Targeted killings and international law: with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Heidelberg [u.a.]
Springer
2012
|
| Series: | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
230 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 661 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783642248573 |
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Record in the Search Index
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IMAGE 1
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
A. THE RECENT SITUATION IN ISRAEL 1
B. THE FURTHER INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 6
C. DEFINING "TARGETED KILLINGS" 8
D. MORAL LEGITIMACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF TARGETED KILLINGS 22 E. THE
STATE OF RESEARCH: DIFFERENT APPROACHES 28
F. TERMINOLOGY 37
PART ONE - HUMAN RIGHTS 41
A. HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTIONS AND THE RIGHT TO LIFE 42 B. THE
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 48 C. THE AMERICAN
CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS I LL
D. THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS 130 E. THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 146
F. OTHER TREATIES PROTECTING THE RIGHT TO LIFE 183
G. GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE 183 H.
CONCLUSION: THE HUMAN RIGHT TO LIFE 198
PART TWO - INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 203
A. THE RELEVANT SOURCES OF LAW 205
B. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN- ITARIAN LAW 215
C. COMBATANTS 219
D. CIVILIANS 263
E. IS THERE A THIRD CATEGORY SUCH AS "UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS"? 324 F.
CONCLUSION: TARGETED KILLINGS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN- ITARIAN LAW 347
PART THREE - NO ADDITIONAL JUSTIFICATIONS OR EXCUSES 351
A. CONCEPTS GENERALLY CAPABLE OF PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS 354 B. LIMITS
TO CIRCUMSTANCES PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS 356 C. CONCLUSION: NO
ADDITIONAL JUSTIFICATIONS OR EXCUSES 364
VII
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1015580602
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
PART FOUR - THE APPLICABILITY OF THE RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL LAW 367
A. THE TERRITORIAL AND EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICABILITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS
PROVISIONS 369
B. THE LAW APPLICABLE IN TIMES OF A PUBLIC EMERGENCY FALLING SHORT OF
BEING AN ARMED CONFLICT 402
C. THE LAW APPLICABLE IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 408 D. THE
LAW APPLICABLE IN INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 431 E. MILITARY
OCCUPATION 441
F. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND THE "WAR ON TERROR" 453
PART FIVE - CONSEQUENCES OF THE AFOREMENTIONED FOR THE SITUATION IN
ISRAEL 491
A. THE INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE 494
B. THE STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO THE TARGETED KILLINGS BY ISRAELI FORCES
519
C. CONCLUSION: THE SITUATION IN ISRAEL 531
CONCLUSION: TARGETED KILLINGS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 535
A. GENERALLY, HUMAN RIGHTS LAW APPLIES TO TARGETED KILLINGS 536 B. THESE
STANDARDS ARE IN SOME SITUATIONS AMENDED BY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN
LAW 538
C. NO JUSTIFICATIONS FOR TARGETED KILLINGS EXIST OUTSIDE THE HUMAN
RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW SYSTEMS . 539 D. THE MOST
