Cenzurirano: zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovenian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ljubljana
Nova Revija
2010
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| Schriftenreihe: | Zbirka Razprave
2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 348 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789616580809 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | KAZALO
Predgovor
...................................................................................................9
Mateja
Rezek
»Naj
se vrne cenzura,
ljubša bi
nam bila.« Avstrijsko tiskovno
pravo in
slovensko
časopisje
(1848—1914)..............................................13
Janez Cvirn
Ideološka
izhodišča
cenzure
v konceptih slovenskega političnega
katolicizma
ob
koncu
19.
in v
začetku
20.
stoletja
................................45
Egon Pelikan
»Zapleni vse,
cesar
ne razumeš,
utegnilo
bi
škoditi
vojevanju.«
Delovanje avstrijske cenzure med Veliko vojno
.....................................55
Petra Svoljšak
Nadzor nad komunisti-emigranti
in
cenzura
.........................................67
Marjan
Drnovšek
Cenzura
v
času diktature kralja Aleksandra
..........................................89
Jure Gašparič
Ukrepi cenzure na Štajerskem neposredno po objavi
Koroščevih punktacij
..............................................................................99
Andrej
Studen
Značilnosti fašističnib cenzurnih posegov med obema vojnama
........113
Gorazd
Baje
Italijanska cenzura
v
Ljubljanski pokrajini
(1941-1943)...................129
Bojan Godeša
5
Cenzuri rano
Primeri delovanja nemške
in
slovenske cenzure
v Rupnikovi
Ljubljanski pokrajini
(1943- 1945)....................................................141
Boris Mlakar
Cenzura
v slovenském
odporništvu med drugo svetovno vojno
..........153
Vida Deželak Barič
Cenzura gledališkega
repertoárja
v
prvi
in
drugi Jugoslaviji
..............171
Aleš Gabrič
Nekaj
vprasanj
in
ugotovitev
v zvezi s
cenzuro
in samocenzuro
v
slovenski dramatiki
(1945-1990)......................................................189
Denis Poniž
Bunkerji, stereotipi
in
razpoke: cenzura
v slovenském
celovečernem filmu
(1948-1989).........................................................197
Peter
Stanković
Nevidna cenzura zgodovinopisja
v socializmu.....................................
217
Mateja
Rezek
Cenzurirani
punk:
analiza
primera
cenzure
Punk
Problémov
.............235
Gregor
Tome
Narodna
in
univerzitetna knjižnica
—
ujetost med veljavno
zakonodajo
in
narodnim poslanstvom
.................................................247
Rozina Svent
»Dosti
je gnilega prav
v
deželi tržaški, dragi prijatelji!«
Boris Pahor
in
doživljanje cenzure
v
20.
stoletju
.................................257
Borut Klabjan
Nove oblike cenzure
v slovenském
novinarstvu:
oglaševalska cenzura
.............................................................................269
Karmen Erjavec
in
Melita
Poler
Kovačič
Cenzura filozofije
in
filozofija cenzure
.................................................283
Dean Komel
Literatura
v primežu
cenzure?
..............................................................291
Marijan Dović
Kazalo
Povzetki
..................................................................................................307
Abstracts.................................................................................................
321
Avtorji
....................................................................................................335
Imensko kazalo
.......................................................................................337
ABSTRACTS
»Censorship should return, we would prefer it.«
Austrian printing laws and Slovenian newspapers
(1848-1914)
Janez Cvirn
The March Revolution in
1848,
which together with prince
Metternich
ended
the pre-March preventive system of censorship, stimulated great development of pe¬
riodicals. The government tried to intervene in the »anarchic« printing conditions.
On 31st March,
1848
they passed a provisional decree against »the abuse of press«,
but it was met with great disapproval of the liberal public. Under public pressure the
government issued two decrees on
1
8th May,
1848.
With these two decrees the system
of concessions was abolished together with the deposits. Free sale of newspapers was
allowed and the penalties for printing offences were lowered. But after the October
Revolution in Vienna, the Schwarzenberg government again »muzzled« die print me¬
dia. They issued a new decree against »the abuse of press« (13th March,
1849),
which
brought back the
deposites
and severe penalties for printing offences. The imperial
decree was passed on 6th July,
1851.
