Verfügbarkeit: Animal physiology

Animal physiology:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Hill, Richard W. 1942- (VerfasserIn), Wyse, Gordon A. (VerfasserIn), Anderson, Margaret 1941- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2012
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Schlagworte:	Tierphysiologie Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780878936625 9780878935598

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents PART I · Fundamentals of Physiology CHAPTER 1 Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage 3 The Importance of Physiology 4 Mechanism and Origin: Physiology s Two Central Questions 5 The study oř mechanism: How do modern-day animals carry out their functions? 5 The study of origin: Why do modern-day animals possess the mechanisms they do? 7 Natural selection is a key process of evolutionary origin 8 Mechanism and adaptive significance are distinct concepts that do not imply each other 8 This Book s Approach to Physiology 10 Animals 11 The structural property of an animal that persists through time is its organization 11 Most cells of an animal are exposed to the internal environment, not the external environment 11 The internal environment may be permitted to vary when the external environment changes, or it may be kept constant 12 Homeostasis in the lives of animals: Internal constancy is often critical for proper function 12 BOX 1.1 Negative Feedback 13 Time in the lives of animals: Physiology changes in five time frames 14 BOX 1.2 The Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity 1 6 Size in the lives of animals: Body size is one of an animal s most important traits 16 Environments 18 Earth s major physical and chemical environments 18 The environment an animal occupies is often a microenvironment or microclimate 22 Animals often modify their own environments 23 Evolutionary Processes 24 Some processes of evolution are adaptive, others are not 24 A trait is not an adaptation merely because it exists 25 Adaptation is studied as an empirical science 25 Evolutionary potential can be high or low, depending on available genetic variation 27 CHAPTER 2 Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology 31 Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes 32 The lipids of membranes are structured, diverse, fluid, and responsive to some environmental factors 33 Proteins endow membranes with numerous functional capacities 35 BOX 2.1 Protein Structure and the Bonds That Maintain It 35 Carbohydrates play important roles in membranes 36 Epithelia 37 Elements of Metabolism 40 Enzyme Fundamentals 40 Enzyme-catalyzed reactions exhibit hyperbolic or sigmoid kinetics 42 Contents XV Maximum reaction velocity is determined by the amount and catalytic effectiveness of an enzyme 43 Enzyme-substrate affinity affects reaction velocity at the substrate concentrations that are usual in cells 43 Enzymes undergo changes in molecular conformation and have specific binding sites that interact 44 Enzymes catalyze reversible reactions in both directions 45 Multiple molecular forms of enzymes occur at all levels of animal organization 46 Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes 47 The types and amounts of enzymes present depend on gene expression and enzyme degradation 48 Modulation of existing enzyme molecules permits fast regulation of eel] function 48 Evolution of Enzymes 52 Enzymes Are Instruments of Change in All Time Frames 54 The Life and Death of Proteins 54 Light and Color 55 BOX 2.2 Squid and Bioluminescent Bacteria, a Study in Cross-Phylum Coordination: The Euprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischen Symbiosis Margaret McFall-Ngai 57 Reception and Use of Signals by Cells 58 Extracellular signals initiate their effects by binding to receptor proteins 58 Cell signal transduction often entails sequences of amplifying effects 61 Several second-messenger systems participate in cell signal transduction 63 CHAPTER 3 Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology 67 Genomics 72 Genomics is inextricably linked with advanced methods of information processing 72 One overarching goal of genomics is to elucidate the evolution of genes and genomes 73 A second overarching goal of genomics is to elucidate the current functioning of genes and genomes 73 Genomes must ultimately be related empirically to phenotypes 74 Top-down versus Bottom-up Approaches to the Study of Physiology 75 Screening or Profiling as a Research Strategy 76 The Study of Gene Transcription: Transcriptomics 76 Transcription profiling often identifies large numbers of genes that exhibit altered transcription in response to environmental or other conditions 78 Transcription profiling reveals that many genes routinely undergo daily cycles of transcription 78 Manipulations of protein synthesis can be used to clarify gene function 79 Proteomics 80 Metabolomics 82 CHAPTER 4 Physiological Development and Epigenetics 85 The Physiology of Immature Animals Always Differs from That of Adults 86 Phenotypic Plasticity during Development 90 Environmental effects during development may arise from programmed responses to the environment or may be forced by chemical or physical necessity 91 Insect polyphenic development underlies some of the most dramatic cases of phenotypic plasticity 91 Epigenetics 93 Two major mechanisms of epigenetic marking are DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones 93 Epigenetic marking during an animal s early development affects the animal s lifelong phenotype 94 Epigenetic marks on paternal and maternal copies of genes set the stage in mammals and insects for the two copies to exert nonequivalent effects 95 CHAPTER 5 Transport of Solutes and Water 99 Passive Solute Transport by Simple Diffusion 101 Concentration gradients give rise to the most elementary form of simple solute diffusion 102 Electrical gradients often influence the diffusion of charged solutes at membranes 103 Biological aspects of diffusion across membranes: Some solutes dissolve in the membrane; others require channels 104 Diffusion of ions across cell membranes is determined by simultaneous concentration and electrical effects 105 Diffusion often creates challenges for cells and animals 105 Concentration gradients can create electrical gradients that alter concentration gradients 107 Passive Solute Transport by Facilitated Diffusion 108 Active Transport 108 Active transport and facilitated diffusion are types of carrier-mediated transport 109 Basic properties of active-transport mechanisms 109 Recognition of active transport completes our overview of a single animal cell 109 Primary and secondary active transport differ in their cellular- molecular mechanisms 110 xvi Contents BOX 5.1 Energy Coupling via the Potential Energy of Electrochemical Gradients 113 Active transport across an epithelium does not imply a specific transport mechanism 114 Two epithelial ion-pumping mechanisms help freshwater fish maintain their blood composition 114 BOX 5.