PROMINENT CASES DO NOT MEET THESE STANDARDS 540
BIBLIOGRAPHY/ INDEX OF AUTHORITIES 543
A. BOOKS, TREATISES AND ARTICLES 543
B. CASES 606
C. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS (BY DATE) 630 D. OTHER
INTERNATIONAL SOURCES 638
E. NATIONAL SOURCES 645
F. PRESS 647
INDEX 651
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
A. THE RECENT SITUATION IN ISRAEL 1
B. THE FURTHER INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 6
C. DEFINING "TARGETED KILLINGS" 8
I. DIFFERENT TERMS FREQUENTLY USED 9
II. ASPECTS OF INTENTION 14
1. INTENTION IN RELATION TO THE TARGETED PERSON 14
A) CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 15
B) TARGETED KILLINGS 16
C) PREVENTIVE KILLINGS 16
D) PREVENTIVE USE OF FORCE PRESUMABLY LETHAL 17
E) PREVENTIVE USE OF NON-LETHAL FORCE 18
2. INTENTION IN RELATION TO INNOCENT THIRD PERSONS 18
III. "ASSASSINATION" 19
IV. CONCLUSION: TARGETED KILLINGS AND PREVENTIVE KILLINGS 22 D. MORAL
LEGITIMACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF TARGETED KILLINGS 22 E. THE STATE OF
RESEARCH: DIFFERENT APPROACHES 28
I. THE TOPIC'S PERCEPTION IN LEGAL WRITING 29
II. DIFFERENT APPROACHES 32
F. TERMINOLOGY 37
I. OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY 38
II. TERRORISM 38
PART ONE - H U M AN RIGHTS 41
A. HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTIONS AND THE RIGHT TO LIFE 42
I. THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 46
II. THE SPECIAL STATUS OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE 47
B. THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 48 I. THE
SCOPE OF PROTECTION OF ARTICLE 6 51
1. THE DEFENSIVE FUNCTION {STATUS NEGATIVUS) 51
A) "ARBITRARY DEPRIVATION" AS "UNLAWFUL DEPRIVATION" OF LIFE 52
B) "ARBITRARY DEPRIVATION" AS A BROADER CONCEPT THAN "UNLAWFUL
DEPRIVATION" OF LIFE 54
(1) TEXT AND CONTEXT 54
(2) OBJECT AND PURPOSE 57
IX
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X TABLE OF CONTENTS
(3) PREPARATORY WORK 59
C) GUIDING PRINCIPLES 61
D) SPECIFIC EXAMPLES 62
(1) GENOCIDE, MASS KILLINGS AND OTHER ACTS OF MASS VIOLENCE 62
(2) KILLINGS THAT CONTRADICT INTERNATIONAL HUMAN- ITARIAN LAW 63
(3) DEATHS RESULTING FROM ACTS OF AGGRESSION 64 (4) DEATHS RESULTING
FROM TORTURE OR OTHER UL-TREATMENT 66
(5) ENFORCED OR INVOLUNTARY DISAPPEARANCES 67 (6) DEATHS RESULTING FROM
EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE BY LAW-ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL 67
(7) EXECUTIONS CARRIED OUT WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW 68
E) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXAMPLES DISCUSSED 68 2. THE BENEFICIARY
FUNCTION (STATUS POSITIV US) 69
A) EFFECTS ON THE BURDEN OF PERSUASION 70
B) THE DUTY TO INVESTIGATE AS PART OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE 72 3. LIMITS OF
THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECT 74
II. EXCEPTIONS: NON-ARBITRARY DEPRIVATIONS OF LIFE 74 1. THE DEATH
PENALTY 75
A) GENERAL LIMITATIONS 76
B) DUE PROCESS REQUIREMENTS 77
2. DEPRIVATION OF LIFE IN SELF-DEFENCE OR IN DEFENCE OF ANOTHER PERSON
78
A) CAPABILITY OF FURTHERING THE GOAL 81
B) NECESSITY OF THE MEANS 81
(1) SELF-DEFENCE 82
(2) DEFENCE OF ANOTHER PERSON 85
(3) NEW CONCEPTS OF IMMEDIACY? 89
(4) DISMISSAL OF THE CONCEPT OF IMMEDIACY? 89 (5) THE CLASSICAL CONCEPT
OF IMMEDIACY 91
(6) CONSEQUENCES 93
C) PROPORTIONALITY IN THE NARROW SENSE 93
3. DEPRIVATION OF LIFE IN ORDER TO EFFECT AN ARREST OR PREVENT THE
ESCAPE OF A PERSON DETAINED 94
A) CAPABILITY TO FURTHER THE AIM 95
B) NECESSITY OF THE MEANS 96
(1) EFFECTING AN ARREST 96
