Proportionality: constitutional rights and their limitations
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge
Cambridge Univ. Press
2012
|
| Series: | Cambridge studies in constitutional law
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Aus dem Hebr. übers. |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 611 S. 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781107008588 1107008581 9781107401198 1107401194 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Proportionality |b constitutional rights and their limitations |c Aharon Barak |
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CONTENTS
Table of conventions and international documents page
xvi
Table of constitutions and statutes
xvii
Table of cases
xix
Introduction
1
PARTI Constitutional rights: scope and limitations
17
Constitutional rights: scope and the extent of their
protection
19
A. The nature of the distinction
19
1.
Scope and protection
19
2.
The distinction in practice: the scope of freedom of expression and
its protection
21
B. The centrality of the distinction
22
C. The distinction in comparative law
24
D. Three stages of constitutional judicial review
26
E. Absolute rights
27
1.
Are there absolute constitutional rights?
27
2.
The jurisprudence of absolute rights
29
3.
Absolute rights turned relative
31
F. Relative rights
32
1.
The nature of the relative constitutional right
32
2.
Boundaries and limitations
32
G. Constitutional rights:
prima
facie or definite?
37
1.
The problem presented
37
2.
The
prima
facie constitutional right:
Alexy
's
view
38
3.
Definite constitutional rights that cannot be realized
39
H. Is there a constitutional right to commit a proportional
crime?
42
VI
CONTENTS
1.
A
constitutional right to steal?
42
2.
The criticism and a response
43
2
Determining the scope of constitutional rights
45
A. The right's scope is determined by constitutional
interpretation
45
1.
Constitutional interpretation
45
2.
Constitutional interpretation: a generous view
69
B. The right's scope and public interest
75
1.
The proper role of public interest considerations
75
2.
Public interest as part of proportionality
76
С
The scope of constitutional rights and the rights of
others
80
1.
The proper role of "rights of others" considerations
80
2.
The "rights of others" and constitutional rights conflict
81
3
Conflicting constitutional rights
83
A. Resolving the constitutional conflict at the sub-
constitutional level
83
1.
A model of constitutional conflict
83
2.
Conflicts between constitutional rights and the rule of law
86
B. Conflict between rule-shaped constitutional rights
86
C. Conflict between principle-shaped constitutional
rights
87
1.
The scope and validity of the conflicting rights are not affected
87
2.
The effect on the realization of the conflicting rights
89
3.
Interpretive balancing between principle-shaped constitutional
rights
92
4.
Constitutional validity
93
5.
Conflicting rights with no implementing legislation
94
6.
Conflicting rights which lead to a conflict between the legislation
which defines their realization
96
D. A conflict between a principle-shaped right and a
rule-shaped right
97
4
Limitation of constitutional rights
99
A. Limitation and amendment of rights
99
B. Limitation on rights
101
1.
Infringement and limitation on rights
101
2.
De minimis
constitutional limitations
103
CONTENTS
VU
3.
Incidental limitations
105
4.
Waiving constitutional rights
106
Limiting constitutional rights by law
107
A. The legality principle
107
1.
Legal authority to limit a right
107
2.
The authorization chain
108
B. Statutory limitations
110
1.
Limitation by statute
110
2.
Limitation according to statute 111
C. The legality principle and common law
118
1.
The constitution and common law
118
2.
The common law and the limitation clause
121
PART II Proportionality: sources, nature,
function
129
The nature and function of proportionality
131
A. The nature of proportionality
131
1.
Proportionality and its components
131
2.
Different methods of limiting constitutional rights
133
3.
The "silent constitution" and limitation of rights
134
4.
Specific limitation clauses
141
5.
General limitation clauses
142
6.
Hybrid limitation clauses
144
7.
The preferred regime: general, specific, or hybrid limitation
clause?
145
B. The formal role of proportionality
146
1.
Proportionality regarding validity and proportionality regarding
meaning
146
2.
The constitutionality of limiting a constitutional right by
a sub-constitutional law
147
3.
The reason behind the constitutional hierarchical
relationship
149
4.
The effect on a constitutional right of a constitutional norm
152
5.
Limitation of a sub-constitutional norm by a lower
sub-constitutional norm
155
6.
Limitation of a sub-constitutional norm by an equal-level
norm
157
C. The substantive role of proportionality
161
1.
Human rights and their limitation
161
VIU
CONTENTS
2.
Protecting human rights and recognizing the constitutionality of
their limitations
165
3.
Both the right and its limitations stem from a shared source
166
4.