With it a new regime of warnings was establis¬
hed. This enabled the authorities to ban the publishing of any newspaper for up to
three months after issuing the newspaper with two warnings. On 27th May,
1852
the
censorship reached its peak with a new printing law, which reinstated the system of
concessions, made the penalties for printing offences extremely severe and introdu¬
ced the system of successive responsibility. The circumstances returned to normality
after a new printing law was passed in December
1862.
This law ended the system of
concessions and the regime of warnings. Thus, remainders of the preventive system
subsisted, so that the Austrian printing law was based »half on prevention, half on
repression in a curious mixture«. The law with its amendments from
1868
was used
till the end of the monarchy but it offered the authorities too many opportunities for
suppression of print media. Many Slovenian publishers, editors and journalists had
to experience it on their own skin.
Key words: censorship, newspapers, Austria,
19a
Century, printing law, confiscation
321
Cenzuri rano
Ideological origins of censorship in the concepts of Slovenian
political Catholicism at the end of the 19th and the beginning of
the 20th century
Egon Pelikan
We can scarcely imagine how far-reaching the ideological roots of social designa¬
tion with censorship really are. We are designated through interventions and lists of
forbidden works, which have affected European society for centuries. We are direc¬
tly or indirectly designated through a »censorship index«, consisting of a palimpsest
string of indices and interdictions from various times and ideologies, whether we
consider the Index Librorum Prohibitorum by the Pope Pius IX or the reading of
Andersen s fairytales or Robinson Crusoe after the sharp-eyed censor in the socio-
realist office had cut out all references to Church holidays and costumes and even the
very mention of God or angels. Censorship, even when it is very radical, is therefore
not only characteristic of totalitarian ideologies or societies and it is even hard to tell
which is more intensive
-
the so called invisible (implicit) censorship originating in
the ideological basis of authoritarian societies or the direct (explicit) censorship in
societies like the Fascist Italy.
When we refer to the ideological basis of the censorship on the part of Slovenian
political Catholicism at the end of the
1
9th and the beginning of the 20th century, a
number of characteristic traits can be observed, which have affected the circumstan¬
ces within the Slovenian national territory on several levels:
—
ideology of political Catholicism dominated over the Slovenian mental and
cultural realm almost completely
—
particularly during its political monopoly after
the election in
1908
following the electoral reform;
—
according to the well known thesis
(Dušan Pirjevec
and later Dimitrij Rupel
and others), the lack of Slovenian political autonomy had caused the political and
ideal conflict among Slovenians to take place in the sphere of literature, which inten¬
sified the meaning and role of explicit and implicit censorship procedures of works
by authors, who were holders of avant-garde concepts and ideas within the realm of
Slovenian literature;
—
in the scope of the wider Austro-Hungarian Empire, there was a specific rela¬
tion between the centre and the periphery
—
the Slovenian ethnical realm was one of
the most provincial areas of die entire monarchy lacking its own university, normally
sized cities and, therefore, the bourgeois middle class (even in
1910
Ljubljana only
had slightly over
40.000
inhabitants).
These characteristic traits have undoubtedly had some further influence upon the
operation of censorship in an environment governed by Slovenian political Catholicism.
The interpretation of reality and the censorship of die way the society and the
world were perceived in written sources and printed media, which played a most
322
Abstracts
important role among future Slovenians during the times of their growing national
awareness, was crucially important to political Catholicism. This fact was well and
soon recognised by the ideologues of the Catholic movement (Anton
Mahnič,
Fran-
äšek
Lampe,
Aleš Ušeničnik
and others).
In this article, the author analyses the ideological basis of censorship on the part
of Slovenian political Catholicism at the turn of the 19th and 20th century.
