Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku: Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish French |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra-JR
2011
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Text franz. und poln. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 266 s., [12] s. tabl. il. kolor. - Ill. 21 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788375452785 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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Spis treści
WSTĘP
. 9
ROZDZIAŁ PIERWSZY
-
PUNKT WYJŚCIA
. 13
ROZDZIAŁ DRUGI
-
OKRĘTY
. 31
ROZDZIAŁ TRZECI
-
PORTY I ARSENAŁY
. 63
ROZDZIAŁ CZWARTY- PERSONEL
. 77
ROZDZIAŁ PIĄTY
-
PRAWO MORSKIE
. 95
ZAKOŃCZENIE
.115
ANEKS
-
SŁOWNICZEK TERMINOLOGII MORSKIEJ
.121
BIBLIOGRAFIA
.257
ABSTRACT
.261
Abstract
This study concerns Colbert's actions aimed at creating"
French navy, an important tool of political and military domina¬
tion in the 17th century Europe. First the author describes the
situation of French navy in the first half of the 17th century, ac¬
tions of Colbert's predecessors concerning the French maritime
policy and circumstances of his coming to power. Then the study
focuses on the beginnings of a regular navy in France
-
not only
shipbuilding and constructing military harbours and arsenals,
but also organizing its personnel, and introducing the French
maritime law.
For a long time France remained primarily a land power and
neglected increasing importance of sea routes and overseas colo¬
nies for the struggle for domination on the European continent. As
a result the French navy was virtually non-existent until times of
Cardinal Richelieu, who tried to create permanent fleets and re¬
organized central navy institutions as well as strengthened king's
control over the French navy. His reforms however, were short¬
lived. While in the year of his death France possessed
60
warships
and
30
galleys, less than twenty years later
-
in
1661 -
French
navy counted only
12
warships and
6
galleys, which was hardly
a number adequate for competing with English or Dutch fleets.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert was the first French statesman after
Richelieu who succeeded in creating a large permanent national
navy. In
1661
this skilled politician, economist and organizer be¬
came also the
intendant
of finances having the department of the
navy, in
1665 -
Controller-General of Finances and in
1669 -
the
Secretary of State of the Navy.
261
Abstract
Holding of these positions allowed him to introduce and imple¬
ment a coherent maritime policy.
Creating a navy is a long-term process heavily influenced by
political, administrative and economic authorities. It requires de¬
veloping complete logistic framework
-
harbours and arsenals
-
necessary to build, repair and protect ships. This in turn re¬
quires commodities such as timber, iron, hemp, tar, as well as
other goods
-
sails, rigging, guns or side arms. None of those can
be produced and delivered without specialized technical staff.
Then all ships must be manned: sailors need to be enrolled and
officers
-
not only recruited, but also trained in the first place. It
is also necessary to set up an administrative apparatus capable
of day-to-day
naw
management.
Colbert began his work on the French navy from equipping
the kingdom with warships, whose number was set to
110.
Rigor¬
ously following the rules of mercantilism, the Secretary of State
completed this task in ten years. He gathered all necessary fi¬
nancial resources and created a detailed plan of expenses. In
order to support domestic industry and craftsmanship as well
as to lower the cost of building and equipping the fleet, all con¬
struction work was done in France using only domestic products.
In the course of his projects, Colbert had also to solve numerous
problems related both to resource transportation and recruiting
enough skilled workforce. During his time in the office the ba¬
sic rules of shipbuilding were established and the principles of
building ships were unified. Similarly to the Royal Navy, all war¬
ships were divided into five ranks according to their tonnage and
number of guns.
In order to provide the navy a logistic base, Colbert chose five
coastal cities. He had their harbours expanded and fortified. The
harbours included Dunkirk,
Le
Havre and Brest in the
Ponant,
262
Abstract
and Toulon and Marseille in the Levant. They were equipped with
modern, well-supplied arsenals and shipyards. Additionally, he
ordered a development of a new naval base in
Rochefort.
Colbert
intended it to be the main naval base and a model harbour wor¬
thy of the Sun-King.
