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România: 5 Carpaţii ; 1: Caracteristici generale

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Ielenicz, Mihai 1941- (Author), Oprea, Răzvan 20/21. Jh (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	Romanian
Published:	Bucureşti Ed. Univ. 2011
Subjects:	Landeskunde Rumänien Karpaten
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	461 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9786065911628

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	CUPRINS PREFAŢĂ .................................................................................................................... 5 CUPRINS ..................................................................................................................... 7 CONTENTS................................................................................................................. 13 CAPITOLUL I. CARPAŢII ÎN SISTEMUL ALPIN EUROPEAN ........................ 19 1. CARPAŢII ÎN RAPORT CU CELELALTE MACROUNITĂŢI ALPINE ............. 19 2. CARACTERISTICILE GEOGRAFICE ALE MACROSISTEMULUI CARPATIC 24 3. DIVIZIUNILE MACROSISTEMULUI CARPATIC ............................................. 29 CAPITOLUL II. CARPAŢII ROMÂNEŞTI ........................................................... 36 1. CARACTERISTICI GENERALE ........................................................................... 36 2. CARPAŢII ROMÂNEŞTI ÎN LITERATURA GEOGRAFICĂ ............................. 39 3. LIMITELE CARPAŢILOR ROMÂNEŞTI ............................................................. 45 3.1. Limita exterioară .............................................................................................. 45 3.2. Limita faţă de unităţile geografice din vest ..................................................... 49 3.3. Limita internă a Carpaţilor faţă de Dealurile Transilvaniei (Depresiunea colinară a Transilvaniei) .................................................................................. 50 4. REGIONAREA CARPAŢILOR ROMÂNEŞTI ....................................................... 52 4.1. Carpaţii Orientali (Răsăriteni) .......................................................................... 53 4.1.1. Grapa nordică (Carpaţii Maramureşului şi ai Bucovinei) .................... 53 4.1.2. Grapa centrală (Carpaţii Moldo-Transilvani) ........................................ 56 4.1.3. Grapa Carpaţilor de Curbură (Curburii) ................................................ 57 4.2. Carpaţii Meridionali ......................................................................................... 57 4.2.1. Grupa Bucegi ......................................................................................... 58 4.2.2. Grapa Făgăraş ........................................................................................ 60 4.2.3. Grapa Parâng ......................................................................................... 61 4.2.4. Grapa Retezat-Godeanu ......................................................................... 62 4.3. Carpaţii Occidentali ......................................................................................... 63 4.3.1. Munţii Apuseni ...................................................................................... 63 4.3.2. Munţii Banatului .................................................................................... 66 CAPITOLUL III. CARPAŢII ROMÂNEŞTI - ELEMENTE GEOLOGICE SEMNIFICATIVE ....................................................................................................... 69 1. REPERE TECTONO - STRUCTURALE MAJORE ............................................... 69 7 1.1. Etapa prealpina ................................................................................................ 71 1.2. Etapa alpina ..................................................................................................... 72 2. CARACTERISTICI GEOLOGICE REGIONALE................................................. 75 2.1. Carpata Orientali ............................................................................................. 75 2.1.1. Zona (unitatea) cristalino-mezozoică (Dacidele mediane şi Dacidele marginale) ............................................................................................. 78 2.1.2. Unităţile flişului.................................................................................... 80 2.1.2.1. Flişul intern (Dacidele exteme) ............................................... 81 2.1.2.2. Flişul extern (Moldavidele) ..................................................... 81 2.1.2.3. Flişul transcarpatic (Pânza Botiza-Petrova) ............................ 82 2.1.3. Unitatea vulcanică ................................................................................ 83 2.1.4. Unitatea depresionară intramontană ..................................................... 85 2.2. Carpaţii Meridionali ......................................................................................... 86 2.2.1. Autohtonul Danubian (Dacidele marginale) ........................................ 87 2.2.2. Pânza Getică (Dacidele mediane) ......................................................... 87 2.2.3. Pânza de Severin ................................................................................... 88 2.2.4. Unităţi supragetice ................................................................................ 88 2.2.5. Magmatitele din cretacicul superior-paleogen ..................................... 89 2.2.6. Depresiunile intramontane .................................................................... 89 2.3. Munţii Apuseni ................................................................................................ 90 2.3.1. Subunitatea central-nordică a Munţilor Apuseni (Dacidele interioare) 90 2.3.2. Subunitatea sudică a Munţilor Apuseni (Transilvanidele) ................... 92 CAPITOLUL IV. RELIEFUL .................................................................................... 94 1. ELEMENTE MORFOGRAFICE ............................................................................ 94 2. ELEMENTE MORFOMETRICE ............................................................................ 97 3. TREPTELE DE NIVELARE ................................................................................... 