Płock wczesnośredniowieczny:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Wydawn. Trio
2011
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Series: | Origines Polonorum
4 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 443 s. il. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788374362498 |
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MARC
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1806595406254047232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Spis treści
O autorach
9
Przedmowa (Andrzej Gołembnik)
13
Rozdział I. Stan badań nad aglomeracją płocką w okresie od
XI
w. do czasu powstania miasta
samorządowego (Andrzej Gołembnik, Maciej Trzeciecki)
27
Rozdział
II.
Budowa geologiczna rejonu skarpy płockiej, jej geomorfologia i topografia (Lech Wysokiński,
Andrzej Gołembnik)
39
1.
Położenie geograficzne i geologia
39
2.
Geomorfologia i topografia historyczna Płocka
43
Rozdział III. Początki Płocka (Maciej Trzeciecki)
55
1.
Źródła, stan badań i dotychczasowe interpretacje
55
2.
Początki Płocka
58
2.1.
Epizod pradziejowy
58
2.2.
Kwestia „uroczyska pogańskiego"
63
2.3.
Chronologia początków osadnictwa i problemy z datowaniem ceramiki
70
3.
Struktury osadnicze na Mazowszu płockim w okresie formowania się państwa polskiego
88
3.1.
Osadnictwo okresu „plemiennego"
88
3.2.
Kwestia najstarszej fazy budownictwa grodowego na Mazowszu
91
3.3.
Przemiany struktur osadniczych w
Х
-XI
w. i miejsce w nich Płocka
94
Rozdział
IV.
Gród na Wzgórzu Tumskim (Maciej Trzeciecki)
101
1.
Uwagi wstępne
101
2.
Wały
102
2.1.
Stan badań i dotychczasowe interpretacje
102
2.2.
Kwestia „gródka"
106
2.3.
Możliwości rekonstrukcji przebiegu i chronologii kolejnych faz budowy wałów
110
3.
Zabudowa wnętrza grodu
117
4.
Możliwości datowania budowli kamiennych
125
4.1.
Katedra
125
4.2.
Relikty „na dziedzińcu opactwa"
128
4.3.
Relikty w wykopie „z rotundą na podgrodziu"
132
4.4.
Relikty budowli pod Wieżą Zegarową
134
5.
Zmiany organizacji przestrzeni grodu płockiego w okresie między
XI
a
XIV
w.
-
próba podsumowania
137
Rozdział
V.
Relikty architektury wczesnośredniowiecznej
-
formy i datowanie
(Aneta
Bukowska)
149
1.
Wstęp
149
2.
Katedra
151
2.1.
Dotychczasowy obraz badań
151
2.2.
Lokalizacja katedr romańskich a realizacja włoskich budowniczych w
XVI
w.
154
2.3.
Średniowieczny program katedry renesansowej
158
2.4.
Katedra Aleksanda z Malonne
159
3.
Relikty na dziedzińcu dawnego opactwa (tzw. „palatium Chrobrego")
161
3.1.
Stan badań
161
3.2.
Dokumentacja polowa
-
analiza i wnioski
162
3.3.
Uwagi o metodzie badawczej Włodzimierza Szafrańskiego
168
3.4.
Badania weryfikacyjne w roku
2006 171
3.4.1.
Analiza substancji materialnej i rozwarstwienie murów
171
3.4.2.
Formy kolejnych założeń
184
3.4.3.
Datowanie na podstawie substancji materialnej
187
4.
Relikty przed zachodnią fasadą katedry (tzw. „rotunda Brunona z
Querfurtu",
„rotunda na podgrodziu"
lub „rotunda Dobiechny")
190
4.1.
Stan badań
190
4.2.
Analiza dokumentacji
191
4.3.
Interpretacja i datowanie
200
5.
Założenie pod Wieżą Zegarową (tzw. „palatium Władysława Hermana")
202
6.
W sprawie datowania zespołu i domniemanego „mazowieckiego" warsztatu budowlanego z około
połowy
XII
w.
204
Plock
wczesnośredniowieczny
7.
Chronologia, interpretacja i kontekst źródłowy
207
Rozdział
VI.
Rozwój osadnictwa otwartego i pierwsza lokacja miasta (Andrzej Gołembnik)
217
1.
Przestrzeń osadnicza
217
2.
Stan badań
219
3.
Krótko o dawnych wykopaliskach i wynikach najnowszych badań archeologicznych
222
3.1.
Badania w północnej pierzei placu Narutowicza
222
3.2.
Badania południowej części placu Narutowicza
230
3.3.
Badania rejonu południowego wylotu ulicy Tumskiej
237
3.4.
Nadzory na terenie placu Narutowicza
238
3.5.
Badania peryferii
241
3.5.1.
Rejon północno-zachodni
241
3.5.2.
Rejon północno-wschodni
244
3.5.3.
Rejon podnóża skarpy
246
4.
Rozwój osadnictwa otwartego
247
4.1.
Najstarsze osadnictwo wczesnośredniowiecznego Płocka
247
4.2.
Okres adaptacyjny
-
próba rekonstrukcji
248
4.3.
Osada przy grodowa
-
horyzont I
253
4.4.
Podgrodzie
-
horyzont
II
256
4.5.
Lokacja
1237
roku
267
Rozdział
VII.
Architektura sakralna Płocka w
XIII
w.
-
kolegiata św. Michała i kościół św. Dominika
(Marcin Szyma)
279
1.
Kolegiata św. Michała
279
2.
Kościół i klasztor Dominikanów
298
Rozdział
VIII.
Płock średniowieczny
-
kontynuacja czy nowa jakość? (Zbigniew Polak)
311
1.
Wprowadzenie
311
2.
Lokacja Płocka na prawie chełmińskim
313
3.
Teren lokacji
314
4.
Lokacja przestrzenna
315
5.
Kościoły i szpitale
321
6.
Rynek i zabudowa śródrynkowa
326
7.
