Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Wrocław
Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
2011
|
| Series: | Acta Universitatis Wratislavensis
3348 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: U.S: policy toward Poland during the presidency of Jo hn F. Kennedy |
| Physical Description: | 192 p |
| ISBN: | 9788322932322 |
Staff View
MARC
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804148780088426496 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.............................................. 7
Rozdziali. Kontakty na płaszczyźnie politycznej
....................... 18
Rozdział
II.
Waszyngton wobec stosunków między Warszawą a Bonn oraz granicy na Odrze
i Nysie Łużyckiej
...................................... 69
Rozdział III. Pomoc ekonomiczna dla Polski i stosunki handlowe
.............. 93
1.
Rokowania w sprawie sprzedaży nadwyżek produktów rolnych
............ 100
2.
Wymiana handlowa
................................... 133
Rozdział
IV.
Działania administracji prezydenckiej wobec groźby cofnięcia KNU dla Polski
139
Rozdział
V.
Działania amerykańskie na innych płaszczyznach współpracy
......... 151
1.
Wymiana naukowa i kulturalna
............................. 151
2.
Udział w Targach Poznańskich oraz inne działania związane z przemysłem i handlem
158
3.
Polityka informacyjna i porozumienie IMGA
...................... 162
4.
Działalność rozgłośni radiowych
............................ 163
5.
Pomoc humanitarna i programy współpracy
...................... 168
Zakończenie
.......................................... 175
Bibliografia
........................................... 179
Summary
............................................ 186
Indeks nazwisk
......................................... 189
U.S. policy toward Poland
during the presidency of John F. Kennedy
Summary
The Polish October
1956
was not only a turning point in the history of communist-ruled Po¬
land, but also the beginning of a new era in Polish-American relations. From that time on¬
ward, American pol-icy toward Warsaw changed dramatically: the Eisenhower admini¬
stration stopped viewing Poland as dominated by Soviet influence, as it had during the
Stalinist period, and took a fresh approach to the new communist ruler in Warsaw
—
Wła¬
dysław Gomułka.
Although after
1956
Polish domestic policy went in quite a different direc¬
tion than Washington had hoped, Eisenhower and his successors still considered the situation
in Poland as a model for other communist states and supported the majority of steps pro¬
posed by lower levels of their administrations to develop better relations not only with the
communist government, but also with Polish society. Washington wanted to gain wider access
to the Polish people and to maintain their intrinsic Western orientation. Undoubtedly, Ameri¬
can administrations took this approach in the hope that, over the long term, it would wear away
at Soviet dominance and allow the Polish people to live in an independent and free country.
U.S. policy aimed to help preserve the changes which distinguished Poland from the other bloc
states.
President John F. Kennedy showed a greater level of interest in the development of relations with
Eastern Europe as a whole as a means to lessen Soviet influence in the region. Above all, Kennedy
sought to achieve this policy through trade and increasing the volume of Polish-American contact.
The main objective was therefore to induce Congress to pass the legislation required to facilitate
commercial relations with Communist countries. For Kennedy, Poland still appeared the most prom¬
ising East Bloc country with which to establish relations, and he sought to convert U.S.-Polish
economic relations into a stable political relationship by negotiating the widest range of economic
relief and privileges. During the Polish Ambassador s parting visit on June
15, 1961,
John F. Ken¬
nedy expressed the hope that deteriorating relations around the world at the time would not do any
fundamental harm to U.S.-Polish relations, which he felt had contributed to a general reduction in
international tensions.
Paradoxically, international events, especially the Berlin and Cuban crises and the conflict be¬
tween superpowers, limited the maneuverability of the presidential policy, because Congress and
American public opinion became unwilling to support cooperation with countries that openly sup¬
ported the Soviet Union in its fight against U.S. world policy. Polish communists did not help the
situation, as
Gomułka
and other leaders did not hesitate to make speeches endorsing Soviet views
on Berlin and Cuba. This state of affairs strongly affected both existing opportunities and the further
development of relations with Poland, forcing the Kennedy administration to defend and stress posi¬
tive aspects of its policy toward Warsaw, which had worked since October
1956.
Summary
187
Despite difficulties from
1961-1963,
it is worth noting that Washington was willing to make
an important concession to Polish demands by changing its position on the Oder-Neisse border.
This was prompted by the Berlin crisis in
1961.
As a special Interdepartmental Coordinating
Group on Berlin Contingency Planning prepared its solution for the Berlin crisis in summer
1961,
it proposed acceptance by Germany (either united or divided) and the U.S. government of the
Oder-Neisse border as a fait accompli and the permanent German-Polish boundary. Dean Ache-
son, the group s leader, stressed that U.S. assurance on the Oder-Neisse boundary would only be
possible if it buys agreement, because in the view of the Germans it is a substantial issue. Such
conclusions also appeared in
memos
from other discussions. However, at the end of August
1961,
McGeorge
Bundy,
the National Security Adviser, pointed out that the U.S. government could and
should shift substantially toward acceptance of the Oder-Neisse line. Kennedy did not hesitate to
openly ask Chancellor Adenauer during his visit to the White House in November if the post-1945
eastern frontier of Germany would be accepted by Germans after the peace treaty, and Adenauer
admitted that it would.
