Alfalfa and relatives: evolution and classification of Medicago
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Ottawa
NRC Research Press [u.a.]
2011
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIV, 727 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780660199795 9781845937508 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | A Publication of the
National Research Council of Canada
Monograph Publishing Program
Alfalfa and Relatives
Evolution and Classification
of Medicago
by ERNEST SMALL
Principal Research Scientist
National Environmental Program, Biodiversity Section
Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
NiCCNtC
NRC Research Press
Ottawa, 2011
^ ^ www cabi org
Table of Content
Executive Summary xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements and Dedication xvii
Color Illustrations xix
1 Introduction 1
Presentation Format for the 87 Species of Medicago 1
Full Scientific Name, Including Authorities 1
Subordinate Taxa 1
Type Specimen 2
Synonymy 2
Homotypic 2
Heterotypic 2
Notes regarding format of nomenclatural presentation 2
Vernacular Names 2
Geographical Distribution 2
Description 3
Identification Hints 3
Habitat and Environmental Adaptation 3
Habitat 3
Phenology 3
Soil 3
Temperature 3
Water 3
Biotic Relationships 3
Pollination 3
Dispersal 3
Herbivory 3
Nodulation and mycorrhizae 3
Disease resistance 3
Economic History, Cultivars, and Uses 3
Cultivars 3
Forage 3
Fodder 3
Green manure, rotation crop, ground cover 3
Other uses 3
Chromosome Number 3
Genetic Relationships and Gene Transferability 3
Intraspecific 3
Interspecific 4
Exchange by advanced biotechnology 4
Conservation Status ; 4
Germplasm Sources 4
Research Problems and Priorities 4
Representative Collections 4
Illustrations 4
About the Guide to Scientific Synonyms 4
Alfalfa and Relatives: Evolution and Classification of Medicago
2 The Economic Importance of Medicago 5
Definitions of Forage, Fodder, Pasture, and Related Terms 5
Perennial Medicago Crops 6
Alfalfa 6
Alfalfa s Public Image Problem 8
Other Perennial Species of Medicago 10
Annual Medicago Crops: the Medics 10
What Are Medics? 10
The Mediterranean Adaptation of Commercial Medics 10
The Role of Medics in Improving Natural Grazing Land 10
Regions of Medic Usage 11
Medics in West Asia 11
Medics in North Africa 11
Medics in the European Mediterranean region 11
Medics in continental climates 11
The Australian Contribution to Medic Development 12
Medics and the ley farming system in Australia 12
Medics and phase farming in Australia 12
Medics as Smother Crops 13
Summary of the Values of Medics 13
3 Genetic Resources 15
The Importance of Germplasm 15
Germplasm Holdings of Institutions with Large Collections of Medicago 15
Other Notable Germplasm Collections and Databases 18
Germplasm of Perennial Medicago 18
Germplasm of Annual Medicago 20
Degradation of the Environment and Associated Reduction and
Extermination of Germplasm Resources in situ 20
Core Collections 22
THE EVOLUTION OF MEDICAGO
4 Biogeography 23
The Perennial Species 23
The Annual Species without Pulvinate (Jointed) Cotyledons 27
The Annual Species with Pulvinate (Jointed) Cotyledons 28
Biogeographical Relationships among the Perennial and Annual Groups 30
Historical Biogeography 31
Human Influences on the Distribution of Medicago 31
Relative Frequency of Recognition of New Species of Medicago
from 1753 to 2000, in Relation to the Size of the Geographical Areas Occupied 32
Adaptive Character Biogeography: the Example of Glandular Hairs in Medicago 32
Relationships among Geography, Morphology, and Interfertility in Medicago 33
5 Chromosome Evolution 35
Chromosome number in Medicago 35
6 Interbreeding Barriers 39
7 Adaptations in Medicago 43
TheTaxonomic Importance of Adaptations in Medicago 43
The Ecological Importance of Adaptations to Herbivorous Animals 43
Adaptations to Insects 43
Adaptations to Mammals 43
Table of Contents
Adaptations in,Medicago 44
Subterranean Organs 44
Radicles 44
Roots 44
Rhizomes 44
Stems 45
Hard versus succulent tissues 45
Erect versus prostrate habit 45
Numerous slim stems versus fewer thick stems 45
Leaves 46
Leaf size 46
Leaf marginal serrations 46
Leaf laciniation 46
Leaf blotches 47
Leaf waxes 47
Pubescence 47
Simple and glandular hairs 47
Pubescence pattern of trifoliolate leaves 50
Flowers 50
Explosive versus passive tripping 50
Explosive tripping in Medicago flowers in relation to the alfalfa leafcutter bee 51
The bee genus Megachile and its special relationship to Medicago 53
Adaptations of wing petal surface topography as a landing platform for pollinators 55