The choice of naval base sites created multiple problems,
mostly related to distance. The kingdom was large and all deci¬
sions were made in Paris
-
while the distance between the capital
and naval bases varied between
200
and
850
kilometres. In this
respect, geography was much friendlier to the Great Britain or
Holland, which were smaller and as a result their naval bases
were located near main administrative centres. What is more,
cities like London, Amsterdam, Rotterdam or Middlebourg served
at the same time as decision-making centres, large harbours, ar¬
senals and logistic centres. In case of France, the geographical
circumstances were very different.
In addition to aforementioned problems, the fleet was divid¬
ed into two squadrons, one stationed in Toulon and the other in
Brest. Every mobilisation required one of the squadrons to get
through the Strait of Gibraltar where it could be easily intercept¬
ed by an enemy fleet.
Another aspect of creating the navy by Colbert was changes
in personnel organization. The institution of Admiral, liquidated
by Richelieu in
1626,
was reinstated. However, the title bore lit¬
tle practical importance
-
his name was used in the court sen¬
tences and he was entitled to a share of prize, but had very few
other duties. The real power was put in the hands of the king, the
only person who had the right to appoint officers. The central ad¬
ministration consisted of Colbert, a secretary-general of the ad¬
miralty
François Lefouyn
and seven officials employed in three
bureaus: Levant Navy,
Ponant
Navy and Finance. All naval bases
263
Abstract
were entrusted to general commissaries and
intendants,
all of
them nominated by the king. Colbert also introduced a number
of significant changes to the cadre and hierarchy of command
chain. He created a permanent cadre along with its own code, set
hierarchy and competences. The navy was commanded by two
vice-admirals
-
of
Ponant
and Levant. The vice-admirals were
supported by two lieutenant generals each and three (since
1667
-
five) commodores. All officers, both those in harbour and ship
service, were verified. In order to ensure the navy had enough
skilled personnel, Colbert created naval schools commanded
by navy captains and staffed by navy officers. There students
learned astronomy, mathematics and hydrography. Before the
schools could start providing enough personnel, the officers had
to be recruited from the army (like
Jean d'Estrées),
the Order of
Malta
-
for instance the knight Paul or Tourville, a future vice-
admiral of Levant. Also, ex-privateers had a chance to become
navy officers, like Jean Bart who was recruited to the navy in
1679
in the rank of lieutenant.
However, the administration and cadre were not enough to en¬
sure that the navy could take effective actions. In order to man
the
120
warships owned by France, the navy needed also sailors
and soldiers. Colbert resigned from using press gangs, and opted
for a different solution
-
a system of classes. Sailors, registered
by governors of coastal provinces, were divided into three or four
classes and were ordered to serve in turns on naval and trade
ships. The recruits were called up in turns, class after class. At
that time other ships could not recruit people from called classes.
As Colbert realized that the state of the navy often depended
on common sailors, significant efforts were made to improve their
lives. The Secretary of State limited wilfulness of captains and
took care of regular food supplies. Sailors were exempted from
264
Abstract
some taxes, did not have to provide quarters for soldiers during
wartime, did not have to take part in patrol duties in their towns
and on the coasts as well as other similar town duties during
their service. Colbert prepared also various means of social as¬
sistance. During a campaign, the sailor's pay was sent to his fam¬
ily to make sure that they would not be deprived of money which
could be wasted by a sailor during his first days on shore. Local
priests provided free teaching of children of registered sailors.
Both squadrons had a hospital ship where wounded and crippled
were treated. Even galley-prisoners had their own hospital in
Marseille. However, the single most important of Colbert's initia¬
tives was undoubtedly the creation of the invalid fund. Thanks to
a
2%
fee subtracted from the sailor's pay, equivalents of Hotels of
Invalids were set up, where the navy had to accept crippled sail¬
ors if they did not want to return to their homes, and pay them an
equivalent to their three-year sailor's pay. As
0.5%
of all pays and
1%
of all navy department expenses were collected, it was pos¬
sible to pay compensations to widows, the injured and invalids.