100 3.1. Suprafeţele şi nivelele de eroziune .................................................................. 100 3.1.1. Cunoaştere ............................................................................................ 100 3.1.2. Etape de evoluţie şi reliefurile create ................................................... 101 3.2. Terasele din Carpati ......................................................................................... 112 3.2.1. Cunoaştere ............................................................................................ 112 3.2.2. Numărul, desfăşurarea şi structura teraselor ........................................ 112 3.2.3. Formarea teraselor ................................................................................ 120 3.2.4. Vârsta teraselor carpatice ..................................................................... 122 3.3. Luncile ............................................................................................................. 123 3.3.1. Caracteristici morfologice .................................................................... 123 3.3.2. Caracteristici structurale ....................................................................... 123 3.3.3. Vârsta .................................................................................................... 124 4. RELIEFUL GLACIAR ............................................................................................ 124 4.1. Cunoaştere ........................................................................................................ 124 4.2. Localizare ......................................................................................................... 124 4.3. Extensiunea şi numărul fazelor glaciare .......................................................... 128 4.4. Vârsta fazelor glaciare ..................................................................................... 132 5. RELIEFUL PERIGLACIAR ................................................................................... 132 5.1. în finalul pleistocenului ................................................................................... 132 5.2. Periglaciarul actual .......................................................................................... 134 6. RELIEFUL PETROGRAFIC .................................................................................. 135 6.1. Relieful dezvoltat pe roci carstificabile ........................................................... 135 8 6.1.1. Relieful dezvoltat pe calcare şi dolomite .............................................. 136 6.1.2. Relieful dezvoltat pe sare şi gips .......................................................... 138 6.2. Relieful dezvoltat pe gresii şi conglomerate .................................................... 138 6.3. Relieful dezvoltat pe faciesuri marno-argiloase ............................................. 138 6.4. Relieful dezvoltat pe roci cristaline ................................................................. 138 6.5. Relieful dezvoltat pe roci vulcanice ................................................................ 139 7. RELIEFUL STRUCTURAL .................................................................................... 139 8. FORMAREA ŞI EVOLUŢIA MARILOR SISTEME HIDROGRAFICE CARPATICE 144 9. MORFODINAMICA ACTUALĂ ........................................................................... 146 9.1. Potenţialul morfodinamic ................................................................................ 146 9.2. Procesele actuale .............................................................................................. 148 CAPITOLUL V. CLIMA ............................................................................................ 151 1. ELEMENTE DEFINITORII .................................................................................... 151 2. FACTORII GENETICI ŞI ROLUL LOR ÎN INDIVIDUALIZARE TOPO- CLIMATELOR ÎN CARPATI ................................................................................ 151 2.1. Radiaţia solară .................................................................................................. 153 2.2. Circulaţia maselor de aer ................................................................................. 155 2.3. Locul Carpaţilor şi al unor caracteristici ale reliefului montan în generarea şi evoluţia topoclimatelor ................................................................................... 157 3. ELEMENTE PRINCIPALE CARE DEFINESC TOPOCLIMATELE DIN CARPATI .............................................................................................................. 159 3.1. Potenţialul termic ............................................................................................. 159 3.2. Umezeala relativă şi nebulozitatea .................................................................. 171 3.3. Regimul precipitaţiilor ..................................................................................... 173 3.4. Regimul eolian ................................................................................................. 181 3.5. Fenomenele meteorologice .............................................................................. 184 4. CLIMA ŞI CELELALTE COMPONENTE ALE MEDIILOR GEOGRAFICE MONTANE ............................................................................................................. 185 5. TOPOCLIMATELE MONTANE ........................................................................... 188 5.1. Topoclimatele alpin şi subalpin ....................................................................... 188 5.2. Topoclimatele din masivele cu altitudine medie ............................................. 190 5.3. Topoclimatele munţilor joşi (de regulă sub 800 m) şi al depresiunilor ........... 193 CAPITOLUL VI. APELE ........................................................................................... 194 1. SISTEMUL HIDROGRAFIC CARPATIC ............................................................... 194 1.1. Alcătuire şi caracteristici .................................................................................. 194 1.2. Formarea şi evoluţia sistemului ....................................................................... 