The limits on constitutional limitations
166
D. Limitation clause and the override
167
1.
The nature of the override
167
2.
The relationship between the limitation clause and the
override
169
7
The historical origins of proportionality
175
A. Proportionality: in life and in the law
175
1.
On the philosophical origins of proportionality
175
2.
Proportionality and the Enlightenment
176
3.
Proportionality as counter-formalism
177
4.
The contribution of Carl Gottlieb Svarez
177
B. The development of proportionality in German public
law
178
1.
Proportionality in German administrative law,
1800-1933 178
2.
The development of proportionality in German constitutional law
post-Second World War
179
C. The migration of proportionality from German law to
European law
181
1.
European legal migration
181
2.
Proportionality and the European Convention on Human
Rights
183
3.
Proportionality in the law of the European Union
184
D. From European law to Western European states' law
186
E. From European law to Canada, Ireland, and
England
188
1.
Canada
188
2.
Ireland
190
3.
United Kingdom
192
F. From Canada to New Zealand and Australia
194
1.
New Zealand
194
2.
Australia
195
G. From Canada and Germany to South Africa
197
H. Proportionality migrates to Central and Eastern
Europe
198
I. Proportionality migrates to Asia and South America
199
CONTENTS
ІХ
1.
Asia
199
2. South America 201
}.
Proportionality and
international human
rights law
202
1. International
and national human rights law
202
2.
Proportionality and the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights
203
3.
Proportionality and international humanitarian law
204
K. Has proportionality arrived in America?
206
L. Proportionality in Israel
208
The legal sources of proportionality
211
A. Proportionality as a criterion for the realization of
constitutional rights
211
1.
The need for a constitutional entrenchment
211
2.
The nature of the constitutional entrenchment
213
B. Proportionality and democracy
214
1.
The relationship between democracy and proportionality: basic
assumptions
214
2.
First assumption: democracy is of a constitutional status
214
3.
Second assumption: democracy includes human rights
218
4.
Third assumption: democracy is based on a balance between
constitutional rights and the public interest
220
5.
Fourth assumption: balancing through limitation clauses
221
6.
Fifth assumption: limitation clauses are based on
proportionality
222
7.
An assessment of democracy as a source of proportionality
226
C. Proportionality and the rule of law
226
1.
The German approach
226
2.
First assumption: the rule of law has a constitutional status
228
3.
Second assumption: the rule of law includes human rights
230
4.
Third assumption: the rule of law is based on a balance between
constitutional rights and the public interest
232
5.
Fourth assumption: the balancing is conducted through limitation
clauses
232
6.
Fifth assumption: limitation clauses are based on
proportionality
233
7.
An assessment of rule of law as a source of proportionality
234
D. Proportionality as intrinsic to the conflict between legal
principles
234
CONTENTS
E.
Proportionality and interpretation
238
F. Legal sources summary: is proportionality a logical
necessity?
240
PART III The components of proportionality
243
9
Proper purpose
245
A. The proper purpose as a component of
proportionality
245
1.
The nature of the proper purpose and its sources
245
2.
Proper purpose as a threshold requirement
246
B. The elements of proper purpose
249
1.
The scope of the proper purpose
249
2.
The components of the proper purpose
251
C. The proper purpose's content and the state's democratic
values
251
1.
Democracy's minimum requirements
251
2.
Pertinent democratic values
253
3.
General criteria for determining the proper purpose
257
4.
The categories of proper purposes
260
D. The urgency of proper purpose
277
1.
The problems with urgency
277
2.
Is "urgency" required?
278
3.
Criteria for determining urgency
279
E. Identifying the proper purpose
285
1.
The purposes of the limiting law
285
2.
Subjective or objective test?
286
3.
The correct solution for identifying the proper purpose
298
10
Rational connection
303
A. The nature of the rational connection test
303
1.
The content of the rational connection test
303
2.
The nature of the rational connection
305
3.
Rational connection and the means "designed to achieve" the proper
purpose
306
4.
Rational connection and arbitrary means
307
B. The rational connection test and factual uncertainty
308
1.
The problem of factual uncertainty
308
2.
The certainty of the rational connection: rejection of extreme
approaches
309
CONTENTS
ХІ
3.
Determining the factual basis required for the existence of the
rational connection
310
4.
Rational connection and the test of time
312
5.
Rational connection: a threshold test
315
C. Is the rational connection test essential?
315
11
Necessity
317
A. Characteristics of the necessity test
317
1.
The content of the necessity test
317
2.