(2) PREVENTING AN ESCAPE 97
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
C) PROPORTIONALITY IN THE NARROW SENSE 98
4. DEPRIVATION OF LIFE FOR THE PURPOSE OF QUELLING A RIOT. 100 A)
CAPABILITY TO FURTHER THE AIM 100
B) NECESSITY REGARDING THE QUELLING OF A RIOT OR INSURRECTION 101
C) PROPORTIONALITY IN THE NARROW SENSE? 103
5. ABSOLUTE LIMITS AND NON-DEROGABILITY OF ARTICLE 6 103 6. DEPRIVATION
OF LIFE IN THE COURSE OF AN ARMED CONFLICT 106
7. MEANS OF CONTROL 107
A) PERSPECTIVE OF A THIRD PERSON AS STANDARD? 108
B) PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS EX POST FACTUM 108
III. CONCLUSION: KILLINGS UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT 110 C. THE
AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS I LL
I. ARTICLE 4 AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS' SCOPE OF PROTECTION
112
1. THE DEFENSIVE FUNCTION (STATUS NEGATIVUS) 114
2. THE BENEFICIARY FUNCTION (STATUS POSITIV US) 115
A) EFFECTS ON THE STANDARDS OF PROOF APPLICABLE 117 B) THE DUTY TO
INVESTIGATE AS PART OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE. 118 II. EXCEPTIONS -
NON-ARBITRARY DEPRIVATION OF LIFE 120
1. THE DEATH PENALTY 120
2. DEPRIVATION OF LIFE IN THE COURSE OF ADMINISTRATIVE POLICE ACTION 122
A) A DIFFERENT CONCEPT OF IMMEDIACY? 124
B) A DIFFERENT CONCEPT CONCERNING THE QUELLING OF A RIOT? 125
3. NON-DEROGABILITY OF ARTICLE 4 126
4. DEPRIVATION OF LIFE IN THE COURSE OF ARMED CONFLICT 127 III.
CONCLUSION: KILLINGS UNDER THE AMERICAN CONVENTION 130 D. THE AFRICAN
CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS 130
I. ARTICLE 4 AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS' SCOPE OF
PROTECTION 133
1. THE DEFENSIVE FUNCTION (STATUS NEGATIVUS) 133
2. THE BENEFICIARY FUNCTION (STATUS POSITIV US) 136
II. EXCEPTIONS - NON-ARBITRARY DEPRIVATION OF LIFE 140
III. NO EXPLICIT NON-DEROGABILITY OF ARTICLE 4 143
IV. CONCLUSION: KILLINGS UNDER THE AFRICAN CHARTER 145 E. THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 146
I. ARTICLE 2 EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS' SCOPE OF PROTECTION
148
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XII TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. THE DEFENSIVE FUNCTION (STATUS NEGATIVUS) 149
A) DOES "INTENTIONAL DEPRIVATION" REQUIRE DOLUS? 150 B) DOES ARTICLE 2
COVER NEGLIGENT DEPRIVATION OF LIFE? 151
2. THE BENEFICIARY FUNCTION (STATUS POSITIVUS) 153 A) EFFECTS ON THE
STANDARDS OF PROOF APPLICABLE 154 B) THE DUTY TO INVESTIGATE AS PART OF
THE RIGHTS TO LIFE. 157 C) THE DUTY TO ENSURE ADEQUATE PLANNING AND
CON-
TROL OF SECURITY FORCES' OPERATIONS 160
II. EXCEPTIONS - PERMISSIBLE DEPRIVATION OF LIFE 162
1. THE DEATH PENALTY 163
2. EXCEPTIONS ENUMERATED IN ARTICLE 2 PARA. 2 164
A) THE TEST OF ABSOLUTE NECESSITY 167
B) THE USE OF FORCE IN DEFENCE OF ANY PERSON FROM UNLAWFUL VIOLENCE 169
C) THE USE OF FORCE IN ORDER TO EFFECT A LAWFUL ARREST OR TO PREVENT THE
ESCAPE OF A PERSON LAWFULLY DETAINED 172
D) THE USE OF FORCE IN ACTION LAWFULLY TAKEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF QUELLING
A RIOT OR INSURRECTION 177 3. NON-DEROGABILITY OF ARTICLE 2 AND
DEPRIVATION OF LIFE IN THE COURSE OF ARMED CONFLICT 179
III. CONCLUSION: KILLINGS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION 181 F. OTHER
TREATIES PROTECTING THE RIGHT TO LIFE 183
G. GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE 183 I.
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 184
II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW AND NATURAL LAW FOUNDATIONS. 191 III.