Those proposals were not realized owing to the decrease in international tension around Berlin
in
1962.
The next deterioration of international relations due to the Cuban crisis rapidly eclipsed the
German question and led Washington to return to a position of support for its West German ally. This
situation was best presented by the new U.S. ambassador in Warsaw, John Cabot, who stressed that
Germany is an ally and Poland is a member of the hostile block.
Despite such difficulties (which diplomatic records demonstrate neither Poland nor the United
States could fully control), Kennedy still believed that an improvement and normalization of Polish-
American relations was possible and kept urging Congress to keep the door open to the development of
normal bilateral relations between the United States and Poland. Kennedy s most important program
for helping Poland remained the sale of agricultural surpluses, partly paid in local currency (Title I, The
Agriculture Trade Development and Assistance Act
—
Public Law
480
purchases). Because this was
seen as a chief means for helping Poland, the Kennedy administration signed three such agreements
(totaling
96.2
million dollars). Though Congress forbade further transactions after the last agreement
in
1964,
after
1957
Poland obtained more than
halfa
billion dollars in aid, paid in part as Polish
zlotys.
The Kennedy administration s interest in strengthening the Polish economy is illustrated by its
response to Congress s threat to withdraw Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status for Poland in
1962-
1963.
Aware that this would ran counter to his policy, Kennedy warned that efforts to deny MFN to
Warsaw would jeopardize much of U.S. policy toward Poland, and the State Department feared
that such a decision would lead to deterioration in bilateral relations. Polish diplomats applied this
argument widely during rare meetings with their American colleagues at the time. Fortunately for
Poland, the fight of the president and his administration was successful, and the passage of MFN by
the Congress in December
1963
enabled the next U.S. administration to plan a policy for relations
with Poland on a reasonably sound foundation.
Despite international tension during the Kennedy presidency, cultural and scientific contacts and
exchanges between the United States and Poland were also maintained as a particularly important
way to achieve a better approach toward the Polish nation. Though this was realized mainly through
official channels, the U.S. government also discreetly supported the activities of the Ford and Rocke¬
feller Foundations. Washington also strengthened the American information and cultural program in
Poland to foster a positive view of the United States and American society within the Polish popula¬
tion. Exhibitions shown in many Polish towns and American participation in the
Poznan
Trade Fairs
facilitated this objective. The Information Media Guarantee Act supported the purchase of American
films and books, America magazine, issued in Polish since
1959,
continued to play a great role in
informing the Polish population about American achievements, and Washington circulated a conside¬
rable volume of American books, films and magazines.
To conclude, the United States was able to develop a far more extensive exchange program with
Poland than with any other Soviet satellite. While at first glance the Kennedy administration s policy
188
Summary
merely continued the activities started by the Eisenhower administration in
1956,
it was conducted
under much more difficult conditions due to international tensions. And though Kennedy s policy
toward Warsaw had also been intended for the whole of Eastern Europe, Poland was considered to
be America s most important partner behind the. Iron Curtain; good relations with Warsaw served
U.S. interests by undermining the monolithic character of the Soviet Bloc, contributing to ferment
in Eastern Europe, and providing new opportunities to project Western influences in Poland. At the
same time that American aid to Poland was to reduce economic dependence on the USSR and other
countries of the Soviet Bloc, Washington wanted it to reach those sectors of the Polish society where
it was likely to be of the greatest benefit to Polish people. Ultimately, one could view the Kennedy
administration s policies as an interim stage: while some of the processes started by Washington in
October
1956
were stopped, American engagement with Poland in the early
1960s
anticipated the
bridge building policy of Lyndon B. Johnson after
1964.
|
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| id | DE-604.BV039846356 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:12:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322932322 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 192 p |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
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| publisher | Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta Universitatis Wratislavensis |
| series2 | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis / Historia Acta Universitatis Wratislavensis |
| spelling | Tyszkiewicz, Jakub 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)132844745 aut Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego Jakub Tyszkiewicz Wrocław Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego 2011 192 p txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis / Historia 183 Acta Universitatis Wratislavensis 3348 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: U.S: policy toward Poland during the presidency of Jo hn F. Kennedy Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1956-1963 gnd rswk-swf Poland / Foreign relations / United States / 20th century Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Polen USA Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Geschichte 1956-1963 z DE-604 Historia Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 183 (DE-604)BV008005237 183 Acta Universitatis Wratislavensis 3348 (DE-604)BV004668106 3348 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706177&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706177&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Tyszkiewicz, Jakub 1966- Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego Acta Universitatis Wratislavensis Poland / Foreign relations / United States / 20th century Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego |
| title_auth | Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego |
| title_exact_search | Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego |
| title_full | Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego Jakub Tyszkiewicz |
| title_fullStr | Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego Jakub Tyszkiewicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego Jakub Tyszkiewicz |
| title_short | Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski w okresie rządów Johna F. Kennedy'ego |
| title_sort | polityka stanow zjednoczonych wobec polski w okresie rzadow johna f kennedy ego |
| topic | Poland / Foreign relations / United States / 20th century Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Poland / Foreign relations / United States / 20th century Außenpolitik Polen USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706177&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024706177&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008005237 (DE-604)BV004668106 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tyszkiewiczjakub politykastanowzjednoczonychwobecpolskiwokresierzadowjohnafkennedyego |