Działka mieszczańska
330
8.
Proces podziałów i różnicowania wielkości działek
333
9.
Drewniana zabudowa mieszkalna i gospodarcza
335
10.
Kamienice
343
11.
Obiekty produkcyjne i usługowe
348
12.
Urządzenia sanitarne
350
13.
Ulice
353
14.
Przedmieścia
355
15.
Własność niemiejska w mieście
357
16.
Rynek Kanoniczny
358
17.
Liczba i wielkość miejskich nieruchomości a liczba mieszkańców
359
18.
Fortyfikacje miejskie
360
19.
Zamek
368
20.
Lokacja Płocka na prawie chełmińskim
-
uwagi końcowe
375
Rozdział
IX.
Słowo o archeologii miast i perspektywach badawczych Płocka (Andrzej Gołembnik)
379
Bibliografia
392
Summary
410
Indeks osób
420
Indeks nazw geograficznych i etnicznych
426
Spis ilustracji i rycin
430
PŁOCK
The origin and spatial development of the early medieval
Płock
Summary
The question of determining the certificate of
Płock
as an early medieval settlement centre, one of the main
strongholds of Mazovia and, in the llth-12th centuries,
one of the capitals of the
Piast
monarchy, has been the
subject of interest of historians and archaeologists from
many years. The analysis of historical sources, which
are particularly rare for the earliest periods, did not
give the grounds for convincing settling the most es¬
sential controversial issues. The results of many-years'
large-scale archaeological research, in turn, summed
up in a monograph published in
1983,
did not contri¬
bute to a reliable reconstruction of the earliest past of
Płock,
on account of too large freedom in interpreting
the registered facts. Undertaking new, extensive ar¬
chaeological research both in the area of
Płock
and
Płock
Mazovia and at the same time, the currently oc¬
curring re-interpretation of the findings concerning the
process of forming the early-Piast monarchy, pre¬
viously binding in science, create favourable conditions
for resuming disputable issues in the history of Ma¬
zovia and
Płock
in the early Middle Ages.
This time, an attempt to settle the beginnings of set¬
tlement and development of the town was made by
archaeologists and art historians, experts in architec¬
ture. All the archaeological and architectonic sources
available, supported with the previously published fin¬
dings of historians, have been presented and discus¬
sed. Emphasis was also placed on verification of the
previous findings. All the former theories were sub¬
ject to a detailed analysis. As a result of this work, a pu¬
blication appeared, being a new look at the problem
of the origin and spatial development of the early me¬
dieval
Płock.
The historical part of
Płock
is located on the right
bank of the Vistula river, between
630
and
635
km of
its reaches, within a morphological unit called the
Płock
High Plain. The
Płock
Scarp with a height of about
40
m
constitutes the edge of this unit. The valley of the
Vistula river, roughly
5
km wide, stretches out below.
The area of the high plain is formed by deposits of the
Quaternary period accumulated during the stay of ice
sheets in this land from
800
thousand to
10
thousand
years ago. A dominating element in the topography
of the
Płock
scarp was Tumskie Hill, a promontory pro¬
truding from the scarp line, situated near the river
crossing. Thanks to its favourable location and natu¬
ral defensive conditions, people appeared here as ear¬
ly as in the prehistoric times. They came between the
third period of the Bronze Age and the older pre-Ro-
man period of the Iron Age. A settlement appeared on
Tumskie Hill, which can be connected with the north-
-Mazovian group of the
Lusatian
culture. Its range is
difficult to determine, as the majority of features and
settlement layers were destroyed during later levellings
of the area of the Hill. The features which found them¬
selves under the basis of the stronghold wall remained
untouched. Their location and the range of occurrence
of the
"Lusatian"
ceramics on the secondary deposit
indicate that the settlement comprised the west part
of the Hill. Diversity in forms and functions of the few
features, finds of casting moulds and metal objects
show that the settlement had a constant character. Al¬
so it should be stressed that it is one of the few settle¬
ment sites of the north-Mazovian group, previously
known mainly from cemeteries, identified during the
excavation,.
Knowledge about the beginnings of the early Mid¬
dle Age in Mazovia, and especially about the appearan¬
ce of traces of settlement related to the Slavs, has so¬
lid grounds. It is only worth noting that in the vicini¬
ty of
Płock
there is one of the most interesting and best
identified sites connected with the early-Slavic culture
-
a settlement complex at Szeligi. In archaeological
sources an image of two small groups of people ap¬
pears quite distinctly, which settled the area of valleys
of small tributaries of the Vistula river in the period
from the 8th to 9th centuries and seasonally penetrated
the area of its valley. These groups were not large.
A distinctive feature of this period (actually, not only
in Mazovia) was the lack of fortified settlements. Sze¬
ligi, which are referred to here, makes rather an excep¬
tion proving the rule and it is difficult to treat it as the
first link in a chain of stronghold building development
in Mazovia. Also it seems certain that the area where
later the stronghold in
Płock
was built did not arouse
interest of inhabitants of the oldest settlements of this
part of Mazovia. This situation changes only in the 10th
century. A change in settlement structures is clear in
archaeological sources, which was manifested in
a gradual shifting the centre of gravity of settlement
to the areas around newly established stronghold cen¬
tres. The questions of dating the oldest strongholds of
Mazovia, their functions and the reasons for erecting
have been under lively discussion recently.
Another change in the settlement geography of Ma¬
zovia was initiated after its entering the sphere of in¬
fluence of the
Gniezno
state. Then the construction of
a new network of strongholds began, already connect¬
ed with the central government structures. We know
it in the "ready" form from the
Mogilno
document,
hence its building must have ended before
-
contrac¬
tually
-1064.
There are no source records which would
elucidate the period of interest in the history of lands
on the middle Vistula and it seems that all the possi¬
bilities for analysis of the documents we possess have
already been exhausted. What is left is to look for the
answers in archaeological sources.