Fruits 57
Fruit suture spines 57
Fruit spiralization 58
Between-seed mechanical separation within fruits 58
Flat pods 58
Fruit size 58
Geocarpy 59
Seeds 59
Seed size and number per pod 59
Seed longevity 60
Seed dormancy 60
Seed survival after ingestion by mammals 61
The correlation of protective seed surface thickenings and fruit dehiscence 62
Conjoined seeds: the dispersal of multi-seeded indehiscent fruit 62
Protective Chemicals 63
Anti-herbivorous toxins 63
Allelopathy 64
Some Key Physiological Adaptations 64
Drought adaptation 64
The correlation between drought and cold resistance in perennial Medicago 64
Soil adaptation in Medicago 65
The correlation between drought resistance and soil infertility tolerance in perennial Medicago 65
Salt Adaptation in Medicago 65
8 Coevolution with Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria 67
THE CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICAGO
9 Circumscription of the Genus Medicago and its Classification in the Fabaceae 71
Origin of the Latin Name Medicago 71
Tribal Position in the Fabaceae 71
Genera That Have Included at Least One Species of Medicago in the Past 73
Alfalfa and Relatives: Evolution and Classification of Medicago
Notable Contributions to the Circumscription of Medicago 75
The Misleading Nature of Fruit Characters in Defining Medicago 80
Key Recent Evidence that Separates Medicago from Allied Genera 80
Floral Characters 80
Standard petals 83
Wing petals 83
Keel petals 83
Androecia 83
Styles 83
Stigmas
Calyxes 86
Saponin Chemistry 86
DNA Analysis 88
Seed Characters 88
Phytoalexin Chemistry 89
Phenolic Chemistry 89
Pollen 89
Type of Medicago L 90
Description of the Genus Medicago 90
Misassignments to Medicago 90
Species Excluded from Medicago 91
Key to Genera of Fabaceae, Tribe Trifolieae 92
10 Phylogenetic Lineages and Their Classification into Sections and Subsections 95
Key Classical Morphological Analyses 95
Nucleotide Sequence Analyses 95
Incongruence among Deduced Phylogenetic Analyses 97
Annuals Versus Perennials: Are they Monophyletic Groups? 97
Key to the Sections of Medicago Provisionally Accepted in This Monograph 103
Provisional Sections and Subsections of Medicago: Nomenclature, Diagnoses,
and Merit in the Light of Nucleic Acid Sequence Analyses of Relationships 104
Medicago Section Medicago 104
Key to the subsections of Medicago section Medicago 105
Subsection Medicago 105
Subsection Suffruticosae 105
Medicago Section Carstienses 105
Medicago Section Dendrotelis 105
Medicago Section Platycarpae 105
Medicago Section Spirocarpos 106
Key to the subsections of Medicago section Spirocarpos 106
Subsection Intertextae 106
Subsection Pachyspirae 107
Subsection Rotatae 107
Subsection Spirocarpos 108
Subsection Lupularia 108
Medicago Section Lanigerae 108
Medicago Section Geocarpa 108
Medicago Section Heynianae 109
Medicago Section Orbiculares 109
Medicago Section Hymenocarpos 109
Medicago Section Pectinatae 109
Medicago Section Ovales 110
Medicago Section Buceras ; 110
Key to the subsections of Medicago section Buceras 110
Subsection Buceras 110
Table of Contents
Subsection Deflexae I l l
Subsection lsthmocarpae I l l
Medicago Section Lunatae 111-
Summary of the Contributions of Molecular Studies to the Classification of Medicago 111
Key Problems Remaining in the Infrageneric Classification of Medicago 112
ACCOUNTS OF THE SPECIES
11 Identification of Species and Infraspecific Taxa 113
Fruit Characters Critical for Identification 113
Difficulties of Identification Due to Considerable Variation within Species 115
Difficulties of Identification Due to Hybridization 115
Difficulties of Identification Due to Incomplete Taxonomic Knowledge 115
Medicago polymorpha: The Most Frequently Misidentified Species 115
Medicago Section Spirocarpos Subsection Pachyspirae:
The Most Difficult Species to Identify 116
Key to Species and Infraspecific Taxa of Medicago 118
12 Medicago sativa 127
Note: The standard presentation format (described in Chapter 1) is followed, but the material is much more extensive
than for the other 86 species of Medicago listed below, frequently providing data for each of the five infraspecific
taxa, and also adding additional topics To facilitate location of information, a detailed guide to this chapter follows
Overview of the Infraspecific Taxonomy of Medicago sativa 127
Comparison of the Present Circumscriptions of Taxa of Medicago sativa with
the Questionable Circumscriptions and/or Nomenclature of Some Key Recent Taxonomists 128