Key words: censorship, ideology, political Catholicism, Sylkbus, Anton
Mahnič
»Confiscate everything you do not understand, as it can harm the
warfare.« The Operation of the Austrian Censorship during World War I
Petra Svoljšak
The everyday life of the Austro-Hungarian citizens during World War I was sub¬
mitted to the effects of the special military regime that took the name of military ab¬
solutism. The basic characteristic of the regime was represented by the introduction
of the laws of war into the public civil life, the deletion of the basic human rights and
the take over of the government of the state and war by the use of wide dictatorial po¬
wers. The absolutistic regime should have enabled the military and civilian authoriti¬
es to stabilize the state and also to suppress the phenomenon of
antimilitarism,
to put
pressure on the negative occurrences of the national movements of the non-German
nations of the monarchy. A special office
Kriegsüberwachungsamt
(Austrian War Sur¬
veillance office) was organized for the management and coordination of extraordi-
Щ
measures, whose main activity was the organization of effective censorship. The
censorship was thus the central tool of the war regime, as it performed different
■means of control over communication during war times. The censorship of the post
Was subordinated to a special office and from
1916
onwards performed the offensive
«>le as the censored material showed out to be a large information provider for the
authorities to establish the atmosphere among the population. It also provided for the
^useful information on the loyalty of population to the crown and its relation towards
f*e questions of war effort. The paper discusses different levels
ofinformation
that
φα
to be censored as they were representing elements of public opinion, but were so¬
metimes out of reach to the censors. The main goal of the censorship was the creation
of the information blockade, but they failed particularly in controlling the unofficial
>
very influential information. The system of the information control was ruined
due to the progress of the war situation and political desegregation of the monarchy.
%
words: World War
1914-1918,
Austria-Hungary, war absolutism, censorship,
opinion
323
Cenzurirano
Control
over the communists-emigrants and censorship
Marjan
Drnovšek
In
1920,
communist action became prohibited in Yugoslavia. Their activities partly
continued abroad, especially in European countries, e.g. Austria and Germany until
Nazism, and later in France, Belgium and The Netherlands. Soviet Union was a light¬
house to all communists in the period between world wars. In foreign countries they
were involved in propaganda. They were publishing newspapers, literature, leaflets, and
organizing activities. Materials and letters arrived to Yugoslavia illegally, and by mail.
Censorship authorities were busy, especially in post offices. The article is based mainly
on the archive material maintained at The Archives of the Republic of Slovenia.
Keywords: mobility of communists, censorship of mail, radio programmes and film
Censorship in the time of King s Alexander dictatorship
Jure
Gašparič
Together with the introduction of King s Alexander Karadjordjevic dictatorship
of the 6th January
1929,
a package of new laws came out, which defined his personal
regime. The Press Law was among them as well, by which the state created effective
tools to form a kind public opinion for itself. The King s regime became aware of one
of the main causes for the »sad« development of events of the 1920 s while striving
to consolidate the state and organize the inner political circumstances, precisely in
the press and odier forms of media. Therefore it devoted a great deal of attention and
funds into commanding the press and directing its writing in a »state-constitutive«
style. Besides engaging the public prosecutors, police force and the Civil Service,
one of the first contemporary »ministries of propaganda« was founded
—
the Central
Press Bureau with its own budget and widespread competence. Along such wide¬
spread censorship activities, which at times gained grotesque and contraproductive
extensions, the press was becoming more and more »colourless« and the state s media
response was blurred. Consecutively, the illegal papers started to come out (in Croa¬
tia) and political parties were addressing people with the help of printed pamphlets
and oral propaganda. In Slovenia, censors had to deal with the press by forbidden
oppositional Slovenian Peoples Party, especially its journal
Slovenec,
which despite
the vigilant microscope of the authoritative services every here and there managed to
prove its reputation as political tool of the Catholic party.
Key words: King Alexander Karadjordjevic, dictatorship, Slovenia, Kingdom of
Yugoslavia, censorship, press
324
Abstracts
Censorship measures in
Styria
immediately after the publication of
Korošec s
Slovenian Declaration
Andrej
Studen
With the introduction of King Alexanders repressive dictatorship, censorship
also became more severe. The list of forbidden events and topics, that were not al¬
lowed to be written about, kept expanding. The Belgrade Central Press Bureau kept
flooding the State Prosecutor s Office in
Maribor
with censorship instructions in
the form of memoranda, telegrams and telephone calls. In the following discussion
we shall focus on the time immediately after the publication of
Korošec s
Slovenian
Declaration on the New Year s Eve of
1932.