196 1.3. Cunoaştere ....................................................................................................... 197 2. APELE SUBTERANE ŞI IZVOARELE MINERALE ............................................. 199 2.1. Caracteristici generale ...................................................................................... 199 2.2. Diferenţieri regionale. Principalele izvoare minerale ...................................... 202 2.2.1. Carpaţii Orientali .................................................................................. 204 2.2.2. Carpaţii Meridionali ............................................................................. 209 2.2.3. Carpaţii Occidentali .............................................................................. 211 3. APELE DE SUPRAFAŢĂ ........................................................................................ 212 3.1. Reţeaua hidrografică ........................................................................................ 213 3.1.1. Caracteristici hidrologice generale ....................................................... 213 3.1.2. Alimentarea râurilor carpatice .............................................................. 216 3.1.3. Regimul scurgerii apei râurilor carpatice ............................................. 220 3.1.4. Regimul debitelor ................................................................................. 223 3.1.5. Tipuri de regim de scurgere .................................................................. 233 3.1.6. Scurgerea solidă .................................................................................... 236 3.1.7. Chimismul apelor râurilor .................................................................... 238 3.1.8. Regimul termic ..................................................................................... 238 3.1.9. Sistemele râurilor carpatice .................................................................. 239 3.1.10. Resursele de apă şi principalele modalităţi de folosire ........................ 246 3.2. Lacurile .......................... .................................................................................. 247 3.2.1. Caracteristici generale .......................................................................... 247 3.2.2. Tipuri de lacuri ..................................................................................... 249 3.2.3. Diferenţieri regionale ............................................................................ 257 4. GHEŢARII DIN CARPATI ...................................................................................... 258 CAPITOLUL VII. CARACTERISTICILE BIOGEOGRAFICE ALE CARPAŢILOR ............................................................................................................. 260 1. ELEMENTE PRIVIND ORIGINEA ŞI COMPOZIŢIA FLOREI ŞI FAUNEI CARPATICE ........................................................................................................... 260 2. ASPECTE PRIVIND COMPOZIŢIA BIOGEOGRAFICĂ ACTUALĂ, CONSECINŢĂ A EVOLUŢIEI CUATERNARE .................................................. 260 3. VEGETAŢIA ŞI FAUNA MUNŢILOR ................................................................. 262 3.1. Etajul nemoral .................................................................................................. 263 3.2. Etajul boreal ..................................................................................................... 265 3.3. Etajul subalpin................................................................................................. 268 3.4. Etajul alpin ....................................................................................................... 269 3.5. Vegetaţia intrazonală ....................................................................................... 270 3.6. Fauna din mediul acvatic ................................................................................. 272 4. INFLUENŢA SOCIETĂŢII UMANE ASUPRA VEGETAŢIEI ŞI FAUNEI ......... 273 5. ASPECTE REGIONALE .......................................................................................... 276 CAPITOLUL VIII. SOLURILE DIN CARPATI ..................................................... 278 1. CARACTERISTICI GENERALE .................. ......................................................... 278 2. FACTORII NATURALI DE SOLIFICARE ........................................................... 285 3. ASPECTE TAXONOMICE .................................................................................... 291 4. DIFERENŢIERI REGIONALE ÎN RĂSPÂNDIREA SOLURILOR DIN CARPATI 294 4.1. Carpaţii Orientali ............................................................................................. 294 4.2. Carpaţii Meridionali ......................................................................................... 296 4.3. Carpaţii Occidentali ......................................................................................... 297 4.4. Regionarea pedogeografică a teritoriului carpatic ........................................... 298 5. IMPACTUL ACTIVITĂŢILOR UMANE ASUPRA RESURSELOR DE SOL DIN CARPATI .............................................................................................................. 299 Capitolul IX. PROTECŢIA ŞI CONSERVAREA NATURII ................................. 301 1. BREVIAR RETROLOGIC ...................................................................................... 301 2. PARCURI NAŢIONALE ŞI PARCURI NATURALE ........................................... 302 2.1. Caracteristici generale ...................................................................................... 302 2.2. Parcurile Naţionale din Carpati ........................................................................ 304 10 2.2.1. Carpaţii Orientali .................................................................................. 304 2.2.2. Carpaţii Meridionali ............................................................................. 310 2.2.3. Carpaţii Occidentali .............................................................................. 322 2.3. Parcurile Naturale din Carpati şi din sectoarele de interferenţă cu alte regiuni 326 2.3.1. Carpaţii Orientali .................................................................................. 