Energy security for the EU in the 21st century: markets, geopolitics and corridors
Gespeichert in:
Weitere Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
2012
|
Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
Schriftenreihe: | Routledge studies in ecological economics
16 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | XXII, 336 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
ISBN: | 9780415676762 9781138802995 9780203153291 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000zcb4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV039790483 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20150714 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 120109s2012 xxuabd| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
010 | |a 2011023184 | ||
020 | |a 9780415676762 |c hb : alk. paper |9 978-0-415-67676-2 | ||
020 | |a 9781138802995 |c pbk |9 978-1-138-80299-5 | ||
020 | |a 9780203153291 |c eb : alk. paper |9 978-0-203-15329-1 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)775077206 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV039790483 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
044 | |a xxu |c US | ||
049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-19 |a DE-188 | ||
050 | 0 | |a HD9502.E852 | |
082 | 0 | |a 333.79094 | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Energy security for the EU in the 21st century |b markets, geopolitics and corridors |c ed. by José María Marín-Quemada ... |
250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Routledge |c 2012 | |
300 | |a XXII, 336 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 1 | |a Routledge studies in ecological economics |v 16 | |
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
610 | 2 | 7 | |a Europäische Union |0 (DE-588)5098525-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 4 | |a Energy security |z European Union countries | |
650 | 4 | |a Energy policy |z European Union countries | |
650 | 4 | |a Energy consumption |z European Union countries | |
650 | 4 | |a Energy industries |z European Union countries | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Geopolitik |0 (DE-588)4156741-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Energieversorgung |0 (DE-588)4014736-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Versorgungssicherheit |0 (DE-588)7839944-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Energiepolitik |0 (DE-588)4014715-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Energieweltwirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4195018-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
651 | 4 | |a Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten | |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Europäische Union |0 (DE-588)5098525-5 |D b |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Energieversorgung |0 (DE-588)4014736-8 |D s |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Versorgungssicherheit |0 (DE-588)7839944-0 |D s |
689 | 0 | 3 | |a Energiepolitik |0 (DE-588)4014715-0 |D s |
689 | 0 | 4 | |a Energieweltwirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4195018-5 |D s |
689 | 0 | 5 | |a Geopolitik |0 (DE-588)4156741-9 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
700 | 1 | |a Marín Quemada, José María |0 (DE-588)171680227 |4 edt | |
830 | 0 | |a Routledge studies in ecological economics |v 16 |w (DE-604)BV035140303 |9 16 | |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024651151&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024651151 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804148714316496896 |
---|---|
adam_text | Titel: Energy security for the EU in the 21st century
Autor: Marín Quemada, José María
Jahr: 2012
Contents
List of boxes xii
L ist of figures x i i i
Lists of maps xiv
List of tables xv
List of contributors xviii
List of abbreviations xx
Introduction 1
JOSE MARIA MARIN-QUEMADA, JAVIER G ARC I A-VERDUGO
AND GONZALO ESCRIBANO
PART I
Energy, geopolitics and energy security: qualitative and
quantitative analysis 5
1 Global energy needs and resources: geographical
imbalances and energy security 7
JAVIER GARCIA-VERDUGO AND LAURA RODRIGUEZ
/./ World energy demand 8
1.2 World energy production and reserves 13
1.3 World energy flows 17
2 Energy security, energy corridors and the geopolitical
context: a conceptual approach 26
GONZALO ESCRIBANO AND JAVIER GARCIA-VERDUGO
2.1 Energy security: in search of an operational concept 26
2.2 Physical, price and environmental components of energy
security 27
viii Contents
2.3 Objective determinants and country perception of energy
security 29
2.4 Energy corridors 32
2.5 Energy security as a public good 33
3 Energy dependence, vulnerability and the geopolitical
context: a quantitative approach to energy security 37
JAVIER GARCIA-VERDUGO AND BEATRIZ MUNOZ
3.1 Simple indicators 37
3.2 Composite indicators 50
4 Competition and complementarity in the international
energy markets: the EU s Energy Affinity Index 54
JOSE MARIA MARIN-QUEMADA, CARLOS VELASCO AND
BEATRIZ MUNOZ
4.1 The Energy Affinity Index 54
4.2 Practical uses and limitations of the Energy Affinity Index 56
4.3 Affinity and rivalry in the EU s energy relations 57
Appendix 63
5 Global policy scenarios and economic scenarios as tools for
energy policy 67
JAVIER GARCIA-VERDUGO
5.1 Definition of scenario and methodology of scenario
analysis 68
5.2 Global policy scenarios 71
5.3 Economic scenarios 78
6 Long-term energy policy scenarios for the world and the
EU: a comparative analysis 86
ENRIQUE SAN-MARTIN
6.1 Shell energy scenarios to 2050 86
6.2 Alternative scenarios oftheIEA(WEO 2010) 89
6.3 Scenarios of the World Energy Council 91
6.4 The new energy policy of the EU 94
6.5 Scenarios of the Clingendael International Energy
Programme (ClEP, 2007) 95
6.6 Scenario comparison 98
Contents ix
PART II
Socioeconomic energy risk: concept and estimation 109
7 Risk theory applied to energy security: a typology of energy risks 111
JAVIER GARCIA-VERDUGO AND ENRIQUE SAN-MARTIN
7.1 Risk theory and analysis 111
7.2 Energy supply risk 120
7.3 Estimating energy risk factors 128
7.4 Variables for the estimation of socioeconomic energy risk
factors 132
8 Quantifying geopolitical energy risks: the Socioeconomic
Energy Risk Index 144