Brief Summary of Infraspecific Taxa of Medicago sativa Recognized in this Volume 130
Groups lacking glandular hairs on the fruits 130
M sativa subsp sativa 130
M sativa subsp caentlea 130
M sativa subsp falcata van falcata 130
M sativa subsp xvaria 130
Groups with glandular hairs on the fruits 130
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 130
M sativa subsp glomerata 130
M sativa subsp sativa x subsp glomerata 130
Keys to Subordinate Taxa of Medicago sativa 131
Comprehensive key 131
Key to plants growing outside of Eurasia 131
Excessive Taxonomic Splitting of Medicago sativa by some Russian Taxonomists 139
Type Specimens (for taxa recognized in this monograph) 143
M sativa 143
M sativa subsp caerulea 143
M sativa subsp falcata 143
M sativa subsp xvaria 143
M sativa subsp glomerata 144
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 144
Synonymy 144
Homotypic 144
M sativa subsp sativa 144
M sativa subsp caerulea 144
M sativa subsp glomerata 145
M sativa subsp falcata var falcata 145
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 145
M sativa subsp xvaria 145
Alfalfa and Relatives: Evolution and Classification of Medicago
Heterotypic 146
M sativa subsp sativa 146
M sativa subsp caerulea 147
M sativa subsp glomerata 147
M sativa subsp falcata var falcata 148
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 151
M sativa subsp xvaria 151
M sativa subsp sativa x subsp glomerata 153
Vernacular Names 154
M sativa 154
M sativa subsp sativa 154
M sativa subsp caerulea 154
M sativa subsp glomerata 154
M sativa subsp falcata var falcata 154
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 154
M sativa subsp xvaria 154
M sativa subsp sativa x subsp glomerata 154
Geographical Distribution 154
M sativa subsp sativa 155
M sativa subsp caerulea 155
M sativa subsp glomerata 155
M sativa subsp falcata war falcata 155
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 156
M sativa subsp xvaria 156
M sativa subsp sativa x subsp glomerata 156
Description 156
Identification Hints 157
Habitat and Environmental Adaptation 157
Habitat 157
M sativa subsp sativa 157
M sativa subsp caerulea 157
M sativa subsp glomerata 157
M sativa subsp falcata var falcata 157
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 157
M sativa subsp xvaria 157
Phenology 157
Soil 157
Temperature 158
Water 158
Biotic Relationships 158
Pollination 158
Dispersal 159
Herbivory 160
Nodulation and mycorrhizae 160
Disease resistance 160
Economic History, Cultivars, and Uses 160
Difficulties in tracing alfalfa domestication 162
Early evolution of purple-flowered alfalfa 162
Evolution of purple-flowered alfalfa in historical times 162
Evolution of yellow-flowered alfalfa 163
Evolution of variegated alfalfa 163
Cultivars 163
Comparison of wild and cultivated alfalfa 164
Table of Contents
Cryptic differences 164
Morphological differences 165
Stems 165
Leaves 165
Roots 165
Forage 165
Forage versus fodder adaptation 166
Fodder 168
Green manure, rotation crop, ground cover 168
The hydrological use of alfalfa in reduction of soil salinization in Australia 169
Other uses (salad sprouts, ornamental, plant products, etc ) 170
Chromosome Number 171
M sativa subsp caerulea 171
M sativa subsp sativa 171
M sativa subsp falcata var falcata 172
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 172
M sativa subsp glomerata 172
M sativa subsp xvaria 172
M sativa subsp sativa x subsp glomerata 172
Genetic Relationships and Gene Transferability 172
Intraspecific 172
Interspecific 173
Perennial species 173
M lupulina 173
Annual species 174
Other genera 174
Exchange by advanced biotechnology 174
Perennial species 174
Annual species 174
Conservation Status 174
Germplasm Sources 175
Sources of drought-resistant genes for alfalfa 175
Research Problems and Priorities 175
General References on Alfalfa Agronomy and Technology 176
Representative Collections 176
M sativa subsp sativa 176
M sativa subsp caerulea 177
M sativa subsp glomerata 177
M sativa subsp falcata war falcata 177
M sativa subsp falcata var viscosa 178
M sativa subsp xvaria 179
M sativa subsp sativa x subsp glomerata 179
The Evolution of Medicago sativa in Relation to the Horse 179
Wild Horses and Their Relationships to Domesticated Horses 179
Predomestication Relationships of Alfalfa and Horses 181
Place and Time of Horse Domestication and Their Bearing on Alfalfa Domestication 182
The Co-Domestication of Alfalfa and Horses 184
A Dietary Explanation for Why Domesticated Horses Thrive on Alfalfa
Better Than Other Domesticated Herbivores 184
Alfalfa Saponins and Their Possible Significance in the