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Ion Pumping in Fresh-water Fish Gills 116 Diversity and Modulation of Channels and Transporters 116 Osmotic Pressure and Other Colligative Properties of Aqueous Solutions 117 Physiologists usually express osmotic pressure in osmolar units 118 Osmotic pressures can be measured in several ways 118 Osmosis 120 Quantification and terminology 120 Hydrostatic pressures develop from osmotic pressures only when two or more solutions interact 121 Water may dissolve in membranes or pass through aquaporin water channels during osmosis 121 Aquaporins 121 Osmosis and solute physiology often interact 122 PART II · Food, Energy, and Temperature CHAPTER 6 Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion 127 Nutrition 129 Proteins are foremost 129 Lipids are required for all membranes and are the principal storage compounds of animals 132 Carbohydrates are low in abundance in many animals but highly abundant when they play structural roles 133 Vitamins are essential organic compounds required in small amounts 134 Elemental nutrition: Many minerals are essential nutrients 134 Feeding 136 Many animals feed on organisms that are individually attacked and ingested 137 Suspension feeding is common in aquatic animals 139 Symbioses with microbes often play key roles in animal feeding and nutrition 141 BOX 6.1 Types of Meal Processing Systems 146 Digestion and Absorption 148 Vertebrates, arthropods, and molluscs represent three important digestive-absorptive plans 148 Digestion is carried out by specific enzymes operating in three spatial contexts 151 Absorption occurs by different mechanisms for hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules 153 Responses to Eating 155 Nutritional Physiology in Additional Time Frames 157 Nutritional physiology is responsive to the environment 157 BOX 6.2 Long-term Natural Fasting, Emphasizing Pythons 157 The nutritional physiology of individuals is often endogenously programmed to change over time 158 CHAPTER 7 Energy Metabolism 161 Why Animals Need Energy: The Second Law of Thermodynamics 161 Fundamentals of Animal Energetics 163 The forms of energy vary in their capacity for physiological work 163 Transformations of high-grade energy are always inefficient 163 Animals use energy to perform three major functions 164 BOX 7.1 Views on Animal Heat Production 165 Metabolic Rate: Meaning and Measurement 166 BOX 7.2 Units of Measure for Energy and Metabolic Rates 166 Direct calorimetry: The metabolic rate of an animal can be measured directly 167 Indirect calorimetry: Animal metabolic rates are usually measured indirectly 167 BOX 7.3 Direct Measurement versus Indirect Measurement 168 Contents XVÎÎ BOX 7.4 Respirometry 170 Factors That Affect Metabolic Rates 170 Ingestion of food causes metabolic rate to rise 170 Basal Metabolic Rate and Standard Metabolic Rate 172 Metabolic Scaling: The Relation between Metabolic Rate and Body Size 172 Resting metabolic rate is an allometric function of body weight in related species 173 The metabolic rate of active animals is often also an allometric function of body weight 175 The metabolism-size relation has important physiological and ecological implications 176 BOX 7.5 Scaling of Heart Function 177 The explanation for allometric metabolism-size relations remains unknown 178 Energetics of Food and Growth 180 Conclusion: Energy as the Common Currency of Life 181 POSTSCRIPT: The Energy Cost of Mental Effort 181 CHAPTER 8 Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism 183 Mechanisms of ATP Production and Their Implications 184 Aerobic catabolism consists of four major sets of reactions 184 BOX 8.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 189 О, deficiency poses two biochemical challenges: Impaired ATP synthesis and potential redox imbalance 189 Certain tissues possess anaerobic catabolic pathways that synthesize ATP 190 Anaerobic glycolysis is the principal anaerobic catabolic pathway of vertebrates 190 What happens to catabolic end products? 190 The functional roles of ATP-producing mechanisms depend on whether they operate in steady state or nonsteady state 191 Phosphagens provide an additional mechanism of ATP production without O2 192 Internal O2 stores may be used to make ATP 192 Comparative Properties of Mechanisms of ATP Production 193 Question 1: What is each mechanism s total possible ATP yield per episode of use? 193 Question 2: How rapidly can ATP production be accelerated? 193 BOX 8.2 Genetic Engineering as a Tool to Test Hypotheses of Muscle Function and Fatigue 194 Question 3: What is each mechanism s peak rate of ATP production (peak power)? 194 Question 4: How rapidly can each mechanism be reinitialized? 194 Conclusion: All mechanisms have pros and cons 194 Two Themes in Exercise Physiology: Fatigue and Muscle Fiber Types 194 Fatigue has many, context-dependent causes 194 The muscle fibers in the muscles used for locomotion are heterogeneous in functional properties 195 The Interplay of Aerobic and Anaerobic Catabolism during Exercise 196 Metabolic transitions occur at the start and end of vertebrate exercise 196 The ATP source for all-out exercise varies in a regular manner with exercise duration 198 Related species and individuals within one species are often poised very differently for use of aerobic and anaerobic catabolism 200 Responses to Impaired O2 Influx from the Environment 201 Air-breathing vertebrates during diving: Preserving the brain presents special challenges 201 Animals faced with reduced O2 availability in their usual environments may show conformity or regulation of aerobic ATP synthesis 202 Water-breathing anaerobes: Some aquatic animals are capable of protracted life in water devoid of ΟΊ 202 BOX 8.3 Human Peak O2 Consumption and Physical Performance at High Altitudes 204 CHAPTER 9 The Energetics of Aerobic Activity 207 How Active Animals Are Studied 208 BOX 9.1 The Cost of Carrying Massive Loads 209 The Energy Costs of Defined Exercise 210 The most advantageous speed depends on the function of exercise 211 The minimal cost of transport depends in regular ways on mode of locomotion and body size 213 The Maximal Rate of Oxygen Consumption 215 BOX 9.2 Finding Power for Human-Powered Aircraft 215 Vo2max differs among phyletic groups and often from species to species within a phyletic group 216 Vo7max