At the earliest after the middle of the 10th century,
and at the latest before the middle of the 11th centu¬
ry, new strongholds appear in the right-bank Mazo¬
via. Their distinctive feature is a location different from
Summary
411
the previous traditions. Strongholds in
Dobrzyń, Płock,
Wyszogród, Zakroczym
and Serock are situated at the
edge of the plateau, on promontories separated from
its edge, with natural defensive qualities. They are lo¬
cated in places with a very good visibility, providing
the control of large sections of the Vistula river basin
or, as in Serock
-
at the meeting point of the Bug and
Narew
rivers. In the case of
Płock
we are certain, in
the case of the other strongholds we only have premi¬
ses, that the previously existing settlement structures
were not taken into account when choosing places of
their location. It seems that only defensive qualities and
a possibility of controlling the Vistula valley were of
the utmost importance. We do not know in what pe¬
riod these strongholds were erected, since
Płock
is the
only settlement examined satisfactorily. We do not
know how the process under discussion formed at the
base of the
Płock
centre, inside the plateau.
At this point, the basic facts should be reminded
briefly concerning the oldest history of Mazovia recor¬
ded in the sources. Indirect data concerning the poli¬
tical affiliation of the duchy at the end of the 10th cent¬
ury is provided by the document Dagome index and
a report of Ibrahim ibn
Jakub.
From both sources it fol¬
lows unequivocally that the state of Mieszko borde¬
red directly on
Rus'
and the seats of Prussian tribes,
so it is assumed that at the moment of editing the above
documents Mazovia was a part of the
Piast
state. The
tribal name "Mazovians" appears for the first time in
Powieść doroczna
reporting the Mazovian expeditions
of Yaroslav in
1041
and
1047.
The name Masovia is men¬
tioned only in the
Mogilno
falsification, also
Płock
is
mentioned for the first time here. The Gall chronicle
confirms the central character of the stronghold in
Płock
for Mazovia at the end of the 11th century.
The question of a degree of dependence and rela¬
tions of Mazovia with the state of Mieszko still rema¬
ins debatable. Recently, as a result of intensification of
research over the settlement geography of
Płock
Ma¬
zovia, and especially obtaining dendrochronological
dates for several strongholds, determining the time of
their construction to the first half or even the beginn¬
ing of the 10th century new suggestions of interpreta¬
tion turned out. Building strongholds in the centres of
settlement concentrations, forming as early as in the
older stage of the early Middle Ages, is supposed to
prove forming the foundations of the political organi¬
zation. This creation, as I mentioned before, was sup¬
posed to become dependent on the
Gniezno
state in
the second half of the 10th century, yet until the first
half of the 11th century it would be a rather loose re¬
lation, based most probably on tribute command. It
should be added at that point that at the current state
of knowledge it is difficult to settle a degree of politi¬
cal dependence of the given territory only on the ba¬
sis of archaeological sources. Owing to this, the con¬
clusions presented here can be loaded with the risk of
error.
This situation changes in the 11th century. The vici¬
nity of
Płock
became settled and a dense settlement
network appears within the plateau. This fact indica¬
tes an essential change in the settlement geography of
Mazovia, taking place most probably at the turn of the
10th and 11th centuries. A new settlement centre in the
stronghold in
Płock,
located in the area unsettled be¬
fore, quickly dominates older centres, reaching back
to the beginnings of the early Middle Ages. Data in
support of this thesis was provided by the results of
research conducted recently in
Płock.
The verification of the former findings proves that
a concept of the tribal capital of Mazovia, with the
centre of pagan worship on Tumskie Hill, was wrong.
The analysis of stratigraphy and historical material de¬
riving from the oldest settlement layers on Tumskie
Hill allows dating the beginnings of the early medie¬
val settlement at the earliest to the end of the 10th cent¬
ury and associating them directly with the building of
a new stronghold.
In comparison with strongholds erected at the beg¬
inning of the 10th century,
Płock
decidedly stands out
in its size. The inside of the stronghold was occupied
by residential buildings and outbuildings, and a church
was built in its central part. It seems to be certain that
carrying out of so large investment required investing
resources which only a formed state organism had at
its disposal at the time. A decision to build a church
also indicates the importance of the new stronghold,
perhaps already founded as the main centre of the
whole region. On the basis of date stamps available
to us, we are not able to determine precisely the mo¬
ment of building the stronghold, yet the fact of existing
the church as early as in the first oldest stage of the
stronghold indicates that it happened not earlier than
at the end of the 10th century.
The "state" origin of the stronghold in
Płock
seems
not to arouse doubts. Erection of the stronghold ge¬
nerated a completely new centre focussing settlement,
and initiated next transformations, but of a long-term
character, connected with a gradual forming of state
administrative structure, already uniform throughout
Płock
Mazovia. Creating a new main centre was one
of the elements of this process and ultimately deter¬
mined the further history of this duchy. It seems, how¬
ever, that
Płock
won the competition with oldest cen¬
tres not so much thanks to the military power of the
stronghold garrison as thanks to its location in the cru¬
cial point of a trade route, which had to bring the eco¬
nomic prosperity of the centre.
The history of
Sandomierz
constitutes a good ana¬
logy of the processes taking place in
Płock
Mazovia.
Also there forming a "state" stronghold at the end of
the 10th century was preceded by the elimination of the
previous settlement centres, and the results of analy¬
sis of ceramic materials and anthropological data in¬
dicate the physical presence of strangers from Great
Poland. It is worth noticing that the unpublished re¬
sults of research over the population buried in the
ce-
414
Plock wczesnosredniowieczny
character of layers. In place of functional layers satu¬
rated with organic remains, confirming settlement ac¬
tivity, deposits of strongly sandy humus appear, se¬
parated by sandy or loamy levelling layers. This indi¬
cates a considerable thinning of buildings and
reduction in the economic utilization of the stronghold
inside. It seems that these changes began as early as
at the end of the 11th century together with the recon¬
struction of the stronghold walls and the first traces
of work which can be related to the erection of the old¬
est stone buildings. This could result also in traces of
reorganization of suburbium buildings referred to the
beginning of the 12th century and a registered growth
in the housing intensity in this part of the
Płock
set¬
tlement complex. Most probably, as early as before the
middle of the 12th century the inside of the stronghold
gained a new appearance, whose basic element was
several stone buildings accompanied by clusters of
wooden houses, which seems to be connected with
new, mostly residential, functions of the stronghold.