This made sailors the first French people who were beneficiaries
of some form of social security system. No other European navy
in those times employed any similar social security measures.
The crowning of Colbert's job was the creation of the maritime
law code. The code consists of two major texts: the
ordonnance
of the navy from
1681
and the
ordonnance
of the navy from
1689.
The first is considered to be a monument of law-making
-
a perfect
example of merging legal traditions with modernity. While it keeps
the form of the most important royal decrees and the symbols of
legal validity used there are identical to those of royal grants, its
structure is similar to modern legal codes. Unlike earlier
ordon¬
nances,
which concerned various matters at the same time, which
made them unclear and not exact enough, the maritime law code
265
Abstract
focuses on a single area of law-making. Instead of simple gather¬
ing all previous decrees, it offers their logical well-laid synthesis
divided into volumes and chapters. It also avoids additions and
partial removals of paragraphs, superseding old laws with new
ones instead. Over thirty paragraphs of the code are still used to¬
day, including the definition of coast and its legal status.
The second
ordonnance
concerning the navy was promulgated
six years after the Colbert's death, but as with all grand
ordon¬
nances,
it was kept in the same spirit as the first. Its
23
volumes
meticulously dealt with every aspect of naval operations. Most
importantly however, it dealt with two crucial issues. Firstly, the
code reaffirmed the existence of the French navy and assured
a continuity of its existence even in times of peace. Secondly, it
introduced some order necessary to minimize the chaos so char¬
acteristic for the times of the
ancien régime.
Although the code
provided the legal base of a permanent modern French navy, ac¬
cording to historians both
ordonnances
shared a common flaw
-
they both gave too much power to administrative institutions.
In his work, Colbert paid too much attention to the administra¬
tive side of the navy, mostly ignoring its military aspects. Despite
those lacks, the Colbert's work remains monumental. It increased
the role of state in public affairs, and secured the king's position
as the sole legislative power and source of law. His maritime law
code
-
an apex of his 22-year career
-
shows a tremendous com¬
plexity of the problems he successfully addressed and incredible
difficulties related with changing the French navy into an effec¬
tive tool of war and politics.
266 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Dmowska, Aleksandra |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1022854046 |
| author_facet | Dmowska, Aleksandra |
| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039846388 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)775131455 (DE-599)BVBBV039846388 |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1700 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1700 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039846388 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-03T18:00:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788375452785 |
| language | Polish French |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024706209 |
| oclc_num | 775131455 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 266 s., [12] s. tabl. il. kolor. - Ill. 21 cm. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra-JR |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Dmowska, Aleksandra Verfasser (DE-588)1022854046 aut Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français Aleksandra Dmowska La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle Warszawa Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra-JR 2011 266 s., [12] s. tabl. il. kolor. - Ill. 21 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text franz. und poln. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1600-1700 gnd rswk-swf Marine (DE-588)4074570-3 gnd rswk-swf Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 gnd rswk-swf Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 g Marine (DE-588)4074570-3 s Geschichte 1600-1700 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706209&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706209&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Dmowska, Aleksandra Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français Marine (DE-588)4074570-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074570-3 (DE-588)4018145-5 |
| title | Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français |
| title_alt | La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle |
| title_auth | Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français |
| title_exact_search | Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français |
| title_full | Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français Aleksandra Dmowska |
| title_fullStr | Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français Aleksandra Dmowska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français Aleksandra Dmowska |
| title_short | Marynarka wojenna Francji w XVII wieku |
| title_sort | marynarka wojenna francji w xvii wieku colbert i francuskie dominium maris la marine de guerre en france au xviie siecle colbert et le dominium maris francais |
| title_sub | Colbert i francuskie Dominium Maris = La marine de guerre en France au XVIIe siècle : Colbert et le Dominium Maris français |
| topic | Marine (DE-588)4074570-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Marine Frankreich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706209&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706209&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dmowskaaleksandra marynarkawojennafrancjiwxviiwiekucolbertifrancuskiedominiummarislamarinedeguerreenfranceauxviiesieclecolbertetledominiummarisfrancais AT dmowskaaleksandra lamarinedeguerreenfranceauxviiesiecle |