326 2.3.2. Carpaţii Meridionali ............................................................................. 330 2.3.3. Carpaţii Occidentali .............................................................................. 336 3. REZERVAŢIILE ..................................................................................................... 342 Capitolul X. AŞEZĂRILE UMANE ŞI POTENŢIALUL DEMOGRAFIC .......... 367 10.1. Condiţii de habitat ............................................................................................... 369 10.2. Formarea, vechimea şi evoluţia aşezărilor carpatice ........................................... 374 10.2.1. Etape şi faze de dezvoltare a procesului de constituire a reţelei de aşezări 375 10.3. Reţeaua de oraşe. Evoluţie şi caracteristici ......................................................... 383 10.4. Aşezări rurale carpatice. Evoluţie şi caracteristici .............................................. 398 10.5. Potenţial demografic ........................................................................................... 404 Capitolul XL RESURSE NATURALE. CARACTERISTICI ALE ECONOMIEI 410 1. RESURSELE NATURALE ..................................................................................... 410 1.1. Minereuri, combustibili, substanţe minerale .................................................... 410 1.2. Resurse hidrice ................................................................................................. 411 1.2.1. Apele subterane .................................................................................... 415 1.2.2. Izvoarele ............................................................................................... 416 1.2.3. Apele curgătoare ................................................................................... 417 1.2.4. Lacurile ................................................................................................. 418 1.3. Resursele edafice ............................................................................................. 418 1.4. Resursele biogene ............................................................................................ 419 1.4.1. Pajiştile importantă resursă agricolă şi de mediu ................................. 420 1.4.2. Pădurile ca resursă ................................................................................ 421 1.4.3. Mlaştinile şi turbăriile ........................................................................... 423 1.4.4. Alte resurse ........................................................................................... 424 2. AGRICULTURA ..................................................................................................... 424 2.1. Caracteristici generale ...................................................................................... 424 2.2. Modul de utilizare a terenurilor ....................................................................... 427 2.3. Culturile agricole ............................................................................................. 427 2.4. Creşterea animalelor ........................................................................................ 428 2.5. Pescuitul ........................................................................................................... 429 2.6. Apicultura ........................................................................................................ 429 3. INDUSTRIA ............................................................................................................ 429 3.1. Caracteristici .................................................................................................... 429 3.2. Ramuri industriale ............................................................................................ 432 4. CĂILE DE COMUNICAŢIE .................................................................................... 435 4.1. Căile de comunicaţie rutiere ............................................................................ 435 4.2. Reţeaua de căi ferate ........................................................................................ 438 4.3. Alte tipuri de transport ..................................................................................... 440 5. TURISMUL ÎN CARPATI ...................................................................................... 440 11 CAPITOLUL XII. TIPURI DE MEDII GEOGRAFICE ÎN CARPATI ................ 442 1. ASPECTE GENERALE .......................................................................................... 442 2. MEDIUL CRESTELOR CARPATICE CU CARACTER ALPIN ŞI SUBALPIN. 442 2.1. Caracteristici .................................................................................................... 442 2.2. Subtipuri ........................................................................................................... 443 3. MEDIUL CARPATIC AL ALTITUDINILOR MEDII ........................................... 444 3.1. Caracteristici .................................................................................................... 444 3.2. Subtipuri ........................................................................................................... 445 4. MEDIUL CARPATIC AL CULOARELOR DE VALE, AL DEPRESIUNILOR ŞI AL CULMILOR MONTANE JOASE ................................................................... . 445 4.1. Caracteristici .................................................................................................... 445 4.2. Subtipuri ........................................................................................................... 446 BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIVĂ .................................................................................. 447 12 CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................... 5 CUPRINS ..................................................................................................................... 7 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER I. THE CARPATHIANS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN ALPINE SYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 19 1. THE CARPATHIANS COMPARED TO THE OTHER ALPINE MACROUNITS 19 2. THE GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARPATHIAN MACROSYSTEM ................................................................................................... 