Together with the duke's court, the court splendour
appeared in
Płock.
The first visible horizon of stone
buildings should be referred to this period. The cathe¬
dral can be recognized as one of them in the first place,
whose existence is confirmed by the Chronica by
Gal¬
lus Anonymus.
Its existence can be connected with re¬
lics of foundation of an apse uncovered in the area of
the chancel of today's cathedral. Historians assumed
that the first chancel of the
Płock
cathedral was esta¬
blished by the Benedictines, while the church of
St Lau¬
rentius
functioned as a pro-cathedral. The seculariza¬
tion of the chapter was most probably made by Ladi-
slas Herman already after assuming the supreme
power over the state, and he also was the initiator of
the construction of the cathedral church dedicated to
the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Terminus
ante
quem
for foundation of the cathedral was deter¬
mined by the date of dubbing Boleslaus the Wry-
-mouthed a knight in
1099.
Ladislas Herman was al¬
so buried in the cathedral. The "Herman's" cathedral
was situated in place of today's church, yet we do not
know any material traces. We only know that it was
destroyed in
1126/1127
during an invasion of Pome¬
ranians, who also profaned the duke's grave.
Another church foundation is visible in relics of the
oldest stage of a brick building erected opposite the
cathedral (today this is the courtyard of the later Be¬
nedictine abbey). The duke's residence can be located
in the immediate vicinity of this presumably small
church. This opinion seems to be by all means correct.
It should be stressed, however, that we do not have
any material traces of this residence so far. Enigmatic
relics of a sacred building preceding the erection of the
rotunda in front of the west facade of the cathedral can
also be associated with this period.
The second horizon of damage recorded by archae¬
ologists on Tumskie Hill is connected with the inva¬
sion of Pomeranians in
1126.
Working over the recon¬
struction of the stronghold buildings can be related to
successive transformations of the spatial layout of the
whole
Płock
settlement complex. Work at the construc¬
tion of the cathedral of Bishop Alexander of Malonne
is well visible in the archaeological sources. Evidence
was obtained indicating that it was directly preceded
by the demolition of an older cathedral. The scope of
this work was considerable enough, that it fully con¬
firms the words of
Wincenty Kadłubek
about the ma¬
gnificence of the new church, erected from the found¬
ations. Reconstruction of the church at the courtyard
of the abbey can be dated to the same period. Its form
cannot be reliably reconstructed, it seems, however,
that the building erected there was considerably lar¬
ger than the previous one. The construction of a ro¬
tunda in front of the west facade of the cathedral, al¬
so in place of an older, 11th century building, can be
also referred to the middle of the 12th century. The in¬
vestment in question were connected, directly or in¬
directly, with the activity of Bishop Alexander. Also
from this time, the
Płock
stronghold, after the "capi¬
tal" episode at the time of Ladislas Herman, becomes
mostly the bishop's residence.
Bishop Alexander of Malonne took a diocese reduc¬
ed to ruins after the invasion of Pomeranians. His pred¬
ecessor, Bishop
Stephan,
dead in an aura of sanctity,
was remembered as a man indifferent to worldly mat¬
ters and, consequently, not very well administrator.
Undoubtedly endowed with a strong personality, Ale¬
xander not only took up the work of the reconstruc¬
tion of the cathedral, but actively participated in ma¬
naging the province. According to the tradition writ¬
ten down by Master
Wincenty,
he organized defence
of Mazovia against next invasions of Pomeranians and
Prussians, he also led retaliatory expeditions against
pagans. He was the first Prince of the Church in our
history who realized the ideas of "state church" trans¬
ferred from the native Lotharingia. He treated the sub¬
ordinate diocese in the way feudal lords treated their
domains. He obeyed only the supreme duke's power.
A clear expression of bishop's spiritual power and se¬
cular authority is the
Płock
Door, with a figure of Ale¬
xander placed in its central part. The bishop's perso¬
nality had a huge effect on the
Płock
church environ¬
ment, and the idea of a bishop
-
comes, a servant and
the armed forces of the duke still lived on in the 13th
century
-
since not accidentally one of the most fierce
opponents of the reforming actions of
Henryk
Kietlicz
was the
Płock
bishop Gedko, having the full support
of the whole chapter.
Information of the historical sources allows attribu¬
ting the foundation of the
Płock
cathedral and the ab¬
bey in
Czerwińsk
to Alexander. Both buildings men¬
tioned are reduced replicas of the cathedral of St Lam¬
bert in
Liège
-
the home diocese of Alexander.
Undoubtedly the bishop was also the initiator of at le¬
ast one magnate's foundation
-
the collegiate church
of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the
Płock
suburbium,
also referred to as the church of
Wojsławowa.
An ana¬
lysis of building technique of relics of the early me-
Summary
415
dieval brick buildings uncovered on Tumskie Hill al¬
lows now extending this list.
It seems to be certain that at least three buildings
in the area of the stronghold were erected by the sa¬
me workshop. Its characteristic features were already
mentioned many times
-
foundation work of buildings
with a footing from erratic stones filled with mortar
with similar proportions of components, bricklaying
of above-ground walls in the opus emplectum bond with
facing with granite cut stones, finally using the speci¬
fic, flat brick to finish arcade archings, close window
openings and fill in gaps in the wall. We find these ele¬
ments in the cathedral, the so-called palatium under
the Clock Tower and in building material deriving
from the demolition layers of the "rotunda on the sub-
urbium". Identical technique of foundation work was
also found in the case of the so-called trikonchos at the
courtyard of the abbey. Obviously, the fact that these
buildings can be attributed to one workshop does not
prove that they were made to order of one founder.
