Glance
17C.2 Introduction/Disease Definition
17C.3 Case Presentation 468
17C.4 Etiologic Agents 469
17C.5 Geographic Distribution 469
17C.6 Ecologie Niche 469
17C.7 Epidemiology 469
I7C.8 Risk Groups/Factors 470
17C.9 Transmission 470
Part Five Mycoses of Implantation
18. Chromoblastomycosis
479
18.1 Chromoblastomycosis-at-a-Glance 479
18.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 479
18.3 Case Presentation 480
18.4 Diagnosis 480
18.5 Etiologic Agents 481
18.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 482
18.7 Epidemiology and Risk
Groups/Factors 482
18.8 Transmission 483
18.9 Determinants of Pathogenicity 483
18.9.1 Pathogenesis 483
18.9.2 Host Factors 483
18.9.3 Microbial Factors 484
18.10 Clinical Forms 485
18.11 Therapy 485
18.12 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 487
Selected References for
Chromoblastomycosis 489
Questions 490
19. Phaeohyphomycosis 493
19.1 Phaeohyphomycosis-at-a-Glance
19.2 Introduction 493
19 A Cutaneous - Subcutaneous
Phaeohyphomycosis 494
19A.1 Introduction/Disease Definition
19A.2 Case Presentations 494
19A.3 Etiologic Agents 497
19A.4 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 497
19A.5 Epidemiology 497
493
494
Contents xv
19A.6 Risk Groups/Factors 497
19A.7 Transmission 497
19A.8 Determinants of Pathogenicity 497
19A.8.1 Microbial Factors 498
19A.9 Clinical Form 499
19A.10 Therapy 499
19B Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis 499
19B.1 Introduction/Disease Definition 499
19B.2 Case Presentation 499
19B.3 Etiologic Agents 500
19B.4 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 500
19B.5 Epidemiology 501
19B.6 Risk Groups/Factors 501
19B.7 Transmission 502
19B.8 Determinants of Pathogenicity 502
19B.9 Clinical Form 502
19B.10 Therapy 502
19C Fungal Sinusitis 503
19C.1 Introduction/Disease Definition 503
19C.2 Clinical Forms 503
19C.3 Transmission 506
19C.4 Determinants of Pathogenicity 506
19.3 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 506
Selected References for
Phaeohyphomycosis 509
Websites Cited 510
Questions 510
20. Eumycetoma (Madura Foot,
Maduramycosis) 513
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.11
20.12
20.13
20.14
Eumycetoma at-a-Glance 513
Introduction/Disease Definition 513
Case Presentation 514
Diagnosis 514
Etiologic Agent(s) 514
Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 515
Epidemiology 515
Risk Groups/Factors 516
Transmission 516
Determinants of Pathogenicity 516
20.10.1 Host Factors 516
20.10.2 Microbial Factors 516
Clinical Forms (Fahal. 2004) 517
Veterinary Forms 518
Therapy 518
Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 520
Selected References for
Eumycetoma 522
Websites Cited 523
Questions 523
Part Six Dermatophytosis and Dermatomycoses
(Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses)
21. Dermatophytosis
527
21.1 Dermatophytosis-at-a-Glance 527
21.2 Introduction/Disease Definition 528
21.3 Case Presentations 529
21.4 Diagnosis 530
21.5 Etiologic Agents 530
21.6 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 534
21.7 Epidemiology 534
21.8 Risk Groups/Factors 537
21.9 Transmission 539
21.10 Determinants of Pathogenicity 540
21.10.1 Host Factors 540
21.10.2 Microbial Factors 541
21.11 Clinical Forms 542
21.12 Veterinary Forms 550
21.13 Therapy 552
21.14 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification 554
Selected References for
Dermatophytosis 563
Website of Interest on the Subject of
Dermatophytosis 565
Questions 565
22. Dermatomycoses 567
¦
22A
22B
22B.1
22B.2
22B.3
22B.4
22B.5
22B.6
Major Nondermatophytic Fungi from
Skin and Nails 567
Superficial Mycosis of the Hair Caused
by a Nondermatophyte Mold: Black