24 3. THE DIVISIONS OF THE CARPATHIAN MACROSYSTEM ........................ 29 Chapter II. THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS ................................................. 36 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................... 36 2. THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS IN THE GEOGRAPHIC LITERATURE 39 3. THE LIMITS OF THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS ..................................... 45 3.1. The outward limit ........................................................................................... 45 3.2. The western limit ........................................................................................... 49 3.3. The inward limit of the Carpathians toward the Hill Depression of Transylvania .................................................................................................... 50 4. THE REGIONALIZATION OF THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS .............. 52 4.1. The Oriental (Eastern) Carpathian ................................................................ 53 4.1.1. The Northern Group (The Carpathians of Maramureş and Bukovina) 53 4.1.2. The Central Group (The Moldavian and Transylvanian Carpathians) 56 4.1.3. The Curvature Group (The Curvature Carpathians) ........................ 57 4.2. The Meridional Carpathians .......................................................................... 57 4.2.1. The Bucegi Group ............................................................................... 58 4.2.2. The Făgăraş Group .............................................................................. 60 4.2.3. The Parâng Group ............................................................................... 61 4.2.4. The Retezat-Godeanu Group .............................................................. 62 4.3. The Occidental Carpathians ........................................................................... 63 4.3.1. The Apuseni Mountains ...................................................................... 63 4.3.2. The Banat Mountains .......................................................................... 66 CHAPTER III. THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS - SIGNIFICANT GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS ................................................................................... 69 1. MAJOR TECTONIC AND STRUCTURAL REFERENCE POINTS ................ 69 13 1.1. The prealpine stage ........................................................................................ 71 1.2. The alpine stage .............................................................................................. 72 2. REGIONAL GEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS ................................................. 75 2.1. The Oriental Carpathians ............................................................................... 75 2.1.1. The crystalline-Mesozoic zone (unit) - median and marginal Dacians 78 2.1.2. The flysch units ................................................................................... 80 2.1.2.1. The internal flysch (the external Dacians) ......................... 81 2.1.2.2. The internal flysch (the Moldavians) .................................. 81 2.1.2.3. The trans-Carpathian flysch (Botiza-Petrova sheet) ........... 82 2.1.3. The volcanic unit ................................................................................. 83 2.1.4. The intramountainous depression unit ............................................... 85 2.2. The Meridional Carpathians .......................................................................... 86 2.2.1. The Danubian Autochton (the marginal Dacians) ........................... 87 2.2.2. The Getae Sheet (the median Dacians) ............................................ 87 2.2.3. The Severin Sheet ............................................................................... 88 2.2.4. The supra-Getae units ......................................................................... 88 2.2.5. The upper Cretaceous-Paleogene magmatics ................................... 89 2.2.6. The intramountainous depressions ..................................................... 89 2.3. The Apuseni Mountains ................................................................................. 90 2.3.1. The central-northern subunit of the Apuseni Mountains (the internal Dacians) ................................................................................................ 90 2.3.2. The southern subunit of the Apuseni Mountains (the Transylvanians) 92 CHAPTER IV. THE LANDFORMS ...................................................................... 94 1. MORPHOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS ........................................................................ 94 2. MORPHOMETRIC ELEMENTS .......................................................................... 97 3. THE EROSION STEPS ......................................................................................... 100 3.1. The erosion surfaces and levels .................................................................... 100 3.1.1. Stage of knowledge ............................................................................. 100 3.1.2. The evolution stages and the resulted landforms ............................ 101 3.2. The terraces in the Carpathians .................................................................... 112 3.2.1. Stage of knowledge ............................................................................. 112 3.2.2. The number, extent and structure of terraces .................................. 112 3.2.3. The terrace formation .......................................................................... 120 3.2.4. The age of the Carpathian terraces ................................................... 122 3.3. The flood plains .............................................................................................. 123 3.3.1. The morphological characteristics ..................................................... 