JAVIER GARCIA-VERDUGO, ENRIQUE SAN-MARTIN AND
BEATRIZ MUNOZ
8.1 The basics of factor analysis 144
8.2 The use of factor analysis to estimate socioeconomic energy risk 146
8.3 Quality, summary and interpretation of results 148
8.4 Socioeconomic energy risk in the EU-27 152
Appendix A 156
Appendix B 162
Appendix C 166
9 Using the Socioeconomic Energy Risk Index: aggregation by
corridors, energy models and scenario building 170
ENRIQUE SAN-MARTJN AND JAVIER GARCIA-VERDUGO
9.1 SERI aggregation by corridors 171
9.2 A case study of socioeconomic risk aggregation in energy
corridors: the Spanish case 175
9.3 Uses of socioeconomic energy risk estimates in energy
modelling and scenario building 181
Appendix A 186
Appendix B 188
193
PART III
Energy security and energy policy convergence in the EU
10 Energy security of supply and EU energy policy 195
JOSE MARJA MARIN-QUEMADA, CARLOS VELASCO
AND BEATRIZ MUNOZ
10.1 First steps of the EU s energy policy 196
x Contents
10.2 From the 2000 to the 2006 Green Paper and the 20-20-20
goal 197
10.3 The Strategic Energy Review (2007) 201
10.4 Defining goals and strategies for 2020 204
Appendix 209
11 The Europeanization of EU member states energy security
policies: convergence patterns 210
GONZALO ESCRIBANO, RAMON MAHJA AND RAFAEL DE ARCE
11.1 The Europeanization approach to energy security 212
11.2 Measuring convergence in the EU s energy security drivers 213
11.3 Concluding remarks 227
12 Guidelines for a European energy security policy 232
JOSE MARIA MAR1N-QUEMADA AND BEATRIZ MUNOZ
12.1 National sovereignty vs acting with one voice : effects on
energy security 233
12.2 The EU s soft power and energy security 237
12.3 Lines of action and guidelines for an EU energy security
policy 243
PART IV
New strategies for the EU s energy security policy 249
13 Socioeconomic energy risk and energy affinity: defining
strategies for the EU 251
JOSE MARIA MARlN-QUEMADA AND BEATRIZ MUNOZ
13.1 Energy affinity and socioeconomic energy risk: a new method
for analysing the EU s energy security 251
13.2 Analysis of the EU s geopolitical interests: introducing a new
tool for energy policy 253
13.3 Final remarks 268
Appendix 270
14 A new strategy: the Europeanization of energy corridors to
the EU 276
GONZALO ESCRIBANO
14.1 The strategy of Europeanizing energy corridors and the EU s
initiatives 276
Contents xi
14.2 Energy security preferences under uncertainty and the
corridor s strategy 289
Appendix 293
15 Renewable energy corridors and European energy security 297
JOSE MARIA MARIN-QUEMADA AND GONZALO ESCRIBANO
15.1 Renewables and energy security 298
15.2 Cross-border RES flows and energy security 303
15.3 European renewable energy corridors: the case of the
Mediterranean Solar Plan 305
References 312
Index 323
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author2 | Marín Quemada, José María |
author2_role | edt |
author2_variant | q j m m qjm qjmm |
author_GND | (DE-588)171680227 |
author_facet | Marín Quemada, José María |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV039790483 |
callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
callnumber-label | HD9502 |
callnumber-raw | HD9502.E852 |
callnumber-search | HD9502.E852 |
callnumber-sort | HD 49502 E852 |
callnumber-subject | HD - Industries, Land Use, Labor |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)775077206 (DE-599)BVBBV039790483 |
dewey-full | 333.79094 |
dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
dewey-ones | 333 - Economics of land and energy |
dewey-raw | 333.79094 |
dewey-search | 333.79094 |
dewey-sort | 3333.79094 |
dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
edition | 1. publ. |
format | Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02607nam a2200601zcb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV039790483</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20150714 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">120109s2012 xxuabd| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2011023184</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780415676762</subfield><subfield code="c">hb : alk. paper</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-415-67676-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781138802995</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-138-80299-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780203153291</subfield><subfield code="c">eb : alk. paper</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-203-15329-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)775077206</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV039790483</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">HD9502.E852</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">333.79094</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Energy security for the EU in the 21st century</subfield><subfield code="b">markets, geopolitics and corridors</subfield><subfield code="c">ed. by José María Marín-Quemada ...</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Routledge</subfield><subfield code="c">2012</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXII, 336 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Routledge studies in ecological economics</subfield><subfield code="v">16</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="610" ind1="2" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Europäische Union</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)5098525-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Energy security</subfield><subfield code="z">European Union countries</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Energy policy</subfield><subfield code="z">European Union countries</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Energy consumption</subfield><subfield code="z">European Union countries</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Energy industries</subfield><subfield code="z">European Union