We will underline certain incidents,
supervision of national and foreign press and other issues. After the publication of
the Slovenian Declaration, the Central Press Bureau issued special instructions. Only
publications in the press supporting the regime were allowed. According to the in¬
structions from the Ministry of Justice, State Prosecutors also had to report on the
criminal proceedings with regard to
Korošec s
Slovenian Declaration. Finally we shall
also present, as an example, the incident involving the dissemination of anti-state
fliers in
Slovenske Konjice
and its surroundings in February
1933,
which represented
a fervent response to the confinement of
Korošec
and his closer associates. Namely,
in
Styria
a whole range of illegal fliers appeared, as it was forbidden to discuss these
issues in the permitted Catholic press. The secret circular mail, spreading among die
population, was pronounced as nothing short of a »new kind of literature« by the
regime newspaper
Jutro.
The constant campaign of secret circular mail proved that
the organisational structure of die former Slovenian People s Party in opposition kept
functioning very efficiently. The police interventions of the authorities were ineffec¬
tive, even encouraging the opposition and the hostile attitude towards the regime.
Key words: censorship,
Styria,
King Alexanders dictatorship, Anton
Korošec,
Slove¬
nian Declaration, Central Press Bureau in Belgrade, State Prosecutors Office in
Maribor
Characteristics of fascist censorship interventions in between
two world wars
Gorazd
Baje
The author describes the relevant aspects of the censorship in Italy during fascist
Period: the censorship and the control of mass media (with particular respect to
newspapers) and how the regime image was built up by propaganda; pressures over
actual or eventual opponents/dissidents and those who adapted to the regime, with
particular reference to the intellectual elite; the role of the repression (the secret fascist
325
Cenzurirano
police
OVRA
and the military intelligence SIM) and relevant aspects of the fascist
regime censorship against Slovenians in
Venezia Giulia.
Key words: fascism, Mussolini, Italy,
Venezia Giulia,
censorship, propaganda
The Italian censorship in the Province of Ljubljana
(1941-1943)
Bojan Godeša
After the attack of the Axes Powers on Yugoslavia in April
1941
the Slovenian
territory was occupied and dismembered by the German, the Italian and the Hun¬
garian occupying forces. The Italian authorities created the Province of Ljubljana
which was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy on
3
May
1941.
The ethnic and cultural
autonomy was ensured to the population. The main goal of the Italian authorities was
the utmost integration of the Province of Ljubljana into the fascist system. The Itali¬
an occupying forces planned that the realization of these goals would have needed a
longer period of time and would resulted in the spiritual convergence and fascization
of the local population. An important role in this process should had been played by
the culture and the Slovenian intellectuals, for these reasons the concept was defined
as the »the cultural carrying politics«. This policy should have gradually and without
big commotions brought to the supremacy of the stimulated course. But the Italian
authorities exercised also different approaches to fulfil the goals and from the very
beginning one of them was censorship, which had been introduced even before the
annexation of the province to the Kingdom of Italy.
The most problematic as regards the censorship criteria of the Italian occupying
authorities were the pre-war works of literature. A very important role of the cen¬
sorship was, besides censoring the actual wartime publishing production, the eli¬
mination from the public libraries of the books that had been inconvenient for the
fascist authorities. This was the priority of the Press office, which was created for the
supervision of the press. The Press office drafted a list of
500
titles of the Slovenian,
Croatian, Serbian and German books and reviews that had to be removed from the
public libraries in the Province of Ljubljana. This was not an official index librorum
prohibkorum but more the means of purifying the libraries in the Province. The in¬
dex indicated an enviable and rather systematic knowledge of the matter, which had
to be helped by some Slovenians or Slovenian speaking persons.
The Italian censorship in the Province of Ljubljana was systematic and it made
part of a larger and developed censorship politics in the Kingdom if Italy, which
had to be adjusted to the Slovenian conditions. The range of its operation was wide
and it did not take in consideration the Slovenian political and ideological division,
everything was suspicious regardless of the ideological provenience of the work of
326
Abstracts
literature. The national aspect was much more irritable than the ideological moment.
The Slovenian national goals of the time, the so-called Unified Slovenia, were abso¬
lutely unacceptable for the Italian occupying authorities, which led to much more
restrictive censorship than in Italy.
The fascist censorship in the Province of Ljubljana was a constituent part of the
Italian occupying politics and from the very beginning it aimed to the complete fa-
scization and fusion of the local population with the Italian majority.