Piedra 569
Introduction/Disease Definition 569
Diagnosis 570
Etiologic Agents 570
Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche/Epidemiology 570
Risk Groups/Transmission 570
Determinants of Pathogenicity 570
XVI
r
Contents
22B.7 Clinical Forms 570
22B.8 Veterinary Forms 570
22B.9 Therapy 570
22B.10 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification of Piedraia hortae 571
22C Superficial Mycoses Caused by Yeasts
and Yeast-like Fungi 571
22C.1 Candida albicans Onychia and
Paronychia 571
22C.2 White Piedra 571
22C.2.1 Introduction/Disease
Definition 571
22C.2.2 Diagnosis 571
22C.2.3 Etiologic Agents 572
22C.2.4 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche/Epidemiology 572
22C.2.5 Transmission 573
22C.2.6 Determinants of
Pathogenicity 573
22C.2.7 Clinical Forms 573
22C.2.8 Veterinary Forms 573
22C.2.9 Therapy for White Piedra 573
22C.2.10 Therapy for Systemic or
Disseminated Trichosporon Species
Infection in the
Immunocompromised Host 574
22C.2.11 Laboratory Detection, Recovery,
and Identification of Trichosporon
Species 574
22C.3 Tinea Nigra (Tinea Nigra
Palmaris) 575
22C.3.1 Introduction/Disease
Definition/Clinical Form 575
22C.3.2 Diagnosis 575
22C.3.3 Etiologic Agent 575
22C.3.4 Geographic Distribution 575
22C.3.5 Ecologie Niche 575
22C.3.6 Epidemiology 575
22C.3.7 Therapy 576
22C.3.8 Laboratory Detection, Recovery, and
Identification of Hortaea
werneckii 576
22C.4 Pityriasis Versicolor and Other Superficial
and Deep Mycoses Caused by Lipophilic
Yeasts: Malassezia Species 576
22C.4.1 Introduction/Disease
Definition 576
22C.4.2 Case Presentation 577
22C.4.3 Diagnosis 577
22C.4.4 Etiologic Agents 577
22C.4.5 Geographic Distribution/Ecologie
Niche 578
22C.4.6 Epidemiology 578
22C.4.7 Risk Factors/Transmission 578
22C.4.8 Clinical Forms of Superficial
Mycoses Caused by Malassezia
Species 579
22C.4.9 Clinical Form of Deep-Seated
Malassezia Mycosis:
Fungemia 580
22C.4.10 Veterinary Forms 580
22C.4.11 Determinants of
Pathogenicity 581
22C.4.12 Therapy for Superficial and
Deep-Seated Mycoses Caused by
Malassezia Species 582
22C.4.13 Laboratory Detection, Recovery,
and Identification of Malassezia
Species 582
22D Chrysosporium and Other Nonpathogenic
or Opportunistic Fungi Isolated from
Skin and Resembling Dermatophytes in
Culture 584
Selected References for
Dermatomycoses 585
Website Cited 587
Questions 587
Glossary 589
Answer Key 607
Index 611
|
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| spelling | Reiss, Errol Verfasser aut Fundamental medical mycology Errol Reiss ; H. Jean Shadomy ; G. Marshall Lyon Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Blackwell 2012 XX, 624 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Infektionskrankheiten Pilze Shadomy, H. Jean Sonstige oth Lyon, G. Marshall Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743622&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Reiss, Errol Fundamental medical mycology Infektionskrankheiten Pilze |
| title | Fundamental medical mycology |
| title_auth | Fundamental medical mycology |
| title_exact_search | Fundamental medical mycology |
| title_full | Fundamental medical mycology Errol Reiss ; H. Jean Shadomy ; G. Marshall Lyon |
| title_fullStr | Fundamental medical mycology Errol Reiss ; H. Jean Shadomy ; G. Marshall Lyon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamental medical mycology Errol Reiss ; H. Jean Shadomy ; G. Marshall Lyon |
| title_short | Fundamental medical mycology |
| title_sort | fundamental medical mycology |
| topic | Infektionskrankheiten Pilze |
| topic_facet | Infektionskrankheiten Pilze |
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