123 3.3.2. The structural characteristics .............................................................. 123 3.3.3. The age ................................................................................................. 124 4. THE GLACIAL LANDFORMS ............................................................................ 124 4.1. Stage of knowledge ........................................................................................ 124 4.2. Position ............................................................................................................ 124 4.3. The extent and number of the glacial stages .............................................. 128 4.4. The age of the glacial stages ........................................................................ 132 5. THE PERIGLACIAL LANDFORMS ................................................................... 132 5.1. The upper Pleistocene .................................................................................... 132 5.2. The present periglacial landforms ................................................................. 134 6. THE PETROGRAPHIC LANDFORMS ................................................................ 135 6.1. The landforms of karst rocks ........................................................................ 135 14 6.1.1. The landforms of limestone and dolomite ....................................... 136 6.1.2. The landforms of salt and gypsum ................................................... 138 6.2. The landforms of grit stone and conglomerate ........................................... 138 6.3. The landforms of marl and clay ................................................................... 138 6.4. The landforms of crystalline rocks ............................................................... 138 6.5. The landforms of volcanic rocks .................................................................. 139 7. THE STRUCTURAL LANDFORMS .................................................................... 139 8. THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE LARGE CARPATHIAN HYDROGRAPHIC SYSTEMS ............................................................................. 144 9. THE PRESENT MORPHODYNAMICS ............................................................... 146 9.1. The morphodynamic potential ....................................................................... 146 9.2. The present processes .................................................................................... 148 CHAPTER V. THE CLIMATE ............................................................................... 151 1. CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS ......................................................................... 151 2. THE GENETIC FACTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN TOPOCLIMATE FORMATION IN THE CARPATHIANS ...................................................................................... 151 2.1. The solar radiation ......................................................................................... 153 2.2. The movements of the air masses ................................................................ 155 2.3. The role of the Carpathians and of some mountain characteristics in topoclimate formation and evolution ............................................................ 157 3. THE MAIN ELEMENTS DEFINING THE TOPOCLIMATES OF THE CARPATHIANS ..................................................................................................... 159 3.1. The thermic potential ..................................................................................... 159 3.2. The relative humidity and nebulosity ........................................................... 171 3.3. The regime of precipitations ......................................................................... 173 3.4. The wind regime ............................................................................................. 181 3.5. The meteorological phenomena .................................................................... 184 4. THE CLIMATE AND THE OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE MOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENTS ................................................................................................. 185 5. THE MOUNTAINOUS TOPOCLIMATES .......................................................... 188 5.1. The alpine and subalpine topoclimates........................................................ 188 5.2. The topoclimates of the medium altitude mountains ................................. 190 5.3. The topoclimates of the low altitude (under 800m) mountains and depressions ...................................................................................................... 193 CHAPTER VI. THE WATERS ............................................................................... 194 1. THE CARPATHIAN HYDROGRAPHIC SYSTEM ............................................ 194 1.1. Structure and characteristics .......................................................................... 194 1.2. The formation and evolution of the system ................................................ 196 1.3. Stage of knowledge ........................................................................................ 197 2. UNDERGROUND WATERS. MINERAL SPRINGS ......................................... 199 2.1. General characteristics ................................................................................... 199 2.2. Regional differences. The main mineral springs ........................................ 202 2.2.1. The Oriental Carpathians .................................................................... 204 2.2.2. The Meridional Carpathians ............................................................... 209 2.2.3. The Occidental Carpathians ............................................................... 211 3. THE SURFACE WATERS ..................................................................................... 212 3.1. The hydrographie network ............................................................................. 213 3.1.1. General hydrologie characteristics ..................................................... 213 15 3.1.2. The sources of the Carpathian rivers ................................................ 