While there is no doubt in the case of the cathedral,
on the question of the other buildings it is difficult to
settle explicitly. That is why the suggestions mentio¬
ned above should be treated as a working hypothe¬
sis.
Conjectures concerning the attribution of the build¬
ing under the Clock Tower to Ladislas Herman are not
confirmed by archaeological sources. At the same time,
a thesis was adapted that this building is what rema¬
ins of a residential tower. It should be associated with
the duke's residence and dated to the 12th, and per¬
haps even the 13th century. Thus possibly, in view of
the position of Alexander of Malorme, this building is
a remains of the bishop's residence, distinctly empha¬
sizing both church and secular character of his power
in the stronghold and diocese. It seems as well that the
very form of the tower and its location
-
at the edge
of a rise, right next to the walls, exactly opposite the
market settlement
-
could have a symbolic meaning,
stressing the role of bishop as a defender, and at the
same time superior of his diocesans.
The building referred to as "trikonchos", after re¬
jecting a hypothesis about its 11th century provenan¬
ce, is equated with the Benedictine church of St Adal¬
bert. This interpretation seems to be right, especially
in the light of remarks about the stylistic similarity of
the plan of the church and Benedictine settlements pat¬
terned on the abbey in Cluny. The person of the found¬
er of the abbey still remain unknown, although there
are premises pointing at Duke
Zbigniew.
Large-scale building investments after damage oc¬
curred in the first half of the 12th
с
were accompanied
by a gradual reduction in residential buildings and out¬
buildings from the area of the stronghold, whose in¬
side starts to remind of an open courtyard of a large
settlement with mostly residential and representation
function. A large wooden building dated to the 12th
century, whose cellar was uncovered in a trench in
front of the west facade of the cathedral, is worth not¬
icing. Both its size and location between two sacred
buildings indicate that this was probably not a com¬
mon outbuilding. Comparison of information from ear¬
lier research with findings made during an excavation
carried out in
1998
allows determination of several re¬
gularities. The basic type of a building was a four-si¬
ded, ground house with walls made of beams with log
construction, oriented according to the directions of the
world, with a rectangular cellar and a hearth in the
north part. Taking into account analogies from the area
of the settlement by the stronghold, it may be assu¬
med that the residential area of those buildings did not
exceed
25
m2, of which from
5
to
8
m2 was occupied
by a cellar.
Stratigraphie
relations between buildings
dated to the 11th century classified as horizon II allow
speculations that the housing of the stronghold insi¬
de was rather dense; this is also confirmed by the cha¬
racter of the above mentioned settlement layers. The
layout imposed at the initial stage survived without
bigger changes until the complete destruction of the
stronghold in
1126/1127.
There is no doubt as well that after damage from
before the mid 12th century the walls were rebuilt. We
can observe that their route, at least in the north part
of the Hill, was not changed, but we do not know much
about their appearance. Also it should be stressed that
in spite of half century of research we are not able to
localize even estimated places where in the 12th century
the duke's residence and the bishop curia were situ¬
ated, and it is hard to believe that the founder of a ma¬
gnificent cathedral did not see to building a residence
worthy of himself and his successors.
It seems that the bishop's curia should be searched
for in the north part of the Hill, although there are on¬
ly indirect and faint premises in favour of this. A di¬
vision of the castle into the royal and bishop's parts
is well visible in the 16th century sources. The division
runs along the east-west axis, determined by the main
gate of the castle. To the north of it are the cathedral,
the Benedictine monastery and houses of vicars. To the
south, in the part of the Hill situated on the Vistula,
are brick buildings founded by dukes, the starost's
house and outbuildings described in details by inspec¬
tors who, in turn, omit the north part of the castle in
their inventories. This division may have established
as early as about the middle of the 12th century and
large building investments became for Bishop Alexan¬
der an opportunity to make some corrections for his
benefit in the organization of the stronghold space.
When
Płock
became the capital of the duchy, the lo¬
cal rulers, perhaps out of necessity, accepted this di¬
vision and in return for maintaining the legal supre¬
macy over the whole stronghold, they left its north part
to the bishop. If we are to assume this hypothesis, re¬
lics of the duke's curia should be searched for in the
part of the Hill situated at the edge, on the Vistula.
The shape which the
Płock
stronghold gained thanks
to the activity of bishop Alexander did not change
much in the following century. At the end of the 12th
416
Plock
wczesnośredniowieczny
or the beginning of the 13th centuries the next thoro¬
ugh reconstruction of the church at the courtyard of
the abbey was made. It seems that the presence of Be¬
nedictine order by the church can be associated only
with this period. Faint traces of few wooden buildings
were found in the north part of the stronghold, which
are seemed to be erected in slightly different construc¬
tion techniques, using vertical posts stabilizing walls
or supporting rafter framing. After the mid 13th century
the stronghold was destroyed. It is very likely that the
next destruction horizon of stronghold walls and da¬
mage of at least some stone buildings can be associa¬
ted with a Lithuanian invasion from
1262,
destructi¬
ve for the whole Mazovia. The work at the stronghold
reconstruction most probably involved the complete
demolition of the rotunda in front of the west facade
of the cathedral. It is possible as well that construction
work at the cathedral was conducted after the mid 13th
century.
Only at that time the construction of a four-sided
tower inserted in the wall in the north part of the
stronghold is likely to have been started, perhaps with
the use of demolition material from the rotunda. The
construction of a tower, to which a mention about
a „new castle" from a document issued about
1300
may
most likely refer, started a process of forming a brick
fortified circle around the Hill. Before the middle of
the 14th century a brick encircling wall was construct¬
ed along the line of the former stronghold walls and
also a brick gate tower was erected in the vicinity of
the church of St Adalbert.