The nature of the necessity test
320
3.
The elements of the necessity test
323
4.
The necessity test and the purpose's level of abstraction
331
B. Means "narrowly tailored" to fulfill the law's
purpose
333
1.
The metaphors of the cannon and the sparrows
333
2.
Overinclusiveness
335
C. The necessity test: an evaluation
337
1.
The "heart and soul" of the proportionality test?
337
2.
Necessity: an important test
337
12
Proportionality
stricto sensu
(balancing)
340
A. The characteristics of proportionality
stricto sensu 340
1.
The content of the test
340
2.
The nature of the proportionality
stricto sensu
test
342
3.
Proper relation: a balancing test
343
4.
The uniqueness of the test
344
B. The rule of balancing
345
1.
The centrality of balancing
345
2.
Balancing and validity
346
3.
The nature of the balancing
348
4.
Balancing based on the importance of the benefits and the
importance of preventing the harm
349
C. The basic balancing rule
362
1.
The elements of the basic balancing rule
362
2.
The components of the basic balancing rule and its
justification
363
3.
Balanced scales
365
4.
The basic balancing rule and specific balancing
367
XU CONTENTS
5.
Principled balancing
370
13
Proportionality and reasonableness
371
A. From reasonableness to proportionality
371
B. The components of proportionality and
reasonableness
372
1.
The components of proportionality
372
2.
The components of reasonableness
373
C. The relationship between proportionality and
reasonableness
375
1.
Degree of detailing
375
2.
Balancing
377
14
Zone of proportionality: legislator and judge
379
A. The application of proportionality to the three branches of
government: the issue of judicial review
379
1.
Proportionality and the three branches of government
379
2.
Proportionality, judicial review, and democracy
381
3.
Proportionality and the separation of powers
384
B. Discretion and the components of proportionality
400
1.
The decision to legislate
400
2.
Determining purposes
401
3.
Choosing the legislative means
405
4.
The rational connection test
405
5.
The necessity test
407
6.
The proportionality
stricto sensu
test (balancing)
413
C. The zone of proportionality
415
1.
Its nature
415
2.
The zone of proportionality: legislator and judge
417
D. Margin of appreciation
418
1.
Its nature
418
2.
The margin of appreciation and the zone of proportionality
419
15
Proportionality and positive constitutional rights
422
A. Positive constitutional rights
422
1.
The nature of positive constitutional rights
422
2.
Positive constitutional rights in comparative law
423
3.
The legal source of positive constitutional rights
425
4.
Constitutional positive aspect and constitutional positive
right
427
CONTENTS
ХІІІ
В.
Positive constitutional rights and proportionality's
components
429
1.
Positive rights as relative rights
429
2.
The proper purpose component
430
3.
The rational connection component
432
4.
The necessity component
433
5.
The proportionality
stricto sensu
component
433
16
The burden of proof
435
A. The issue presented
435
B. The burden of proof: facts and law
436
C. The burden of persuasion and the burden of producing
evidence
437
D. The first stage of constitutional review: a limitation of a
constitutional right
437
E. The second stage of constitutional review: justification of the
limitation of a right
439
1.
The elements which make up the justification of the limitation of a
right
439
2.
Comparative analysis
439
F. The burden of persuasion during the second stage: on
the party claiming the existence of a justification for the
limitation
442
1.
The burden of persuasion and the status of human rights
442
2.
The counter-argument: the presumption of constitutionality
444
G. The burden of producing evidence during the second stage:
on the party arguing that the limitation is justified
447
1.
The basic approach
447
2.
The burden during the second stage and the status of human
rights
447
3.
The burden of producing evidence and the burden of the claim that
there is no less limiting alternative (necessity test)
448
4.
The burden of producing the evidence and the unique nature of the
judicial process in constitutional matters
449
PART
iv
Proportionality evaluated
455
17
Proportionality's importance
457
A. Proportionality and its critique
457
XIV
CONTENTS
B.
The emphasis on the need for rational justification
458
C. The need for structured discretion
460
1.
The importance of structured discretion
460
2.
Transparency
462
3.
Appropriate considerations in proper context
463
4.
A dialogue between the legislature and the judiciary
465
D. Proportionality and human rights theories
467
1.
Proportionality as a vessel for human rights theories
467
2.
Proportionality and liberalism
468
E. Proportionality, democracy, and judicial review
472
1.
Proportionality and democracy
472
2.
Proportionality and judicial review
473
3.
Kumm's approach
475
4.