CONTENT AND EXCEPTIONS OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW
192
IV. THE RIGHT TO LIFE AS JUS COGENS 195
H. CONCLUSION: THE HUMAN RIGHT TO LIFE 198
PART TWO - INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 203
A. THE RELEVANT SOURCES OF LAW 205
I. THE HAGUE LAW 205
II. THE GENEVA LAW 207
1. THE 1949 GENEVA CONVENTIONS 208
2. THE 1977 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS 211
III. OTHER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN INSTRUMENTS 213 IV. CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 214
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII
B. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 215
I. MILITARY NECESSITY 216
II. HUMANITY 217
III. PROPORTIONALITY 217
IV. DISTINCTION RATIONE PERSONAE 217
C. COMBATANTS 219
I. COMBATANT STATUS IN INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 221 1. MEMBERS OF
THE ARMED FORCES 222
2. MEMBERS OF MILITIAS AND VOLUNTEER CORPS 227
A) BEING ORGANIZED 227
B) BELONGING TO A PARTY TO THE CONFLICT 228
C) BEING COMMANDED BY A PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS SUBORDINATES 229
D) HAVING A FIXED DISTINCTIVE SIGN RECOGNIZABLE AT A DISTANCE 229
E) CARRYING ARMS OPENLY 230
F) CONDUCTING OPERATIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF WAR
231
G) NON-ALLEGIANCE TO THE DETAINING POWER 232
3. "LEVEE EN MASSE" 233
4. CONCLUSION: COMBATANT STATUS 234
II. FIGHTERS IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 234
1. DEFINING CRITERIA 236
2. PROBLEMS CONCERNING DISTINCTION 238
A) ACTIVE PARTICIPATION AS THE CRITERION 238
B) GROUP MEMBERSHIP AS THE CRITERION 239
C) DISCUSSION 241
3. CONCLUSION 242
III. PROTECTION OF COMBATANTS AND FIGHTERS 243
1. PROHIBITION OF PERFIDY 243
A) GENERAL DEFINITION OF PERFIDY 244
B) DISTINCTION OF PERFIDY AND RUSES OF WAR 247
C) PROHIBITIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PERFIDIOUS ACTS 248
(1) TARGETED KILLINGS UNDER A "PERFIDIOUS COVER" 249 (I) THE FEIGNING OF
CIVILIAN STATUS 250
(II) THE IMPROPER USE OF FLAGS AND SYMBOLS 250 (2) KILLINGS RENDERED
PERFIDIOUS DUE TO THE STATUS OF THE TARGETED PERSON 253
(3) KILLINGS BY PERFIDIOUS MEANS 254
(4) OTHER PERFIDIOUS OR TREACHEROUS KILLINGS 255 2. PROHIBITION TO KILL
PERSONS HORS DE COMBAT 257
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XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. PROHIBITION TO CARRY OUT EXECUTIONS WITHOUT PREVIOUS JUDGEMENT 260
4. FURTHER LIMITS THAT APPLY TO ANY ATTACK 260
IV. CONCLUSION: TARGETED KILLINGS OF COMBATANTS 262 D. CIVILIANS 263
I. CIVILIAN STATUS 263
II. PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS 265
1. INDIVIDUALLY TARGETED CIVILIANS 265
A) PROHIBITION TO ATTACK CIVILIANS 267
B) PROHIBITION TO TARGET NON-MILITARY OBJECTIVES 267 C) EXCEPTION:
CIVILIANS TAKING DIRECT PART IN HOS- TILITIES 271
(1) "HOSTILITIES" 273
(2) TAKING "DIRECT" OR "ACTIVE" PART IN HOSTILITIES 276 (I) CLEAR CASES
OF DIRECT PARTICIPATION 280
(II) CLEAR CASES OF NON-DIRECT PARTICIPATION 281 (III) GREY AREAS 282
(3) THE DURATION OF DIRECT PARTICIPATION 289
(I) THE "REVOLVING DOOR" THEORY 291
(II) THE "ONE WAY" APPROACH 292
(III) CRITIQUE 294
D) NO EXCEPTION: PROTECTED PERSONS SUSPECTED OR EN- GAGED IN ACTIVITIES