varies among individuals within a species 217 Vcbmax responds to training and selection 217 The Energetics of Routine and Extreme Daily Life 218 Long-Distance Migration 219 Ecological Energetics 220 BOX 9.3 Eel Migration and Energetics: A 2300-Year Detective Story 221 xviii Contents CHAPTER 10 Thermal Relations 225 Temperature and Heat 227 Heat Transfer between Animals and Their Environments 227 BOX 10.1 Global Warming 228 Conduction and convection: Convection is intrinsically faster 230 Evaporation: The change of water from liquid to gas carries much heat away 230 Thermal radiation permits widely spaced objects to exchange heat at the speed of light 231 Poikilothermy (Ectothermy) 233 Poikilotherms often exert behavioral control over their body temperatures 234 Poikilotherms must be able to function over a range of body temperatures 234 Poikilotherms respond physiologically to their environments in all three major time frames 234 Acute responses: Metabolic rate is an approximately exponential function of body temperature 235 Chronic responses: Acclimation often blunts metabolic responses to temperature 236 The rate-temperature relations and thermal limits of individuals: Ecological decline occurs at milder temperatures than acute stress 239 Evolutionary changes: Species are often specialized to live at their respective body temperatures 241 Temperature and heat matter to animals because they affect the rates of processes and the functional states of molecules 242 Poikilotherms threatened with freezing: They may survive by preventing freezing or by tolerating it 246 Homeothermy in Mammals and Birds 250 Metabolic rate rises in cold and hot environments because of the costs of homeothermy 251 BOX 10.2 Thermoregulatory Control, Fever, and Behavioral Fever 252 The shape of the metabolism-temperature curve depends on fundamental heat-exchange principles 252 Homeothermy is metabolically expensive 255 Insulation is modulated by adjustments of the pelage or plumage, blood flow, and posture 256 Heat production is increased below thermoneutrality by shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis 256 Regional heterothermy: In cold environments, allowing some tissues to cool can have advantages 257 Countercurrent heat exchange permits selective restriction of heat flow to appendages 258 Mammals and birds in hot environments: Their first lines of defense are often not evaporative 260 Active evaporative cooling is the ultimate line of defense against overheating 261 Mammals and birds acclimatize to winter and summer 263 Evolutionary changes: Species are often specialized to live in their respective climates 264 Mammals and birds sometimes escape the demands of homeothermy by hibernation, torpor, or related processes 265 Warm-Bodied Fish 268 Endothermy and Homeothermy in Insects 270 The insects that thermoregulate during flight require certain flight-muscle temperatures to fly 271 Solitary insects employ diverse mechanisms of thermorégulation 272 Colonies of social bees and wasps often display sophisticated thermorégulation 273 Coda 273 BOX 10.3 Warm Flowers 273 CHAPTER 11 Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places 277 Food, Nutrition, Energy Metabolism, and Thermorégulation in the Lives of Adult Reindeer 277 Newborn Reindeer 280 BOX 11.1 Knockout Mice Clarify the Function of Brown Fat 281 BOX 11.2 Genomics Confirms That Piglets Lack Brown Fat 282 The Future of Reindeer: Timing and Ice 283 Thermoregulatory Development: Small Mammals Compared with Large 283 The Effect of Body Size on Mammals Lives in Cold Environments: An Overview 284 Hibernation as a Winter Strategy: New Directions and Discoveries 285 Arctic ground squirrels supercool during hibernation and arouse periodically throughout their hibernation season 286 The composition of the lipids consumed before hibernation affects the dynamics of hibernation 286 Although periodic arousals detract from the energy savings of hibernation, their function is unknown 288 The intersection of sociobiology and hibernation physiology 289 Contents xix PART III · Integrating Systems CHAPTER 12 Neurons 295 The Physiology of Control: Neurons and Endocrine Cells Compared 295 Neurons transmit electrical signals to target cells 296 Endocrine cells broadcast hormones 297 Nervous systems and endocrine systems tend to control different processes 298 Neurons Are Organized into Functional Circuits in Nervous Systems 298 The Cellular Organization of Neural Tissue 299 Neurons are structurally adapted to transmit action potentials 299 Glial cells support neurons physically and metabolically 300 The Ionic Basis of Membrane Potentials 301 Cell membranes have passive electrical properties: Resistance and capacitance 302 Resting membrane potentials depend on selective permeability to ions: The Nernst equation 305 Ion concentration differences result from active ion transport and from passive diffusion 306 Membrane potentials depend on the permeabilities to and concentration gradients of several ion species: The Goldman equation 308 Electrogenic pumps also have a small direct effect on Vm 308 The Action Potential 309 Action potentials are voltage-dependent, all-or-none electrical signals 309 Action potentials result from changes in membrane permeabilities to ions 310 The molecular structure of the voltage-dependent ion channels reveals their functional properties 315 There are variations in the ionic mechanisms of excitable cells 316 BOX 12.1 Evolution and Molecular Function of Voltage- Gated Channels 317 BOX 12.2 Optogenetics: Controlling Cells with Light Matthew S. Kayser 318 The Propagation of Action Potentials 320 Local circuits of current propagate an action potential 320 Membrane refractory periods prevent bidirectional propagation 320 The conduction velocity of an action potential depends on axon diameter, myelination, and temperature 322 BOX 12.3 Giant Axons 322 CHAPTER 13 Synapses 327 Synaptic Transmission Is Usually Chemical but Can Be Electrical 328 Electrical synapses transmit signals instantaneously 329 Chemical synapses can modify and amplify signals 329 Synaptic Potentials Control Neuronal Excitability 332 Synapses onto a spinal motor neuron exemplify functions of fast synaptic potentials 332 Synapses excite or inhibit a neuron by depolarization or hyperpoiarization at the site of impulse initiation 332 Fast Chemical Synaptic Actions Are Exemplified by the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction 333 Chemical synapses work by releasing and responding to neurotransmitters 335 Postsynaptic potentials result from permeability changes that are neurotransmitter- dependent and voltage-independent 335 EPSPs between neurons resemble