Beatty's approach
476
18
The criticism on proportionality and a retort
481
A. The scope of the criticism on proportionality
481
B. Internal criticism
482
1.
The nature of the internal criticism
482
2.
The lack of a standard by which proportionality can be
examined
482
3.
The lack of rationality
484
C. External criticism
487
1.
Too wide a judicial discretion
487
2.
Insufficient protection of constitutional rights
488
D. Lack of judicial legitimacy
490
1.
The nature of the criticism
490
2.
A retort
491
19
Alternatives to proportionality
493
A. Non-categorization-based alternatives
493
1.
Absolute rights
493
2.
Protecting the core of the constitutional right
496
3.
The dual model
499
B. The categorization-based alternatives
502
1.
Categorization within the human rights discourse
502
2.
The nature of thinking in legal categories
503
3.
Constitutional rights in categorized thinking
505
CONTENTS
XV
4.
Categorization and the two-stage model
507
5.
Categorization and balancing
508
6.
Categorization and human rights in American
constitutional law
509
20
The future of proportionality
528
A. Regarding the need for renewal
528
B. The proper purpose component
-
future
developments
529
1.
Different approaches to proper purpose
529
2.
The proper approach: the hierarchy of constitutional rights with
regard to the purpose's importance
531
3.
Proper purpose and protection of constitutional rights
533
C. The rational connection component
539
D. The necessity component: future developments
540
E. The proportionality
stricto sensu
component: future
developments
542
1.
The nature of principled balancing formulas
542
2.
Principled balancing formulas: a comparative survey
545
Bibliography
548
Index
593
CAMBRIDGE
S
IN
CONST
Having identified proportionality as the main tool for limiting
constitutional rights, Aharon Barak explores its four components
(proper purpose, rational connection, necessity, and proportionality
stricto sensu)
and discusses the relationships between proportionality
and reasonableness and between courts and legislation. He goes
on to analyze the concept of deference and to consider the main
arguments against the use of proportionality (incommensurability
and irrationality). Alternatives to proportionality are compared
and future developments of proportionality are suggested.
AHARON BARAK is a faculty member at the Interdisciplinary
Center (IDC) Herzliya, Israel, and a visiting professor at Yale Law
School. In
1975
he was appointed Attorney General of the State of
Israel, becoming Justice of the Supreme Court of Israel in
1978
and
serving as President from
1995
until his retirement in
2006.
He has
also served as a lecturer, professor and Dean of the Law School at
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
1
Barak-Vssoskin
(
ISBN
978-1-107-00858-8
9
и781107"008588" |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Baraḳ, Aharon 1936- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)123520118 |
| author_facet | Baraḳ, Aharon 1936- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Baraḳ, Aharon 1936- |
| author_variant | a b ab |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039883171 |
| classification_rvk | PL 620 PL 625 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)756281089 (DE-599)BVBBV039883171 |
| dewey-full | 342 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 342 - Constitutional and administrative law |
| dewey-raw | 342 |
| dewey-search | 342 |
| dewey-sort | 3342 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039883171 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-12T13:02:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781107008588 1107008581 9781107401198 1107401194 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024742353 |
| oclc_num | 756281089 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-188 DE-29 DE-M382 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-188 DE-29 DE-M382 |
| physical | XXVI, 611 S. 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cambridge studies in constitutional law |
| spelling | Baraḳ, Aharon 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)123520118 aut Proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations Aharon Barak Cambridge Cambridge Univ. Press 2012 XXVI, 611 S. 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cambridge studies in constitutional law Aus dem Hebr. übers. Constitutional law Proportionality in law Verfassungsrecht Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz (DE-588)4191765-0 gnd rswk-swf Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd rswk-swf Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 s Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz (DE-588)4191765-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024742353&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024742353&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Baraḳ, Aharon 1936- Proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations Constitutional law Proportionality in law Verfassungsrecht Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz (DE-588)4191765-0 gnd Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4191765-0 (DE-588)4062801-2 |
| title | Proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations |
| title_auth | Proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations |
| title_exact_search | Proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations |
| title_full | Proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations Aharon Barak |
| title_fullStr | Proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations Aharon Barak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations Aharon Barak |
| title_short | Proportionality |
| title_sort | proportionality constitutional rights and their limitations |
| title_sub | constitutional rights and their limitations |
| topic | Constitutional law Proportionality in law Verfassungsrecht Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz (DE-588)4191765-0 gnd Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Constitutional law Proportionality in law Verfassungsrecht Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024742353&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024742353&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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