countries</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geopolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4156741-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Energieversorgung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4014736-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Versorgungssicherheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)7839944-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Energiepolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4014715-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Energieweltwirtschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4195018-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Europäische Union</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)5098525-5</subfield><subfield code="D">b</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Energieversorgung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4014736-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Versorgungssicherheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)7839944-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Energiepolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4014715-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Energieweltwirtschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4195018-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Geopolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4156741-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Marín Quemada, José María</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)171680227</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Routledge studies in ecological economics</subfield><subfield code="v">16</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV035140303</subfield><subfield code="9">16</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024651151&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024651151</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
geographic | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
geographic_facet | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
id | DE-604.BV039790483 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:11:31Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780415676762 9781138802995 9780203153291 |
language | English |
lccn | 2011023184 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024651151 |
oclc_num | 775077206 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
physical | XXII, 336 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
publishDate | 2012 |
publishDateSearch | 2012 |
publishDateSort | 2012 |
publisher | Routledge |
record_format | marc |
series | Routledge studies in ecological economics |
series2 | Routledge studies in ecological economics |
spelling | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century markets, geopolitics and corridors ed. by José María Marín-Quemada ... 1. publ. London [u.a.] Routledge 2012 XXII, 336 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in ecological economics 16 Includes bibliographical references and index Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Energy security European Union countries Energy policy European Union countries Energy consumption European Union countries Energy industries European Union countries Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd rswk-swf Versorgungssicherheit (DE-588)7839944-0 gnd rswk-swf Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd rswk-swf Energieweltwirtschaft (DE-588)4195018-5 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 s Versorgungssicherheit (DE-588)7839944-0 s Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 s Energieweltwirtschaft (DE-588)4195018-5 s Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s DE-604 Marín Quemada, José María (DE-588)171680227 edt Routledge studies in ecological economics 16 (DE-604)BV035140303 16 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024651151&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century markets, geopolitics and corridors Routledge studies in ecological economics Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Energy security European Union countries Energy policy European Union countries Energy consumption European Union countries Energy industries European Union countries Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd Versorgungssicherheit (DE-588)7839944-0 gnd Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd Energieweltwirtschaft (DE-588)4195018-5 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4014736-8 (DE-588)7839944-0 (DE-588)4014715-0 (DE-588)4195018-5 |
title | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century markets, geopolitics and corridors |
title_auth | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century markets, geopolitics and corridors |
title_exact_search | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century markets, geopolitics and corridors |
title_full | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century markets, geopolitics and corridors ed. by José María Marín-Quemada ... |
title_fullStr | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century markets, geopolitics and corridors ed. by José María Marín-Quemada ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century markets, geopolitics and corridors ed. by José María Marín-Quemada ... |
title_short | Energy security for the EU in the 21st century |
title_sort | energy security for the eu in the 21st century markets geopolitics and corridors |
title_sub | markets, geopolitics and corridors |
topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Energy security European Union countries Energy policy European Union countries Energy consumption European Union countries Energy industries European Union countries Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd Versorgungssicherheit (DE-588)7839944-0 gnd Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd Energieweltwirtschaft (DE-588)4195018-5 gnd |
topic_facet | Europäische Union Energy security European Union countries Energy policy European Union countries Energy consumption European Union countries Energy industries European Union countries Geopolitik Energieversorgung Versorgungssicherheit Energiepolitik Energieweltwirtschaft Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024651151&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV035140303 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT marinquemadajosemaria energysecurityfortheeuinthe21stcenturymarketsgeopoliticsandcorridors |