neuromuscular EPSPs but are smaller 336 Fast IPSPs can result from an increase in permeability to chloride 337 Presynaptic Neurons Release Neurotransmitter Molecules in Quanta! Packets 337 Acetylcholine is synthesized and stored in the presynaptic terminal 338 Neurotransmitter release requires voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx 338 Neurotransmitter release is quantal and vesicular 338 Synaptic vesicles are cycled at nerve terminals in distinct steps 339 Several proteins play roles in vesicular release and recycling 340 xx Contents Neurotransmitters Are of Two General Kinds 341 Neurons have one or more characteristic neurotransmitters 342 An agent is identified as a neurotransmitter if it meets several criteria 342 Vertebrate neurotransmitters have several general modes of action 343 Neurotransmitter systems have been conserved in evolution 344 Postsynaptic Receptors for Fast lonotropic Actions: Ligand-Gated Channels 345 ACh receptors are ligand-gated channels that function as ionotropic receptors 345 Many, but not all, ligand-gated channel receptors have evolved from a common ancestor 347 Postsynaptic Receptors for Slow, Metabotropic Actions: G Protein-Coupled Receptors 347 G protein-coupled receptors initiate signal transduction cascades 347 Metabotropic receptors act via second messengers 347 Other mechanisms of G protein-mediated activity 349 G protein-coupled receptors mediate permeability-decrease synaptic potentials and presynaptic inhibition 350 Synaptic Plasticity: Synapses Change Properties with Time and Activity 350 Neurotransmitter metabolism is regulated homeostatically 351 Learning and memory may be based on synaptic plasticity 351 Habituation and sensitization in Aplysia 351 Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus 353 BOX 13.1 Synapse Formation: Competing Philosophies Matthew S. Kayser 356 Long-term potentiation is a necessary component of learning 356 CHAPTER 14 Sensory Processes 359 Organization of Sensory Systems 360 Sensory receptor cells can be classified in four different ways 360 Sensory receptor cells transduce and encode sensory information 361 Mechanoreception and Touch 362 Insect bristle sensilla exemplify mechanoreceptor responses 362 Touch receptors in the skin of mammals have specialized endings 364 Proprioceptors monitor internal mechanical stimuli 365 Vestibular Organs and Hearing 366 Insects hear with tympanal organs 366 Vertebrate hair cells are used in hearing and vestibular sense 366 Vertebrate vestibular organs sense acceleration and gravity 368 Sound stimuli create movements in the vertebrate cochlea that excite auditory hair cells 369 The localization of sound is determined by analysis of auditory signals in the CNS 372 BOX 14.1 Echolocation 373 Chemoreception and Taste 373 Insect taste is localized at chemoreceptive sensilla 373 Taste in mammals is mediated by receptor cells in taste buds 374 Olfaction 377 The mammalian olfactory epithelium contains odor generalist receptor cells 378 The vomeronasal organ of mammals detects pheromones 380 Photoreception 381 Photoreceptor cells and eyes of different groups have evolved similarities and differences 382 Rhodopsin consists of retinal conjugated to opsin, a G protein-coupled receptor 382 Phototransduction in Drosophila leads to a depolarizing receptor potential 382 The vertebrate eye focuses light onto retinal rods and cones 385 Rods and cones of the retina transduce light into a hyperpolarizing receptor potential 386 Enzymatic regeneration of rhodopsin is slow 388 Visual Sensory Processing 389 Retinal neurons respond to contrast 389 The vertebrate brain integrates visual information through parallel pathways 392 BOX 14.2 What roles do individual neurons play in higher visual integration? 394 Color vision is accomplished by populations of photoreceptors that contain different photopigments 394 Contents xxi CHAPTER 15 Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks 397 The Organization and Evolution of Nervous Systems 398 Nervous systems consist of neurons organized into functional circuits 398 Many types of animals have evolved complex nervous systems 398 BOX 15.1 Evolution of Nervous Systems 399 The Vertebrate Nervous System: A Guide to the General Organizational Features of Nervous Systems 401 Nervous systems have central and peripheral divisions 401 The central nervous system controls physiology and behavior 401 Five principles of functional organization apply to all mammalian and most vertebrate brains 402 BOX 15.2 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scott A. Huettel 405 The peripheral nervous system has somatic and autonomie divisions that control different parts of the body 405 The autonomie nervous system has three divisions 406 Biological Clocks 410 Organisms have endogenous rhythms 410 BOX 15.3 Sleep David S. Garbe 411 Biological clocks generate endogenous rhythms 412 Control by biological clocks has adaptive advantages 412 Endogenous clocks correlate with natural history and compensate for temperature 413 Clock mechanisms are based on rhythms of gene expression 414 The loci of biological clock functions vary among animals 415 Circannual and circatidal clocks: Some endogenous clocks time annual or tidal rhythms 416 Interval, or hourglass, timers can time shorter intervals 416 CHAPTER 16 Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology 419 Introduction to Endocrine Principles 420 Hormones bind to receptor molecules expressed by target cells 421 Concentrations of hormones in the blood vary 421 Most hormones fall into three chemical classes 421 Hormone molecules exert their effects by producing biochemical changes in target cells 423 Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Hormones 425 Peptide hormones are synthesized at ribosomes, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand 425 Steroid hormones are synthesized on demand prior to secretion, and are released into the blood by diffusion 426 Types of Endocrine Glands and Cells 426 Control of Endocrine Secretion: The Vertebrate Pituitary Gland 427 The posterior pituitary illustrates neural control of neurosecretory cells 427 The anterior pituitary illustrates neurosecretory control of endocrine cells 428 Hormones and neural input modulate endocrine control pathways 430 The Mammalian Stress Response 432 The autonomie nervous system and ΗΡΑ axis coordinate the stress response to an acute threat 433 The ΗΡΑ axis modulates the immune system 434 Chronic stress causes deleterious effects 435 Plasma glucocorticoid concentrations show seasonal variations 436 Endocrine Control of Nutrient Metabolism in Mammals 436 Insulin regulates short-term changes in nutrient availability 436 Glucagon works together with insulin to ensure stable levels of glucose in the blood 437 Other hormones contribute to the regulation of nutrient metabolism 439 Endocrine Control of Salt and Water Balance in Vertebrates 439 Antidiuretic hormones conserve water 439 The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system conserves sodium 440 Atrial natriuretic peptide promotes excretion of sodium and water 442 Endocrine Control of Calcium Metabolism in Mammals 442 Parathyroid hormone increases Ca2+ in the blood 442 Active vitamin D increases Ca2* and phosphate in the blood 442 Calcitonin opposes bone résorption and decreases Ca2+ and phosphate in the blood 443 Endocrine Principles in Review 444 Chemical Signals along a Distance Continuum 444 BOX 16.1 Can Mating Cause True Commitment? 