HOSTILE TO THE SECURITY OF THE STATE 298
E) FURTHER RESTRICTIONS 302
F) CONCLUSION: TARGETED KILLINGS OF CIVILIANS 303 2. PROTECTION OF
CIVILIANS NOT SPECIFICALLY TARGETED 304 A) PROHIBITION OF INDISCRIMINATE
ATTACKS 305
B) PROPORTIONALITY, COLLATERAL DAMAGE AND PRECAUTIONS IN ATTACK 309
(1) DIRECT MILITARY ADVANTAGE ANTICIPATED BY AN ATTACK 311
(2) EXCESSIVE CIVILIAN DAMAGES 314
(3) CONSEQUENCE: PRECAUTIONS IN ATTACK 320
(4) PROPORTIONALITY AND NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 321
C) CONCLUSION 322
3. PROHIBITION TO DIRECT REPRISALS AGAINST THE CIVIL POPULATION 322
III. CONCLUSION: TARGETED KILLINGS OF CIVILIANS 324
E. IS THERE A THIRD CATEGORY SUCHAS "UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS"? 324 I.
TERMINOLOGY AND ITS HISTORICAL BASIS 326
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
II. NEW NOTIONS 328
III. THE STATUS OF "UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS" 331
1. "UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS" IN INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 331
A) "UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS" AS "UNPROTECTED PERSONS". 331 B) "UNLAWFUL
COMBATANTS" AS "PROTECTED PERSONS" 335 2. "UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS" IN
NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 340
IV. CONCLUSION: NO SUCH THIRD STATUS EXISTS 340
V. CONSEQUENCE: NO SPECIAL STATUS OF "TERRORISTS" UNDER INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN LAW 342
F. CONCLUSION: TARGETED KILLINGS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN- ITARIAN LAW
347
PART THREE - NO ADDITIONAL JUSTIFICATIONS OR EXCUSES 351
A. CONCEPTS GENERALLY CAPABLE OF PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS 354 B. LIMITS
TO CIRCUMSTANCES PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS 356 I. PEREMPTORY NORMS OF
GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW (JUS COGENS) 357
II. HUMAN RIGHTS 360
III. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 361
C. CONCLUSION: NO ADDITIONAL JUSTIFICATIONS OR EXCUSES 364
PART FOUR - THE APPLICABILITY OF THE RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL LAW 367
A. THE TERRITORIAL AND EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICABILITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS
PROVISIONS 369
I. THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 371 II. THE
AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 378
III. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 381 1. EFFECTIVE CONTROL
OVER TERRITORY 382
2. "DE FACTO CONTROL" OVER PERSONS 391
IV. THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS 395 V. CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL LAW 398
VI. CONCLUSION 399
B. THE LAW APPLICABLE IN TIMES OF A PUBLIC EMERGENCY FALLING SHORT OF
BEING AN ARMED CONFLICT 402
I. HUMAN RIGHTS AND PUBLIC EMERGENCIES 402
II. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND PUBLIC EMERGENCY 407 C. THE LAW
APPLICABLE IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 408
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XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTERNAL DISTURBANCES 410
II. NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 411
1. HUMAN RIGHTS IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 412 2.
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 413
3. THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW IN
NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 421 4. CONCLUSION 424
III. THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS AS
INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 425
D. THE LAW APPLICABLE IN INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 431 I. THE
INTENSITY NECESSARY TO FULFIL THE PRECONDITIONS OF AN ARMED CONFLICT 434
II. THE INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER OF AN ARMED CONFLICT 435 1. HORIZONTALLY
MIXED ARMED CONFLICTS 436
2. VERTICALLY MIXED ARMED CONFLICTS 437
3. SEVERAL CONFLICTS OR ONE SITUATION THAT MUST BE REGARDED AS A WHOLE?
438
III. CONCLUSION 440
E. MILITARY OCCUPATION 441
I. "CALM" OCCUPATIONS 442
II. SPECIAL EXCEPTION TO THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN SITUATIONS OF "CALM"
OCCUPATION? 445
III. RESUMPTION OR OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES IN A TERRITORY UNDER
OCCUPATION 447
IV. CONCLUSION 452
F. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND THE "WAR ON TERROR" 453 I. IS THE
"WAR ON TERROR" AN INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT?. 456 1. LEVEL OF
VIOLENCE 457
2. PARTIES TO A POSSIBLE INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT 460 A) AN
INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT BETWEEN A STATE AND "TERRORIST" NON-STATE
ACTORS? 461
B) ARMED CONFLICT BETWEEN THE VICTIM STATE OF THE ATTACK AND A FOREIGN
STATE RELATED TO THE "TERRORIST" GROUP? 464
(1) NON-STATE ACTORS AS "OTHER MILITIAS AND MEMBERS OF VOLUNTEER CORPS
BELONGING TO A PARTY TO A CONFLICT" 466
(2) ATTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO "NICARAGUA" OR "TADIC"} 467
(I) "NICARAGUA" AND THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION: EFFECTIVE CONTROL
467
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
(II) "TADIC": OVERALL CONTROL 469
(III) CONCLUSION: "NICARAGUA" V. "TADIC"} 472 (3) ATTRIBUTION ACCORDING
TO "TEHRAN HOSTAGES"} 473 3. CONCLUSION 475
II. IS THE "WAR ON TERROR" A NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT? 477
1. LEVEL OF VIOLENCE 477
2. NON-INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER 480
3. KRETZMER'S "MIXED MODEL" 481
4. CRITIQUE 483
III. CONCLUSION 485
1. NO GENERAL APPLICABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN- ITARIAN LAW TO THE
"WAR ON TERROR" DE LEGE LATA 486 2. APPLICABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN LAW TO THE "WAR ON TERROR" DE LEGE FERENDA} 488
PART FIVE - CONSEQUENCES OF THE AFOREMENTIONED FOR THE SITUATION IN
ISRAEL 491
A. THE INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE 494
I. THE APPLICABILITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 494
II. THE APPLICABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 496 1.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 496
2. THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITO- RIES 499
A) CHANGES DUE TO THE OSLO ACCORDS? 502
(1) THE STATUS OF "AREAS A" 505
(2) THE STATUS OF "AREAS B" AND "AREAS C" 510 3. THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE
CONFLICT 511
A) IS THE PRESENT SITUATION AN ARMED CONFLICT? 512 B) IF AT ALL, IS IT
AN INTERNATIONAL, INTERNATIONALISED OR NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT?