Key words: censorship, Italian occupation
1941-1943,
occupation systems, cultural
politics, Second World War
Examples of German and Slovenian censorship in Rupnik s
Province of Ljubljana
(1943-1945)
Boris Mlakar
After the capitulation of Italy, the German troops have occupied the western part
of Slovenia, whereupon Hitler later formed the so-called Operational Zone of the
»Adriatic Littoral«. The Province of Ljubljana was within its scope, too, with Leon
Rupnik as the president at the head of it, which held a certain cultural and a bit of
political autonomy as well. In spite of this, all the way until the end of the war the
levers of deciding things in this Province were tightly in the hands of German civil
and military authority. The same goes for the field or mechanisms of censorship, since
German organs were those, who had the last word on what can be announced or said
by the public and how. The second department of the Nazi High Commissariat in
Trieste has been deciding upon such matters, called »Propaganda,
Presse,
Kultur«,
and its subordinated office with the same name in Ljubljana, at the German counsel¬
lor of general Rupnik. Rupnik s Slovenian administration also formed its own press
bureau, which was watching over Slovenian press, radio and public appearances, but
the more important issues were decided upon the already mentioned German bureau.
Besides the concrete censorship at editorships and post offices we have to mention
the so called press conferences, too, regularly organized by the German referee for
press and whereat direct guidelines for writing were given to Slovenian editors and
pressmen, namely on what they should not write about, what diey should not write
about anymore and what they should write about more and with an emphasis how
they should write. This of course resulted as self-censored behaviour of the Slovenian
editors and journalists, trying to avoid the additional problems and censorship. Even
the press and lectures within Slovenian Home Guard were subjected to censorship
and so were the public appearances of general Rupnik.
Key words: occupation, colhboration, press, Province of Ljubljana, censorship
327
Cenzurirano
Censorship
in Slovenian resistance during
World
War II
Vida Deželak Barič
Particularly in times of war, censorship becomes an inseparable part of regulating
public speaking, and consequentially, part of public opinion formation. The Slovenian
resistance movement during World War II was no exception to this rule. At the time,
censorship had been determined with various developing processes in Slovenian terri¬
tories (occupation, denationalisation, resistance, revolution, counter-revolution, colla¬
boration), within this framework with a particularly evident domination of the Slove¬
nian Communist Party
(Komunistična partija Slovenije
—
KPS) in resistance. Through
the entire period of occupation, KPS namely completely controlled all printing means
and literature circulation. By monopolising resistance in its political and military com¬
ponents, KPS also dominated the entire sphere of agitation and propaganda, which
had been regulated by the topmost party leadership and a separate body, namely the
Agitation and Propaganda Commission of the Central Committee of KPS.
In spite of the monolithic character of the resistance movement as a whole, as
well as within the actual communist ranks, different opinions arose concerning spe¬
cific questions, or, individual opinions were
—
from die point of view of current poli¬
tical evaluation
—
that is to say from the viewpoint of communist strategy and tactics
—
voiced at an inappropriate moment, and their circulation had to be prevented. The
analysis of the topic stated in the title accounts primarily for the printed media, but
also draws attention to other areas, which were also subjects of censorship (i.e. per¬
sonal mail). The analysis exposes several more significant examples of censorship (for
example a Lovro
Kuhar
brochure on the subject on Slovenian borders, a modified lec¬
ture by
Edvard Kardelj
at the official communist party school on strategy and tactics).
Censorship measures are explained in a wider context, determined by war conditions,
internal and external political considerations, ideology etc. Self-censorship within
the resistance movement circles as a consequence of bolshevisation of the communist
party and directive resistance management played a significant role in the restriction
and regulation of public expression of opinions.
The identification of neuralgic points upon which conflicts with the current and
long-term directives occurred, together with consequential complications and politi¬
cal reactions indicates that these concerned, among other things the following topics:
to what an extent the role of KPS within the resistance movement should be revealed
or concealed (including its revolutionary goals), and, consequentially, to what extent
the resistance should be depicted as exclusively liberation and patriotic acts; what
grounds to use to define the relation to the Western allies; estimates on the duration
of the war; on suitable topics and artistic styles; appropriate symbols for the texts, etc.