445 Paracrines and automnes are local chemical signals distributed by diffusion 446 BOX 16.2 Hormones and Neuromodulators Influence Behavior 447 xxii Contents Pheromones and kairomones are used as chemical signals between animals 447 Insect Metamorphosis 448 Insect metamorphosis may be gradual or dramatic 448 BOX 16.3 Insects in Forensics and Medicine 449 Hormones and neurohormones control insect metamorphosis 450 CHAPTER 17 Reproduction 455 What Aspects of Reproduction Do Physiologists Study? 457 Reproduce Once or More Than Once? — Semelparity versus Iteroparity 459 BOX 17.1 Semelparity in a Mammal 460 Eggs, Provisioning, and Parental Care 460 External or Internal Fertilization? 461 The Environment as a Player in Reproduction 462 The Timing of Reproductive Cycles 463 Sperm storage permits flexible timing between copulation and fertilization 463 Embryonic diapause permits flexible timing between fertilization and the completion of embryonic development 463 The timing of reproductive events is often rigorously controlled in seasonal environments 464 Sex Change 467 Reproductive Endocrinology of Placental Mammals 468 Females ovulate periodically and exhibit menstrual or estrous cycles 468 Males produce sperm continually during the reproductive season 473 BOX 17.2 Sex Determination and Differentiation, Emphasizing Mammals 476 Pregnancy and birth are orchestrated by specialized endocrine controls 477 Lactation is governed by neuroendocrine reflexes 480 CHAPTER 18 Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation 485 The Adaptive Significance of Animal Navigation 486 Navigational abilities promote reproductive success 486 Navigational abilities facilitate food acquisition 487 Migrating animals need navigation 487 Navigational Strategies 487 Trail following is the most rudimentary form of animal navigation 488 Piloting animals follow a discontinuous series of learned cues 488 Path integration is a form of dead reckoning 489 Animals can derive compass information from environmental cues 489 Some animals appear to possess a map sense 494 BOX 18.1 Magnetoreceptors and Magnetoreception Kenneth J. Lohmann 495 Sea turtles exemplify the degree of our understanding of navigation 496 Innate and Learned Components of Navigation 497 Some forms of navigation have strong innate aspects 497 The hippocampus is a critical brain area for vertebrate spatial learning and memory 497 PART IV · Movement and Muscle CHAPTER 19 Control of Movement: The Motor Bases of Animal Behavior 503 Neural Control of Skeletal Muscle Is the Basis of Animal Behavior 503 Invertebrate neural circuits involve fewer neurons than vertebrate circuits 504 Vertebrate spinal reflexes compensate for circumstances, as well as initiate movements 504 BOX 19.1 Muscle Spindles 505 Motor neurons are activated primarily by central input rather than by spinal reflexes 507 Contents XXiii Neural Generation of Rhythmic Behavior 509 Locust flight results from an interplay of central and peripheral control 509 There are different mechanisms of central pattern generation 510 Central pattern generators can underlie relatively complex behavior 513 Control and Coordination of Vertebrate Movement 514 Locomotion in cats involves a spinal central pattern generator 515 Central pattern generators are distributed and interacting 515 The generation of movement involves several areas in the vertebrate brain 516 BOX 19.2 Basal Ganglia and Neurodegenerative Diseases 521 CHAPTER 20 Muscle 523 Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle Cells 524 Thick and thin filaments are polarized polymers of individual protein molecules 526 Muscles require ATP to contract 527 Calcium and the regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin control contractions 528 Excitation-Contraction Coupling 529 Whole Skeletal Muscles 531 Muscle contraction is the force generated by a muscle during cross-bridge activity 531 A twitch is the mechanical response of a muscle to a single action potential 532 The velocity of shortening decreases as the load increases 532 The frequency of action potentials determines the tension developed by a muscle 532 A sustained high calcium concentration in the cytoplasm permits summation and tetanus 533 The amount of tension developed by a muscle depends on the length of the muscle at the time it is stimulated 534 In general, the amount of work a muscle can do depends on its volume 535 BOX 20.1 Electric Fish Exploit Modified Skeletal Muscles to Generate Electric Shocks 536 Muscle Energetics 536 ATP is the immediate source of energy for powering muscle contraction 536 Vertebrate muscle fibers are classified into different types 537 BOX 20.2 Insect Flight 539 Neural Control of Skeletal Muscle 540 The vertebrate plan is based on muscles organized into motor units 540 The innervation of vertebrate tonic muscle is intermediate between the general vertebrate and arthropod plans 540 The arthropod plan is based on multiterminal innervation of each muscle fiber by more than one neuron 540 Vertebrate Smooth (Unstriated) Muscle 542 Smooth muscle cells are broadly classified 542 Ca2 1 availability controls smooth muscle contraction by myosin- linked regulation 543 Most smooth muscles are innervated by the autonomie nervous system 545 Vertebrate Cardiac Muscle 545 CHAPTER 21 Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse 549 Muscle Phenotypes 550 Power output determines a muscle s contractile performance, and changes in response to use and disuse 551 Endurance training elicits changes in fiber type, increased capillary density, and increased mitochondrial density 551 Resistance training causes hypertrophy and changes in fiber type 555 Hypertrophy also occurs in cardiac muscles 557 Atrophy 559 Humans experience atrophy in microgravity 559 Disuse influences the fiber-type composition of muscles 560 Muscles atrophy with age 560 Some animals experience little or no disuse atrophy 561 BOX 21.1 No Time to Lose 562 Regulating Muscle Mass 563 Myostatin 563 The PB-K-Aktl pathway 564 Summary 565 XXIV Contents part v . Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, ** and Internal Transport CHAPTER 22 Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Physiology 569 The Properties of Gases in Gas Mixtures and Aqueous Solutions 570 Gases in the gas phase 570 Gases in aqueous solution 571 Diffusion of Gases 572 Gases diffuse far more readily through gas phases than through aqueous solutions 574 Gas molecules that combine chemically with other molecules cease to contribute to the gas partial pressure 574 BOX 22.1 Diffusion through Tissues Can Meet O2 Requirements over Distances of Only 1 Millimeter or Less 575 Convective Transport of Gases: Bulk Flow 575 BOX 22.2 Induction of Internal Flow by Ambient Currents 576 Gas transport in animals often occurs by alternating convection and diffusion 576 The Oxygen Cascade 577 Expressing the Amounts and Partial Pressures of Gases in Other Units 578 The Contrasting Physical Properties of Air and Water 579 Respiratory Environments 580 CHAPTER 23 External Respiration: The Physiology of Breathing 583 Fundamental Concepts of External Respiration 584 Principles of Gas Exchange by Active Ventilation 585 The O2 partial pressure in blood leaving a breathing organ depends on the spatial relation between the flow of the blood and the flow of the air or water 585 The relative changes in the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 depend dramatically on whether air or water is breathed 587 Introduction to Vertebrate Breathing 588 Breathing by Fish 590 Gill ventilation is usually driven by buccal-opercular pumping 592 Many fish use ram ventilation on occasion, and some use it all the time 593 Decreased O2 and exercise are the major stimuli for increased ventilation in fish 593 Several hundred species of bony fish are able to breathe air 593 Breathing by Amphibians 594 Gills, lungs, and skin are used in various combinations to achieve gas exchange 595 Breathing by Reptiles Other than Birds 596 Breathing by Mammals 597 The total lung volume is employed in different ways in different sorts of breathing 598 The gas in the final airways differs from atmospheric air in composition and is motionless 599 The power for ventilation is developed by the diaphragm and the intercostal and abdominal muscles 599 The control of ventilation 600 BOX 23.1 Low O2: Detection and Response 601 BOX 23.2 Mammals at High Altitude (with Notes on High-Flying Birds) 602 In species of different sizes, lung volume tends to be a constant proportion of body size, but breathing frequency varies allometrically 604 Pulmonary surfactant keeps the alveoli from collapsing 604 Breathing by Birds 605 Ventilation is by bellows action 606 Air flows unidirectionally through the parabronchi 606 The gas-exchange system is cross-current 608 BOX 23.3 Bird Development: Filling the Lungs with Air Before Hatching 608 Contents XXV Breathing by Aquatic Invertebrates and Allied Groups 608 Molluscs exemplify an exceptional diversity of breathing organs built on a common plan 608 Decapod crustaceans include many important water breathers and some air breathers 610 Breathing by Insects and Other Tracheate Arthropods 611 BOX 23.4 The Book Lungs of Arachnids 612 Diffusion is a key mechanism of gas transport through the trachéal system 612 Some insects employ conspicuous ventilation 613 Microscopic ventilation is far more common than believed even a decade ago 614 Control of breathing 614 Aquatic insects breathe sometimes from the water, sometimes from the atmosphere, and sometimes from both 615 CHAPTER 24 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids (with an Introduction to Acid-Base Physiology) 617 The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments 618 BOX 24.1 Absorption Spectra of Respiratory Pigments 619 Hemoglobins contain heme and are the most widespread respirator) pigments 619 BOX 24.2 Blood Cells and Their Production 622 Copper-based hemocyanins occur in many arthropods and molluscs 622 Chlorocruorins resemble hemoglobins and occur in certain annelids 623 Iron-based hemerythrins do not contain heme and occur in three or four phyla 623 The Су Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments 623 Human O2 transport provides an instructive case study 624 A set of general principles helps elucidate O2 transport by respiratory pigments 627 The shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve depends on O2- binding site cooperativity 627 Respiratory pigments exhibit a wide range of affinities for O2 628 The Bohr effect: Oxygen affinity depends on the partial pressure of CO-, and the pH 629 The Root effect: In unusual cases, CO2 and pH dramatically affect the oxygen-carrying capacity of the respiratory pigment 631 Thermal effects: Oxygen affinity depends on tissue temperature 631 Organic modulators often exert chronic effects on oxygen affinity 631 BOX 24.3 The Challenges of Regional Hypothermia and the Resurrection of Mammoth Hemoglobin 632 Inorganic ions may also act as modulators of respiratory pigments 633 The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals 633 BOX 24.4 Heme-Containing Globins in Intracellular Function: Myoglobin Regulatory and Protective Roles, Neuroglobins, and Cytoglobins 634 Patterns of circulatory O2 transport: The mammalian model is common but not universal 635 Respiratory pigments within a single individual often display differences in O2 affinity that aid successful O2 transport 636 Evolutionary adaptation: Respiratory pigments are molecules positioned directly at the interface between animal and environment 636 The respiratory-pigment physiology of individuals undergoes acclimation and acclimatization 637 Icefish live without hemoglobin 638 Carbon Dioxide Transport 638 BOX 24.5 Blood and Circulation in Mammals at High Altitude 639 The extent of bicarbonate formation depends on blood buffers 640 Carbon dioxide transport is interpreted by use of carbon dioxide equilibrium curves 640 The Haldane effect: The carbon dioxide equilibrium curve depends on blood oxygénation 641 Critical details of vertebrate CO, transport depend on carbonic anhydrase and anion transporters 642 Acid-Base Physiology 643 Acid-base regulation involves excretion or retention of chemical forms affecting H+ concentration 644 Disturbances of acid-base regulation fall into respiratory and metabolic categories 644 CHAPTER 25 Circulation 647 Hearts 648 The heart as a pump: The action of a heart can be analyzed in terms of the physics of pumping 649 The circulation must deliver O2 to the myocardium 649 The electrical impulses