515
III. CONCLUSION: THE LAW APPLICABLE TO THE SITUATION IN THE OCCUPIED
TERRITORIES 518
B. THE STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO THE TARGETED KILLINGS BY ISRAELI FORCES
519
I. HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS 519
1. TARGETED KILLINGS AS A DETERRENT OR PUNISHMENT ARE ILLEGAL 520
2. PREVENTIVE KILLINGS ARE POSSIBLE WITHIN NARROW LIMITATIONS 520
II. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 523
IMAGE 12
XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. THE ISRAELI SUPREME COURT'S ASSESSMENT: THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT 523
2. "TERRORISTS" ARE NEITHER COMBATANTS, NOR "UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS" BUT
CIVILIANS 524
3. DIRECT PARTICIPATION BY CIVILIANS IN HOSTILITIES 526 III. THE ISRAELI
SUPREME COURT'S FURTHER PRECONDITIONS FOR TARGETED KILLINGS 529
C. CONCLUSION: THE SITUATION IN ISRAEL 531
CONCLUSION: TARGETED KILLINGS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 535
A. GENERALLY, HUMAN RIGHTS LAW APPLIES TO TARGETED KILLINGS 536 B. THESE
STANDARDS ARE IN SOME SITUATIONS AMENDED BY INTER- NATIONAL HUMANITARIAN
LAW 538
C. NO JUSTIFICATIONS FOR TARGETED KILLINGS EXIST OUTSIDE THE HUMAN
RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW SYSTEMS . 539 D. THE MOST
PROMINENT CASES DO NOT MEET THESE STANDARDS 540
BIBLIOGRAPHY/ INDEX OF AUTHORITIES 543
A. BOOKS, TREATISES AND ARTICLES 543
B. CASES 606
I. INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS AND HUMAN RIGHTS BODIES 606 II. ARBITRATION
AWARDS 626
III. NATIONAL COURTS 626
C. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS (BY DATE) 630 D. OTHER
INTERNATIONAL SOURCES 638
E. NATIONAL SOURCES 645
F. PRESS 647
INDEX 651 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Otto, Roland |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1018511539 |
| author_facet | Otto, Roland |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Otto, Roland |
| author_variant | r o ro |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039738169 |
| classification_rvk | PR 2158 PR 2180 PR 2358 PR 2622 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)755698250 (DE-599)DNB1015580602 |
| dewey-full | 341.67 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 341 - Law of nations |
| dewey-raw | 341.67 |
| dewey-search | 341.67 |
| dewey-sort | 3341.67 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Politologie |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Israel (DE-588)4027808-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Israel |
| id | DE-604.BV039738169 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-04-15T12:11:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783642248573 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024585906 |
| oclc_num | 755698250 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-11 DE-521 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-706 DE-20 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-11 DE-521 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-706 DE-20 DE-703 |
| physical | XVIII, 661 S. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht |
| series2 | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht |
| spelling | Otto, Roland Verfasser (DE-588)1018511539 aut Targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law Roland Otto Heidelberg [u.a.] Springer 2012 XVIII, 661 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht 230 Teilw. zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2009 Tötung (DE-588)4060336-2 gnd rswk-swf Terrorist (DE-588)4059536-5 gnd rswk-swf Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf Israel (DE-588)4027808-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Israel (DE-588)4027808-6 g Terrorist (DE-588)4059536-5 s Tötung (DE-588)4060336-2 s Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-642-24858-0 Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht 230 (DE-604)BV039949182 230 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024585906&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Otto, Roland Targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht Tötung (DE-588)4060336-2 gnd Terrorist (DE-588)4059536-5 gnd Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4060336-2 (DE-588)4059536-5 (DE-588)4160781-8 (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)4027808-6 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law |
| title_auth | Targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law |
| title_exact_search | Targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law |
| title_full | Targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law Roland Otto |
| title_fullStr | Targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law Roland Otto |
| title_full_unstemmed | Targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law Roland Otto |
| title_short | Targeted killings and international law |
| title_sort | targeted killings and international law with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law |
| title_sub | with special regard to human rights and international humanitarian law |
| topic | Tötung (DE-588)4060336-2 gnd Terrorist (DE-588)4059536-5 gnd Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tötung Terrorist Humanitäres Völkerrecht Menschenrecht Israel Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024585906&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039949182 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ottoroland targetedkillingsandinternationallawwithspecialregardtohumanrightsandinternationalhumanitarianlaw |