Finishing deliberations concerning the beginnings
of
Płock
stronghold, one may try to connect the regi¬
stered facts with known historical events. It seems that
the construction of the stronghold was started during
the reign of Boleslaus the Brave. For its creators, it was
to become the administrative centre of lands to the
north, and perhaps also to the east of the middle Vi¬
stula. The appearance of a sacred building there may
indicate plans of a missionary action involving both
the territory of Mazovia and directed towards Prus¬
sian lands and Yotvingia, remaining in a sphere of in¬
terest of the
Gniezno
state. Collapse of state organiza¬
tion in the 1030s resulted in stopping the construction,
which was than resumed by
Miecław.
This interpre¬
tation would explain the observed fact of differences
in the applied techniques of wall construction
-
for the
state remaining in permanent conflict, first with
Rus'
and then with
Casimir
the Restorer, investing a con¬
siderable number of people and resources in the con¬
struction of mighty walls having a complex structure
and requiring large quantities of building material
could be simply difficult to accomplish. Therefore, the
south part of the hiss was encircled with a simple ear¬
then bank.
One of the most important results of the crisis of the
first
Piast
state was restructuring of the administrative
system performed by
Casimir
the Restorer. Five pro¬
vinces were organized, managed by officials referred
to as
comités.
Administrators of castellan strongholds
were directly responsible to them. The network of these
strongholds, together with the economic base organiz¬
ed in the form of ancillary settlements, formed the
grounds for the system of managing, benefit collection
and defence of the state territory. The principal strong¬
holds of the province, referred to by
Gallus
as
sedes
re¬
gni
principales,
also functioned as the main centres of
the central authority. This organization was supposed
to serve full and thorough satisfying all the needs of
central government administration, its armed forces
and the ruler and his circle. At the same time, orga¬
nizing a dense network of strongholds made favou¬
rable conditions for making markets in their neighbo¬
urhood
-
regular points of exchange allowing the elite
to get prestigious articles from long-distance trade, the
administration of particular districts to redistribute sur¬
pluses of goods deriving from benefits and finally, lo¬
cal people to buy products by local exchange. Cycli¬
cally held markets were also the place of issuing and
enforcing law; they also constituted the base of evang¬
elizing activity, whose remains are numerous churches
referred to as
ecclesiae forensis.
A trade place in
Płock
was marked out in the area
of suburbian outskirts. The relation between the strong¬
hold and the accompanying suburbium is slightly dif¬
ferent from the early
Piast
model consisting of two for¬
tified elements. Topographic reasons had the greatest
effect on the possibility of making structural connec¬
tions between functionally separate settlement ele¬
ments of the early medieval
Płock.
The analysis of the
topography of the scarp and the line of its route shows
that in
Płock,
a growth and uniting of settlement had
its natural impediments. The area selected to build
a new stronghold was by all means favourable, but al¬
so the same qualities of the lie of the land reduced
a possibility of connecting the two centres in a cohe¬
sive organism. According to the findings, a stronghold
was built on the promontory of the scarp, for which
the space of isolated, open outskirts was the settlement
base. The best possible space in the closest vicinity of
the stronghold, yet not very friendly and too complex
topographically to assume that creators of the idea of
the stronghold location thought about its quick urba¬
nization. This process resulted in the final forming of
the settlement complex in
Płock,
composed of the
stronghold accompanied by a market settlement occu¬
pying a fragment at the edge of the plateau separated
by two deep ravines.
The grounds for the suggested reconstruction of the
settlement layout are the results of the excavation re¬
search and supervisions in the area of
Narutowicz
square proving the existence of an unbuilt area in its
south and central part, where functional layers accu¬
mulated, strongly humified and rich in relics. An ana¬
lysis of distribution of settlement buildings also pro¬
vides premises for reconstruction the route of the main
communications routes meeting at the marketplace.
Undoubtedly, the most important of them was a road
Summary
417
connecting
Płock
with
Wyszogród
and
Dobrzyń.
At the
outlet of the ravine, in the area of today's district Ry-
baki, was a harbour of crossing the Vistula. At the la¬
test at the end of the 11th century, a church appeared
in the area of the market settlement. It is confirmed
by numerous discoveries of skeletal graves, unfortu¬
nately made only during supervisions. Due to a ran¬
dom character of identification of the cemetery, it is
impossible to determine precisely its chronology and
range, yet it seems certain that the first graves can be
synchronized with the oldest horizon of the settlement
development, ending with its destruction in
1126/1127.
Both the location and dedication of the church rema¬
in unknown.
The fact of detached buildings, taking up the area
considerably exceeding
15
m2, with a complex ground
structure (undoubted division into rooms) and equip¬
ped with small cellars, occurring at the oldest stage of
open settlement, is worth noticing. Dimensions and ad¬
vanced construction of the buildings are rare in the area
of the early medieval Mazovia. Thus it can be suppos¬
ed that a group of carpenters appeared in
Płock
among
the stronghold builders who, erecting the stronghold
buildings, including vast buildings with wooden cel¬
lars, created the prototype of newer, wooden chat with
cellars uncovered by archaeologists in the settlement
near the stronghold.
Summing up, the time of horizon I was connected
with the construction of the stronghold, organizing its
basis, forming infrastructure and stabilization of road
network. This complex task was made with knowledge
of many fields of construction engineering. As a result
of these activities a huge stronghold was erected in
Płock,
equipped with the base, ready to take in new
settlers. However, this probably carefully planned
work lacked an important element. It turned up that
the stronghold did not have a suitably extensive area
for quickly growing settlement. The space prepared,
large enough up to the standards of the organizers of
the centre from the turn of the
10*
and
11*
centuries,
appeared too small in the face of events that soon rais¬
ed the position of
Płock
and placed it among the ma¬
jor stronghold centres in the country.