Key words: World War II, Slovenia, resistance, revolution, strategy and tactics,
censorship,
рориЫг
democracy
328
Abstracts
Censorship of theatre repertoire in the First
and Second Yugoslavia
Aleš Gabrič
Political systems can be more or less democratic, but they all entail a certain de¬
gree of forbidding certain unconventionalities. The following contribution analyses
two different types of censorship interventions into the theatre repertoire of Sloveni¬
an theatres during the period of Yugoslavia, both of them at their most severe. The
Catholic model was most rigid in the last years preceding World War II, and the
communist model was the toughest in the first post-war years. In the first period the
censors mostly came from the Catholic circles, while in the second period they were a
part of the Communist Party leadership. Even though they opposed each other poli¬
tically, censors in both periods adhered to the common idea of censorship: to abolish
everything not in line with their ideology. Pre-emptive censorship occurred most
frequently, supplemented by retroactive subsequent censorship, involving die remo¬
val of the works that had already premiered from the repertoire. The Catholic model
was official and it explicitly prescribed what to forbid and what should not be shown
onstage. Communist censorship, however, worked behind the scenes, and it was not
clear what was allowed and what was forbidden. Therefore we can find more infor¬
mation about the catholic than the communist censorship. However, the comparison
between the two shows that the censors
-
even though clericalists and communists
were the greatest enemies in the political arena
-
were very similar in many aspects.
Key words: Slovenian theatre, censorship, catholic party, communist party, cultural
politics
Some questions and statements about censorship and self-censorship
in Slovenian drama
(1945-1990)
Denis
Poniž
The main topic of the present paper is rounded off on some questions about the
so-called »invisible censorship« in former communist Yugoslavia and its impacts on
Slovenian drama and theatre in a period
1945-1990.
»Invisible censorship« was an
nportant part of the »class struggle« strategy against all kinds of »class enemies«,
chiefly against intellectuals and among them against writers above all. Dramatists
were mostly exposed while drama as a performance is a very suggestive event (because
of its spoken, live words). Several levels of »invisible censorship« were used in above
mentioned period: from frightening the authors, stage directors and die theatre staff
to complete prohibition (without any explanation) of performances. Consequence of
329
Cenzuri rano
such »censorship game without rules« was self-censorship which is hard to be proved
because of to-day shame of authors who crippled their texts to protect them against
full prohibition. In the paper methods of discovering such cases are discussed and two
of them analysed, using data from files of political secret police (UDV, later SDV).
At the end some suggestions are exposed how to continue researching the »invisible
censorship« in contemporary Slovenian drama.
Key words: censorship, self-censorship, frightening, communist authority, Slovenian
drama
Bunkers, stereotypes and cleveages: censorship in Slovenian feature
films
(1948-1989)
Peter
Stanković
During the era of communist regime in Slovenia, there was not much censorship
in Slovenian film: various production contexts and on several occasions also intimate
convictions of the directors themselves ensured, that the feature films did not conta¬
in many oppositional messages. In the few cases of politically un-orthodox or even
openly critical films the government tended to react, but at most cases very discretely.
The oppositional films or films, recognised as problematic, were at most cases silently
withdrawn from the
distribution
after the first round of screenings in the theatres
(»they were sent to the bunker« according to the popular discourse). Slovenian cine¬
matography was not, however, completely free or ridden of any ideological appro¬
priations. Ideological alligation of Slovenian cinematography was achieved, together
with the exemplary practice of sending, too, confrontational films to the »bunker«,
with the regimes of stereotypical representations, most significantly in the genre of
co-called partisan films. The article presents some of the most common regimes of
such representations in Slovenian partisan films, whereby the author argues, that even
these were not ideologically entirely consistent. The character of a partisan hero, for
example, one of the most prominent features of the early Slovenian partisan films,
deteriorates significantly in the partisan films made after the late
1
960s, opening-up
this popular genre to different ideological contestations.