for heart contraction may originate in muscle cells or neurons 650 A heart produces an electrical signature, the electrocardiogram 653 Heart action is modulated by hormonal, nervous, and intrinsic controls 653 Principles of Pressure, Resistance, and Row in Vascular Systems 655 XXV¡ Contents The rate of blood flow depends on differences in blood pressure and on vascular resistance 656 The dissipation of energy: Pressure and flow turn to heat during circulation of the blood 657 Circulation in Mammals and Birds 658 The circulatory system is closed 658 Each part of the systemic vascular system has distinctive anatomical and functional features 658 Mammals and birds have a high-pressure systemic circuit 660 Fluid undergoes complex patterns of exchange across the walls of systemic capillaries 662 The pulmonary circuit is a comparatively low-pressure system that helps keep the lungs dry 662 During exercise, blood flow is increased by orchestrated changes in cardiac output and vascular resistance 663 Species have evolved differences in their circulatory physiology 663 Circulation in Fish 664 The circulatory plans of fish with air-breathing organs (ABOs) pose unresolved questions 666 Lungfish have specializations to promote separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood 666 Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds 668 BOX 2S.1 An Incompletely Divided Central Circulation Can Potentially Be an Advantage for Intermittent Breathers 669 Concluding Comments on Vertebrates 670 Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems 670 BOX 25.2 Bearing the Burden of Athleticism, Sort of: A Synthesis of Cephalopod O2 Transport 672 Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems 672 The crustacean circulatory system provides an example of an open system 673 Open systems are functionaBy different from closed systems but may be equal in critical ways 674 BOX 25.3 Circulation and O2: Lessons from the Insect World 675 CHAPTER 26 Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals 679 Diving Feats and Behavior 679 Types of Dives and the Importance of Method 682 Physiology: The Big Picture 682 The Oxygen Stores of Divers 683 The blood O2 store tends to be large in diving mammals 683 Diving mammals have high myoglobin concentrations and large myoglobin-bound O2 stores 683 Diving mammals vary in their use of the lungs as an O2 store 684 Total O2 stores never permit dives of maximum duration to be fully aerobic 685 Circulatory Adjustments during Dives 685 Regional vasoconstriction: Much of a diving mammal s body is cut off from blood flow during forced or protracted dives 686 Diving bradycardia matches cardiac output to the circulatory task 687 Cardiovascular responses are graded in freely diving animals 687 BOX 26.1 The Evolution of Vertebrate Cardiac and Vascular Responses to Asphyxia 688 Red blood cells are removed from the blood between dive sequences in some seals 689 Metabolism during Dives 689 The body becomes metabolically subdivided during forced or protracted dives 689 Metabolic limits on dive duration are determined by O2 supplies, by rates of metabolic O2 use and lactic acid production, and by tissue tolerances 690 The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior 691 Marine mammals exploit multiple means of reducing their metabolic costs while under water 693 Decompression Sickness 694 Human decompression sickness is usually caused by N2 absorption from a compressed-air source 694 Breath-hold dives must be repeated many times to cause decompression sickness in humans 694 Marine mammals have been thought ---- perhaps erroneously — to avoid decompression sickness during deep dives by alveolar collapse 694 Decompression sickness is an unresolved phenomenon 695 A Possible Advantage for Pulmonary O2 Sequestration in Deep Dives 695 Contents xxvii PART VI · Water, Salts, and Excretion CHAPTER 27 Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms 699 The Importance of Animal Body Fluids 700 The Relationships among Body Fluids 701 Types of Regulation and Conformity 701 Natural Aquatic Environments 703 Natural Terrestrial Environments 705 Organs of Blood Regulation 707 The osmotic U/P ratio is an index of the action of the kidneys in osmotic regulation 707 The effects of kidney function on volume regulation depend on the amount of urine produced 708 The effects of kidney function on ionic regulahon depend on ionic U/P ratios 709 Food and Drinking Water 709 Salty drinking water may not provide H2O 709 Plants and algae with salty tissue fluids pose challenges for herbivores 710 Air-dried foods contain water 710 Protein-rich foods can be dehydrating for terrestrial animals 710 Metabolic Water 710 Metabolic water matters most in animals that conserve water effectively 711 BOX 27.1 Net Metabolic Water Gain in Kangaroo Rats 711 Cell-Volume Regulation 712 From Osmolytes to Compatible Solutes: Terms and Concepts 714 CHAPTER 28 Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments 717 Animals in Freshwater 717 Passive water and ion exchanges: Freshwater animals tend to gain water by osmosis and lose major ions by diffusion 718 Most types of freshwater animals share similar regulatory mechanisms 719 BOX 28.1 Fish Mitochondria-Rich Cells and Their Diversity 723 A few types of freshwater animals exhibit exceptional patterns of regulation 723 Why do most freshwater animals make dilute urine? 724 Animals in the Ocean 724 Most marine invertebrates are isosmotic to seawater 725 Hagfish are the only vertebrates with blood inorganic ion concentrations that make them isosmotic to seawater 725 The marine teleost fish are markedly hyposmotic to seawater 725 BOX 28.2 Where Were Vertebrates at Their Start? 