216 3.1.3. The flow regime of the Carpathian rivers ........................................ 220 3.1.4. The flow capacity regime ................................................................... 223 3.1.5. Types of flow regime ......................................................................... 233 3.1.6. The solid flow ...................................................................................... 236 3.1.7. The river water chemistry .................................................................. 238 3.1.8. The thermic regime ............................................................................. 238 3.1.9. The Carpathian river systems ............................................................. 239 3.1.10. The water resources and main usage .............................................. 246 3.2. The lakes ......................................................................................................... 247 3.2.1. General characteristics ........................................................................ 247 3.2.2. Types of lakes ...................................................................................... 249 3.2.3. Regional differences ............................................................................ 257 4. THE GLACIERS IN THE CARPATHIANS ........................................................ 258 Chapter VII. THE BIOGEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARPATHIANS ......................................................................................................... 260 1. ON THE ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION OF THE CARPATHIAN FLORA AND FAUNA ......................................................................................................... 260 2. ASPECTS REGARDING THE PRESENT BIOGEOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION, THE RESULT OF THE QUATERNARY EVOLUTION .................................. 260 3. THE MOUNTAIN FLORA AND FAUNA .......................................................... 262 3.1. The leafy forest level ..................................................................................... 263 3.2. The coniferous forest level ............................................................................ 265 3.3. The subalpine level ........................................................................................ 268 3.4. The alpine level .............................................................................................. 269 3.5. The intra-zonal vegetation ............................................................................. 270 3.6. The aquatic fauna ........................................................................................... 272 4. THE HUMAN SOCIETY INFLUENCE ON FLORA AND FAUNA ............... 273 5. REGIONAL ASPECTS ........................................................................................... 276 Chapter VIII. THE SOILS OF THE CARPATHIANS ...................................... 278 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISES .......................................................................... 278 2. THE NATURAL FACTORS OF PEDOGENESIS .............................................. 285 3. TAXONOMIC ASPECTS ....................................................................................... 291 4. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF SOIL EXTENT IN THE CARPATHIANS . 294 4.1. The Oriental Carpathians ............................................................................... 294 4.2. The Meridional Carpathians .......................................................................... 296 4.3. The Occidental Carpathians ........................................................................... 297 4.4. The pedo-geographic regionalization of the Carpathians ........................... 298 5. THE HUMAN IMPACT ON THE CARPATHIAN SOIL RESOURCES ......... 299 CHAPTER IX. NATURE PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION .............. 301 1. RETROLOGIC SUMMARY .................................................................................. 301 2. NATIONAL PARKS AND NATURAL PARKS ................................................. 302 2.1. General characteristics ................................................................................... 302 2.2. The national parks in the Carpathians ......................................................... 304 16 2.2.1. The Oriental Carpathians .................................................................... 304 2.2.2. The Meridional Carpathians ............................................................... 310 2.2.3. The Occidental Carpathians ................................................................ 322 2.3. The natural parks in the Carpathians and neighboring areas .................... 326 2.3.1. The Oriental Carpathians .................................................................... 326 2.3.2. The Meridional Carpathians ............................................................... 330 2.3.3. The Occidental Carpathians ................................................................ 336 3. NATURAL PRESERVES ...................................................................................... 342 CHAPTER X. THE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND THE DEMOGRAPHIC POTENTIAL .............................................................................................................. 367 10.1. The habitat conditions ...................................................................................... 369 10.2. The formation, age and evolution of the Carpathian settlements ............... 374 10.2.1. Development stages of settlement network ...................................... 375 10.3. The town network. Evolution and characteristics ......................................... 383 10.4. The Carpathian villages. Evolution and characteristics ................................ 398 10.5. The demographic potential .............................................................................. 404 CHAPTER XI. THE NATURAL RESOURCES. THE ECONOMY CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................ 410 1. THE NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................................................. 