Considerable transformations of settlement in the
suburbium also took place in the middle of the 12th
century. The scale of damage made in the first half of
the 12th century must have been as large that it involv¬
ed a complete change in the character and layout of
the buildings. A new marketplace was most probably
placed slightly more on the north west
-
south east
axis, a new route leading to
Wyszogród
and
Dobrzyń
was formed similarly, which was both visible in distri¬
bution of buildings and noticeable directly in the form
of traces of wagon ruts on the roof of the functional
layer. First of all, however, the area of suburbium was
surrounded with a wooden-earthen wall, and ravines,
previously making only a barrier in development of
settlement, became to function as a natural moat. In
this way, in the middle of the 12th century the
Płock
settlement complex composed of a stronghold and sub¬
urbium gained the structural unity.
This subsequent period of the suburbium develop¬
ment is the time of the utmost importance in the hi¬
story of
Płock,
captured in the archaeological horizon
which is nearly
100
years old. The position of the
stronghold as the centre of the main authority, kept
after the damage, consolidated by the presence of the
bishop's residence, was an impulse to carry out fur¬
ther transformations. One of the reasons for their dy¬
namics might be a competition that began between two
mighty powers present in the stronghold
-
the church
and secular authority. Observing the activities of the
latter, it should be acknowledged that it became to take
the initiative at the time. Decisions of Bishop Alexan¬
der of Mallone, one of more enlightened figures in the
history of
Płock,
are likely to have contributed to a large
part of these successes.
Too little space of the archaeological discoveries,
their random character and in consequence, the inco¬
herence of the results, do not give chances to present
binding conclusions concerning the detailed rules of
spatial layout of buildings of the whole suburbium. The
road network and location of the marketplace, al¬
though not confirmed by indisputable data, seem not
to arouse much controversy. It is much more difficult,
however, to take a stance on more detailed divisions.
Incomplete dimensions of buildings, fragments of enc¬
losures uncovered during the excavation, do not give
the grounds for reconstruction of the range of indivi¬
dual properties. They included a residential building
with a cellar and an outbuilding or a detached sunk¬
en floored structure. These buildings were situated on
plots of a similar area, considerably exceeding
1
are.
Terraced arrangement of the uncovered houses sug¬
gests the existence of a regular, internal communica¬
tion. Thus if we adopt the area presented above (re¬
sulting from distribution of residential buildings un¬
covered in the
Grodzka
street, that is in the north part
of the suburbium) as the basis for more detailed cal¬
culations and admit the presence of public space and
the separate church property, assessed at the half of
the total area of the suburbium, it should be stated that
in the area of the suburbium at the end of the 12lh
century could be more than
75
settlement plots.
Two churches with a cemetery sectioned off operat¬
ed in the area of the fortified suburbium. Unfortunat¬
ely, we do not know the location or dedication of these
churches. Nevertheless, at the end of the second pe¬
riod of suburbium development, altogether six chur¬
ches existed in
Płock
beyond the stronghold, which is
the direct evidence of the dynamics of settlement pro¬
cesses and the position which
Płock
gained in the se¬
cond half of the 12th century.
Most probably, the east part of the settlement, rea¬
ching the area of today's
Obrońców Warszawy
square, remained beyond the range of fortifications at
that time. The first noticeable traces of settlement
loc-
418
Plock
wczesnoáredniowieczny
ated
west of the
Teatralna
street ravine, in the area of
the collegiate church of St Michael, can also be dated
to the beginning of the 12th century. This settlement is
related to uncovering the cemetery, provisionally dat¬
ed to the 12th century. Thus it is possible that another
church can be located on the rise at the mouth of the
ravine, perhaps founded already in the middle of the
12th c. It should be added that as a result of the car¬
ried out analysis of the scarp topography and the sub-
urbium housing, a new hypothesis was put forward,
according to which a considerable part of the subur-
bium have not been preserved to this day. It should
be admitted that the deepening of moats, having their
outlet in the scarp line, resulted in the subsidence of
the large part of the scarp situated in the field of the
suburbium. A large part of its area could be destroy¬
ed, and the possible buildings of the scarp foot buried,
including also the suggested
Płock
port.
To conclude, the suburbium in its original range
occupied an area exceeding
3
ha. It included two small
cemeteries with churches, one of which was situated
at the road to
Czerwińsk
at the south-east frontiers of
the stronghold, whereas the other
-
more centrally,
perhaps at the road leading to the gate. In the centre
of the suburbium, there was a marketplace. Streets
from three sides may have met there, leading to the
exit gates. The space was divided into built up plots,
of which only the part were equipped in separate wells.
Also public wells were situated in the suburbium area,
perhaps making the remains of the irrigation system,
supporting out of concern for land stability. The to¬
pography of the roof of functional layers was levelled
in time and at the end of the second period of deve¬
lopment the settlement space did not show conside¬
rable differences in ground levels.
The turn of the 12th and 13th centuries closes perma¬
nently the gold period of the history of
Płock.
Also the
development of the suburbium slows down at that
time, mainly due to frequent invasions, which in spite
of the fortifications must have hindered people's ini¬
tiative. The crowded suburbium lost its developmen¬
tal momentum. Presumably, this was the reason for
an increase in settlement activity on the outskirts that
can be observed from the second half of the 12th
century. At first tentative, spot by spot, it took a form
of organized settlement in the middle of the 12th
century. If we added up today the area settled at the
beginning of the 13th century, along with the subur¬
bium, it would make an area of about
10
ha, excluding
the stronghold. This is not much for a growing town.
One should remember that at the end of the 12th
century the Church supremacy in
Płock
became fact.
Boleslaus the Curly, the son of Boleslaus the Wry-
-mouthed, inherited Mazovia and
Kujawy
from his fa¬
ther at the age of thirteen. Involved in internal fami¬
ly feuds and in a dispute about the
seigneurial
duchy,
he only visited
Płock
from time to time. He met his
end in
Kraków
in
1173,
handing over Mazovia and
Ku¬
jawy
to the minor
Leszek.