726 BOX 28.3 Epithelial NaCI Secretion in Gills, Salt Glands, and Rectal Glands 728 Some arthropods of saline waters are hyposmotic regulators 729 Marine reptiles (including birds) and mammals are also hyposmotic regulators 729 Marine elasmobranch fish are hyperosmotic but hypoionic to seawater 731 BOX 28.4 The Evolution of Urea Synthesis in Vertebrates 732 Animals That Face Changes in Salinity 733 Migratory fish and other euryhaline fish are dramatic and scientifically important examples of hyper-hyposmotic regulators 734 Animals undergo change in all time frames in their relations to ambient salinity 735 Responses to Drying of the Habitat in Aquatic Animals 736 Animals on Land: Fundamental Physiological Principles 737 BOX 28.5 Anhydrobiosis: Life as Nothing More than a Morphological State 737 A low integumentary permeability to water is a key to reducing evaporative water loss on land 738 Respiratory evaporative water loss depends on the function of the breathing organs and the rate of metabolism 739 xxviii Contents An animal s total rate of evaporative water loss depends on its body size and phylogenetic group 741 Excretory water loss depends on the concentrating ability of the excretory organs and the amount of solute that needs to be excreted 741 Terrestrial animals sometimes enter dormancy or tolerate wide departures from homeostasis to cope with water stress 743 The total rates of water turnover of free-living terrestrial animals follow allometric patterns 743 Animals on Land: Case Studies 744 Amphibians occupy diverse habitats despite their meager physiological abilities to limit water losses 744 Xeric invertebrates: Because of exquisite water conservation, some insects and arachnids have only small water needs 746 BOX 28.6 The Study of Physiological Evolution by Artificial Selection 747 Xeric vertebrates: Studies of lizards and small mammals help clarify the complexities of desert existence 747 Xeric vertebrates: Desert birds are again a new frontier for research 749 Control of Water and Salt Balance in Terrestrial Animals 750 CHAPTER 29 Kidneys and Excretion (with Notes on Nitrogen Excretion) 753 Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function 754 Primary urine is introduced into kidney tubules by ultrafiltration or secretion 754 The predominant regulatory processes in kidney function: After primary urine forms, solutes and water are recovered from it for return to the blood, and some solutes are added from the blood 756 Urine Formation in Amphibians 757 The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs much of the filtrate ---- returning it to the blood plasma ---- without changing the osmotic pressure of the tubular fluid 758 The distal convoluted tubule can differentially reabsorb water and solutes, thereby regulating the ratio of water to solutes in the body fluids 759 BOX 29.1 Quantity versus Concentration 759 BOX 29.2 Methods of Study of Kidney Function: Micropuncture and Clearance 759 ADH exerts an elaborate pattern of control over nephron function 760 The bladder functions in urine formation in amphibians 761 The amphibian excretory system has mechanisms to promote excretion of urea 761 Urine Formation in Mammals 761 The nephrons, singly and collectively, give the mammalian kidney a distinctive structure 761 Comparative anatomy points to a role for the loops of Henle in concentrating the urine 763 Countercurrent multiplication is the key to producing concentrated urine 765 BOX 29.3 Countercurrent Multipliers versus Countercurrent Exchangers 767 The regulatory roles of the kidney tubules in overview: the concentrating and diluting kidney and the control of transitions 771 Modern molecular methods create new frontiers in the study of kidney function 774 Urine Formation in Other Vertebrates 775 Freshwater and marine teleost fish differ in nephron structure and function 775 The reptiles other than birds have nephrons like those of amphibians, but birds have some mammalian-type nephrons 776 Urine Formation in Decapod Crustaceans 777 Urine Formation in Molluscs 778 Urine Formation in Insects 778 The Malpighian tubules form and sometimes modify the primary urine 779 The hindgut modulates urine volume and composition in regulatory ways 779 Nitrogen Disposition and Excretion 782 Ammonotelism is the primitive state 782 Urea is more costly to synthesize but less toxic than ammonia 783 Uric acid and related compounds remove nitrogen from solution 784 BOX 29.4 Why Are Mammals Not Uricotelic? 785 CHAPTER 30 Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas 787 Desert and Dry-Savanna Environments 787 The Relations of Animals to Water 788 Large body size is a physiological advantage in terms of water costs 788 Coexisting species are diverse in their relations to drinking water 789 Water conflicts threaten animals and people 792 All species of large herbivores require considerable amounts of preformed water 793 Water and food resources in the deserts and dry savannas are often complex 794 The Dramatic Adaptations of Particular Species 795 Oryxes represent the pinnacle of desert survival 796 Contents XXIX Grant s and Thomson s gazelles differ in their relations to water 798 The sand gazelle is drinking-water-independent in hyperarid deserts 798 The dromedary camel does not store water, but conserves it and tolerates profound dehydration 799 APPENDIX A The Système International and Other Units of Measure A-2 APPENDIX В Prefixes indicating Orders of Magnitude A-4 APPENDIX С Gases at Standard Temperature and Pressure A-5 APPENDIX D Fitting Lines to Data A-6 APPENDIX E Logarithms A-8 APPENDIX F Exponential and Allometric Equations A-1 0 APPENDIX G Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts A-1 2 APPENDIX H Mitosis and Meiosis A-1 5 APPENDIX I The Standard Amino Acids A-1 8 APPENDIX J Basic Physics Terms A-1 9 APPENDIX К Summary of Major Bloodborne Hormones in Mammals A-21 Glossary G-1 Photograph Credits C-1 Figure and Table Citations F-1 Additional References R-1 Index 1-1
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spelling	Hill, Richard W. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)1111807906 aut Animal physiology Richard W. Hill ; Gordon A. Wyse ; Margaret Anderson 3. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2012 Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Tierphysiologie (DE-588)4060126-2 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Tierphysiologie (DE-588)4060126-2 s DE-604 Wyse, Gordon A. Verfasser (DE-588)1111807957 aut Anderson, Margaret 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)13594824X aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024742798&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Hill, Richard W. 1942- Wyse, Gordon A. Anderson, Margaret 1941- Animal physiology Tierphysiologie (DE-588)4060126-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4060126-2 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Animal physiology
title_auth	Animal physiology
title_exact_search	Animal physiology
title_full	Animal physiology Richard W. Hill ; Gordon A. Wyse ; Margaret Anderson
title_fullStr	Animal physiology Richard W. Hill ; Gordon A. Wyse ; Margaret Anderson
title_full_unstemmed	Animal physiology Richard W. Hill ; Gordon A. Wyse ; Margaret Anderson
title_short	Animal physiology
title_sort	animal physiology
topic	Tierphysiologie (DE-588)4060126-2 gnd
topic_facet	Tierphysiologie Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024742798&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT hillrichardw animalphysiology AT wysegordona animalphysiology AT andersonmargaret animalphysiology

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