410 1.1. Ores, fuels and mineral resources ................................................................ 410 1.2. The hydrie resources ...................................................................................... 411 1.2.1. The underground waters ..................................................................... 415 1.2.2. The springs .......................................................................................... 416 1.2.3. The rivers ............................................................................................. 417 1.2.4. The lakes .............................................................................................. 418 1.3. The soil resources ........................................................................................... 418 1.4. The biogenetic resources ............................................................................... 419 1.4.1. The lawns - important agricultural and environmental resources . 420 1.4.2. The forest resources ............................................................................ 421 1.4.3. The swamps, marshes and peat bogs ................................................ 423 1.4.4. Other resources .................................................................................... 424 2. THE AGRICULTURE ........................................................................................... 424 2.1. General characteristics ................................................................................... 424 2.2. The land use ................................................................................................... 427 2.3. The agricultural cultures ................................................................................ 427 2.4. The animal breeding ...................................................................................... 428 2.5. Fishing ............................................................................................................. 429 2.6. The apiculture ................................................................................................. 429 3. THE INDUSTRY .................................................................................................... 429 3.1. Characteristics ................................................................................................. 429 3.2. The industrial branches .................................................................................. 432 4. THE MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION .............................................................. 435 4.1. The roads ......................................................................................................... 435 4.2. The railway network ...................................................................................... 438 4.3. Other means of transportation ....................................................................... 440 5. THE TOURISM IN THE CARPATHIANS ......................................................... 440 17 Chapter XII. TYPES OF GEOGRAPHIC EMVIRONMENTS IN THE CARPATHIANS ......................................................................................................... 442 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................... 442 2. THE CARPATHIAN ENVIRONMENT OF THE ALPINE AND SUBALPINE HEIGHTS .............................................................................................................. 442 2.1. Characteristics ................................................................................................. 442 2.2. Subtypes .......................................................................................................... 443 3. THE CARPATHIAN ENVIRONMENT OF MEDIUM ALTITUDES .............. 444 3.1. Characteristics ................................................................................................. 444 3.2. Subtypes ........................................................................................................... 445 4. THE CARPATHIAN ENVIRONMENT OF VALLEYS, DEPRESSIONS AND LOW MOUNTAINS .............................................................................................. 445 4.1. Characteristics ................................................................................................. 445 4.2. Subtypes ........................................................................................................... 446 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 447 18
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author	Ielenicz, Mihai 1941- Oprea, Răzvan 20/21. Jh
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spelling	Ielenicz, Mihai 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)151371490 aut România 5 Carpaţii ; 1: Caracteristici generale Ielenicz Mihai ; Oprea Răzvan Bucureşti Ed. Univ. 2011 461 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Karpaten (DE-588)4029760-3 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Karpaten (DE-588)4029760-3 g Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 s DE-604 Oprea, Răzvan 20/21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1019100141 aut (DE-604)BV036729830 5 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024685075&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Ielenicz, Mihai 1941- Oprea, Răzvan 20/21. Jh România Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4073972-7 (DE-588)4050939-4 (DE-588)4029760-3
title	România
title_auth	România
title_exact_search	România
title_full	România 5 Carpaţii ; 1: Caracteristici generale Ielenicz Mihai ; Oprea Răzvan
title_fullStr	România 5 Carpaţii ; 1: Caracteristici generale Ielenicz Mihai ; Oprea Răzvan
title_full_unstemmed	România 5 Carpaţii ; 1: Caracteristici generale Ielenicz Mihai ; Oprea Răzvan
title_short	România
title_sort	romania carpatii 1 caracteristici generale
topic	Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd
topic_facet	Landeskunde Rumänien Karpaten
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024685075&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV036729830
work_keys_str_mv	AT ieleniczmihai romania5 AT oprearazvan romania5

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