Key words: censorship, Slovenian film, representation, stereotype, partisan film
330
f
Abstracts
Invisible censorship of historiography in socialism
Mateja Režek
Almost every political authority tries to consolidate its legitimacy in the past,
therefore the entwinement between historiography and politics is often inevitable
and political pressure upon the historiography usually graduates proportionally with
non-democracy of authority. The communist regime has well accepted only that »hi¬
storical truth«, through which it could be legitimized, therefore, when needed, the
regime created »the historical truth« by itself or at least tried to create a suitable
ideologically and politically harmonized constitutionalizing of the past. Systematic
analysis of archive material of die Historical Commission of die Central Committee
of the League of Communists of Slovenia and other historical sources reveal, that
in the discussing period (from the middle of
1950s
until the beginning of ^eO s)
the implicit censorship praxis were prevailing. The strongest lever of control over
historiography was ideological monopolization of the past, whereas the most subtle
research field was modern history. The strategy of authority regarding historiography
was reflecting in politically motivated establishing of institutions, which had to deal
with modern history, in control over recruitment, in absence, inaccessibilty or limited
accessibilty of historical sources, in stimulation of the preferential research themes
and often non-transparent financing criterions. These levers of political control and
censorship were reflected in at the first sight invisible, but truly much widened and
effective mechanism
-
in self-censorship. This was so to speak self-evident in socialism
and as part of everyday mental framework much more effective
dian
direct censor¬
ship and, therefore, self-censorship became one of the key levers for preserving the
communist power and ensuring its long-term stability. The effects of historiography
censorship, even though »invisible«, were numerous and complex
-
one of mem was
the ever-deeper doubt into credibility of »the official history«.
Key words: historiography, socialism, political censorship, self-censorship, historical
commission, communist party
Censored punk: analysis of the case of censorship
of
Punk Problemi
Gregor
Tome
In the introduction, the author analyses censorship in self-management sociali¬
sm. The basic characteristic of diis system was that die Party in position of authority
asserted that censorship was not possible in socialism, yet enacted it in the legal
system and also carried it out. The second characteristic of this system was that the
331
Cenzurirano
formal
system of censorship was supplemented by a much more comprehensive, in¬
formal system of censorship, which was not legally sanctioned. In the second part of
his essay, the author illustrates censorship in self-management socialism on the exam¬
ple of punk, in the case of the issue
oí
Punk Problemi,
published in
1981.
The author
describes how the system of informal censorship functioned. The editor of
Problemi
who represented everyone, from the publisher to the Party, told the writers of the
issue on punk that it will not be published unless they agree to his interventions as a
censor. The writers agreed to this, so did the great majority of other writers who acted
publically at the time.
Key words: formal censorship, informal censorship, socialism,
punk, Problemi
National and University Library
-
trapped in between
legislation and the national mission
Rozina Švent
NUK
(National and University Library) is constantly striving to capture the en¬
tire »Slovenica« in its funds, that is all the materials printed by Slovenians at home
and abroad. In fulfilling this mission, however, die Library is constantly taking risks
upon the various legal limitations that for one reason or another prohibit preserving
or leasing of certain materials. The author explains the collection and preservation of
everything printed by Slovenian political exiles after
1945.
In Slovenia
NUK
alone
has been authorised to collect and preserve these materials, but at the same time it
was obliged to comply with all relevant legislature. In practice this meant that the
access to these materials was very limited (by special permit for professional, scientific
reasons only).
Key words: National and University Library, Slovenian political emigration, D-fund,
prohibited prints, censorship
»Many things are rotten in the land of Trieste, my dear friends!«
Boris Pahor and the experience of censorship in the 20th century
Borut Klabjan
The study explores the experience of censorship and censorship practices in the
20th century, placing special emphasis on the experience of Slovenians living outside
the Yugoslav state borders, who witnessed, in particular those from »the West«,
diffe¬
rent
processes than in Slovenia. In order to analyze instances of censorship by diffe¬
rent totalitarian regimes, the research takes into consideration die life story of Boris
332
Abstracts
Pahor, the eminent Slovenian writer living in Trieste, who experienced Italian Fasci¬
sm, Nazi dictatorship and, after WWII, restrictive measures by socialist Slovenia/
Yugoslavia. Imbued with subversive elements, his works express disagreement with
current regimes, and his writing and public engagement have often been ostracized
by the people and structures in power. Owing to his
oeuvre
and old age, he seems to
embody the developments of the 20th century, transfiguring them from Hobsbawm
s
»short century« into Pahor s »long one«.