He died soon after, leaving
his duchies to
Casimir
the Just. At his wish,
Voivode
Żyro
from the
Powała
family became the actual ruler
in
Płock.
However,
Casimir
exercised power in Ma¬
zovia only for a few years, since he died as early as in
1194,
leaving minor heirs:
Leszek
and Conrad. The lat¬
ter took possession of Mazovia and
Kujawy
in
1202,
leading a harmonious policy with his older brother and
supporting his authority on leadership skills of
Voivo¬
de
Krystyn.
However, for some reasons uncertain to
this day, in
1217
Conrad ordered to blind
Krystyn,
at
the same time getting involved in a fight over the du¬
chy of
Kraków-Sandomierz.
This was a difficult time
for
Płock,
since it coincided with a growing unrest on
the Prussian border. Entangled in dynastic fights, Con¬
rad handed over a part of his authority in Mazovia to
his two sons:
Casimir
and Boleslaus, yet maintaining
the supreme power. This time of lack of political sta¬
bility allowed the church authority to firmly establish,
which in a short time also took on the economic di¬
mension.
The
Płock
settlement complex survived in the abo¬
ve-mentioned form until
1237,
when Bishop Peter at
the request of Duke Conrad I issued the document of
the town founding
(Lokacja
1237).
Because of the tho¬
rough content of the charter, which has been preserved
completely, the subject of founding aroused interest
of many mediaevalists, most of all on the matter of the
legal aspects of the document.
An analysis of
Płock
topography made on the ba¬
sis of the text of a document of the first founding has
a long history, mainly because of the detailed descrip¬
tion contained in the charter. The location is recorded
twice there. Therefore, a possibility of establishing the
position of the points mentioned in the text became the
aim of archaeological work. Thus it is no wonder that
the representatives of this branch of science comment
the most clearly on the matter. An undoubted hint for
new deliberations on the subject is determination of
the bishop's and duke's property within the early me¬
dieval settlement space. There is no doubt that
civilas
vetus is the bishop's suburbium, and the space added
in the content of the founding act is the duke's pro¬
perty situated between the churches of Dobiechna and
St Dominic. The determination of the real range of this
property will remain an open question: whether it will
be only this part of the edge of the Vistula scarp which
stretches to the east of the suburbium, up to St Domi¬
nic's church, or also the part of the early medieval ag¬
glomeration which was situated on the west side of
the
Teatralna
street ravine.
Meanwhile, the hypothesis assuming that the de¬
scription of the area included in the founding was de¬
termined by points situated in an arc whose chord was
the scarp line takes on shape. Four points locating the
space of the first town presented in the founding do¬
cument did not mark a quadrangle but were ordered
in a line. This was not a marked out rectangle
-
it is
a line whose route was determined by successive to¬
pographic points. Therefore, if we admit in this
logi-
Summary
419
cal
construction the two-stage location record of the
range of the first town and assume that the extreme
points were determined first, and then the others, on¬
ly specifying the range of space "along the arc", from
the north, the former hypothesis about a possibility of
existing the church of Dobiechna in the area of the la¬
ter collegiate church of St Michael gains a new force.
Therefore, it is worth remembering that a huge well
was found at the north-west side of St Michael's
church, older than the walls of the collegiate church
and much more impressive than other structures of that
type uncovered in the area of the suburbium. This
problem, however, can be settled only by future exca¬
vation research.
Many factors determined the fact of carrying out the
undoubtedly impermanent (unsuccessful?) founding.
Some of them also hindered an intention to success¬
fully carry out the next one. It seems obvious that the
main reason for failures was the lasting competition
of the bishop's and duke's administrations, with all the
negative consequences of this conflict. In my opinion,
the cultural and social determinants of urbanization
processes should not be forgotten in a further debate
concerning the origins of
Płock.
Finally, a discussion
concerning details of topography and geomorpholo-
gy of the land on which the town was built should be
included in the future studies. In conclusion I will re¬
peat the opinion expressed previously, that the settle¬
ment space prepared during formation of the strong¬
hold centre was disproportionately unfavourable in re¬
lation to needs resulting from the dynamics of the
transformation that occurred.
Translated by Joanna
Skórska |
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| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1000-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1000-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Płock (DE-588)4103144-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Płock |
| id | DE-604.BV039747439 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-06T00:20:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788374362498 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024594970 |
| oclc_num | 772904082 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 443 s. il. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Trio |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Origines Polonorum |
| series2 | Origines Polonorum |
| spelling | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej ... Red. naukowa Andrzej Gołembnik Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawn. Trio 2011 443 s. il. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Origines Polonorum 4 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1000-1500 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Bauwerk (DE-588)4112681-6 gnd rswk-swf Płock (DE-588)4103144-1 gnd rswk-swf Płock (DE-588)4103144-1 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Bauwerk (DE-588)4112681-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 1000-1500 z DE-604 Gołembnik, Andrzej Sonstige (DE-588)1337918229 oth Origines Polonorum 4 (DE-604)BV022754920 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024594970&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024594970&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny Origines Polonorum Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bauwerk (DE-588)4112681-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4112681-6 (DE-588)4103144-1 |
| title | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny |
| title_auth | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny |
| title_exact_search | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny |
| title_full | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej ... Red. naukowa Andrzej Gołembnik |
| title_fullStr | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej ... Red. naukowa Andrzej Gołembnik |
| title_full_unstemmed | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej ... Red. naukowa Andrzej Gołembnik |
| title_short | Płock wczesnośredniowieczny |
| title_sort | plock wczesnosredniowieczny |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bauwerk (DE-588)4112681-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Funde Bauwerk Płock |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024594970&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024594970&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022754920 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gołembnikandrzej płockwczesnosredniowieczny |