Co-Domestication of Alfalfa and the Horse 187
Alfalfa and Relatives: Evolution and Classification of Medicago
THE OTHER SPECIES ( indicates a species of uncertain status)
13 M arabica 191
14 M arborea 197
15 M archiducis-nicolai 203
16 M arenicola 207
n M astroites 211
lS M biflora 215
9 M bonarotiana 219
M bonarotiana x M rotata 222
20 M brachycarpa 225
21 M cancellata 229
22 M carica 233
23 M carstiensis 237
24 M ciliaris 241
25 M citrina 247
26 M constricta 253
27 M coronata 257
28 M crassipes 263
29 M cretacea 267
30 M daghestanica 271
31 M disciformis 275
n M doliata 279
33 M edgeworthii 285
34 M fischeriana 291
35 M granadensis 295
36 M halophila 299
37 M heldreichii 303
38 M heyniana 307
39 M huberi 311
4O M hybrida 315
41 M hypogaea 319
42 M intertexta 323
43 M isthmocarpa 329
44 M italica 333
45 M laciniata 341
46 M lanigera 347
47 M laxispira 351
48 M littoralis 355
49 M lupulina 363
50 M marina 373
51 M medicaginoides 379
52 M minima 385
53 M monantha 393
54 M monspeliaca 401
55 M murex 407
56 M muricoleptis 413
Sl M noeana 417
5S M orbicularis 421
59 M orthoceras 429
60 M ovalis 435
61 M pamphylica 439
62 M papillosa 443
M papillosa subsp papillosa 444
M papillosa subsp macrocarpa 444
Table of Contents
63 M perswa 451
64 M phrygia 455
65 M pironae 461
66 M platycarpos 465
67 M plicata 471
68 M polyceratia 475
69 M polymorpha 481
70 M popovii 493
ll M praecox 497
72 M prostrata 501
M prostrata subsp prostrata • 501
M prostrata subsp pseudorupestris 501
ll M radiata : 509
14 M retrorsa 515
IS M rhodopea 519
76 M rhytidiocarpa 523
ll M rigida 527
IS M rigidula 531
79 M rigiduloides 539
m M rostrata 545
81 M rotate 549
M rotata var rotata 550
M rotata yar eliezeri 552
82 M rugosa 555
83 M rupestris 561
84 M ruthenica 565
85 M sauvagei 571
86 M saxatilis 575
Kl M scutellata 579
SS M secundiflora 587
S9 M shepardii 591
90 M sinskiae1 595
n M soleirolii 601
92 M sphaerocarpos 605
93 M strasseri 611
94 M suffruticosa 617
M suffruticosa subsp suffruticosa 619
M suffrutricosa subsp leiocarpa 619
95 M syriaca 625
96 M tenoreana 631
97 M truncatula 635
M truncatula var truncatula 635
M truncatula var laxicycla 644
98 M turbinata 647
Literature Cited 653
Glossary 701
Guide to Scientific Synonyms 709
Comprehensive Index of English Common Names 723
Comprehensive Index of French Common Names 725
Comprehensive Index of Cultivars Cited in the Monograph 727
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| spelling | Small, Ernest 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)1013189825 aut Alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of Medicago by Ernest Small Ottawa NRC Research Press [u.a.] 2011 XXXIV, 727 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 gnd rswk-swf Luzerne (DE-588)4168357-2 gnd rswk-swf Schneckenklee (DE-588)4293217-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4144950-2 Bestimmungsbuch gnd-content Schneckenklee (DE-588)4293217-8 s Luzerne (DE-588)4168357-2 s Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 s DE-188 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706493&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Small, Ernest 1940- Alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of Medicago Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 gnd Luzerne (DE-588)4168357-2 gnd Schneckenklee (DE-588)4293217-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4128136-6 (DE-588)4168357-2 (DE-588)4293217-8 (DE-588)4144950-2 |
| title | Alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of Medicago |
| title_auth | Alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of Medicago |
| title_exact_search | Alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of Medicago |
| title_full | Alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of Medicago by Ernest Small |
| title_fullStr | Alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of Medicago by Ernest Small |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of Medicago by Ernest Small |
| title_short | Alfalfa and relatives |
| title_sort | alfalfa and relatives evolution and classification of medicago |
| title_sub | evolution and classification of Medicago |
| topic | Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 gnd Luzerne (DE-588)4168357-2 gnd Schneckenklee (DE-588)4293217-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Systematik Luzerne Schneckenklee Bestimmungsbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706493&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT smallernest alfalfaandrelativesevolutionandclassificationofmedicago |