Key words: 20th Century, Slovenians in Italy, Boris Pahor, Yugoslavia, censorship,
totalitarianism, totalitarian regimes
New forms of censorship in the Slovenian journalism:
advertising censorship
Karmen
Erjavec and
Melita
Poler
Kovačič
The Slovenian journalism has plentiful experience with censorship. A historical
analysis of Slovenian journalism in the last twenty years revealed that in the
1
990s,
with change of the social system, new forms of censorship appeared. One of the key
roles of censoring journalistic and wider media content has been taken by adverti¬
sers. Their goal is promotion of their products and services. This kind of censorship
operates more covertly as it was typical for the political censorship in socialism, and
it is successful mostly because of the lack of autonomy in the editorial office to resist
pressures from the management. Advertisers threaten the media to stop advertising if
they do not publish hybrid messages, i.e. promotional pieces in the form of news, or
prevent publication of negative information about them. There have also been practi¬
ces of media marketing practitioners threatening the advertisers not to report on their
activities any more, if they do not advertise in their media. There is yet another type
of this practice: the media threaten the advertisers to publish negative information
about them if they decide not to advertise in
diese
media. Media pressure on adverti¬
sers is connected to economic recession and struggle for financial survival. From die
historical perspective, this practice is not entirely new, but we may understand it as
a continuation of subordinating journalistic autonomy and professional practices to
the interests of the powerful. Journalistic subordination to advertisers is just a new
form of the same logic. Journalists have agreed to abandon their professional roles
and integrity for some higher goal, in this case economic survival of their media. In¬
stead of controlling those in power, they play the role of denunciators or promoters
with the intent of raising the advertising income in the media.
Key words: history of journalism and media, censorship, communication, journalism,
advertising
ЪЪЪ
Cenzuri rano
Censorship of philosophy and philosophy of censorship
Dean Komel
The paper primarily discusses some of the examples of the censorship of philo¬
sophy in Slovenia in the past and today, where philosophy at the same time appears
as an object and the subject of censorship. This shows that censorship of philosophy
does not only depend on the outer political and socially-moral factors, but also rea¬
ches into inner presumptions of philosophical thought and views. Philosophy there¬
fore encounters the censorship at its own origins, which of course triggers the questi¬
on of censorship of constitutionalizing the meaning as such. On this basis it points
at the particular problem of censorship which appears referring to philosophy within
democratic social dispositions.
Key words: philosophy, censorship, ethics, morality, democracy
Literature in the vice of censorship?
Marijan Dović
The paper departs from the general awareness of the necessity to scrutinize me¬
chanisms of suppression that make the past always available only as a censored past,
and from the initial dilemma of whether die censorial practices are properly described
by the metaphor of a »vice«. In this context, the question of the special relationship
between censorship and literature is set forth together with a schematic model of the
transformations of the censorial control in the history of the Slovenian literature.
Basic conceptual and typological remarks for general discussion on censorship are
followed by the discussion of the mechanisms of totalitarian (communist) censorship
and its special relation to censoring literary texts. In the conclusion, the transforma¬
tions of censorship in the era of transition towards the democratic capitalistic social
model are treated. Several important areas relevant for the contemporary retbinking
of censorship are presented: economy (capitalist book market), ideologies, ethics
(political correctness) and legislation (defamation, lawsuits against writers, authorial
rights etc.).
Key words: literature, censorship, self-censorship, control, ideology, capitalist book
market
334
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
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| physical | 348 S. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
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| publisher | Nova Revija |
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| series | Zbirka Razprave |
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| spelling | Režek, Mateja 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)140492313 aut Cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes uredila Mateja Režek Ljubljana Nova Revija 2010 348 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zbirka Razprave 2 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1800-2000 gnd rswk-swf Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd rswk-swf Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 g Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 s Geschichte 1800-2000 z DE-604 Zbirka Razprave 2 (DE-604)BV040367767 2 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024534108&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024534108&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Režek, Mateja 1970- Cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes Zbirka Razprave Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4067601-8 (DE-588)4055302-4 |
| title | Cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes |
| title_auth | Cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes |
| title_exact_search | Cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes |
| title_full | Cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes uredila Mateja Režek |
| title_fullStr | Cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes uredila Mateja Režek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes uredila Mateja Režek |
| title_short | Cenzurirano |
| title_sort | cenzurirano zgodovina cenzure na slovenskem od 19 stoletja do danes |
| title_sub | zgodovina cenzure na Slovenskem od 19. stoletja do danes |
| topic | Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zensur Slowenien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024534108&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024534108&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040367767 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rezekmateja cenzuriranozgodovinacenzurenaslovenskemod19stoletjadodanes |