Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs): the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frankfurt, M. ; Berlin ; Bern ; Bruxelles ; New York, NY ; Oxford ; Wien
Lang
2011
|
| Series: | Europäische Hochschulschriften
Reihe 5, Volks- und Betriebswirtschaft ; 3373 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 422 S. graph. Darst., Kt. 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783631603581 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) |b the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria |c Osmund Osinachi Uzor |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
TABLES XIV
FIGURES XVIII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XXI
DEDICATION XXIII
PREFACE XXV
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM 1
.2 THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 2
.3 MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY 3
.4 THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND HYPOTHESES 4
.5 METHODOLOGY 6
.5.1 THE ANALYTICAL STEPS 6
.5.2 DATA COLLECTION AND FIELD SURVEY CHALLENGES 8
.5.3 DESIGN OF SAMPLE REPRESENTATIVE 10
.5.3.1 THE SAMPLE PROCEDURE 10
.5.3.2 SELECTED SAMPLE OF CLUSTERED AND DISPERSED ENTERPRISES 16 .5.4
METHODS OF DATA ANALYSES 16
.6 THE STUDY PLAN 17
CHAPTER 2: THE NIGERIA S ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PERFORMANCE 19 2.1
INTRODUCTION 19
2.2 THE GEOGRAPHY AND NIGERIA S POLITICAL ECONOMY 19
2.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL FACTS AND THE PEOPLE OF NIGERIA 19
2.2.2 OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA S POLITICAL ECONOMY 1807-1999 22 2.3 NIGERIA S
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND PROBLEMS 26
2.3.1 THE STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 26 2.3.2 THE
STRUCTURE OF EXTERNAL TRANSACTIONS 29
2.3.2.1 EXPORTS OF OIL AND NON-OIL COMMODITIES 29
2.3.2.2 IMPORT OF OIL AND NON-OIL COMMODITIES 30
2.3.2.3 BALANCE OF PAYMENT CURRENT ACCOUNT 31
2.3.3 THE STRUCTURE OF DEMAND AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE 32 2.3.3.1
THE STRUCTURE OF DEMAND 32
2.3.3.2 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE 33
2.3.4 MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 34
2.3.5 NIGERIAN INTERNATIONAL LIQUIDITY AND AID DEPENDENCY 37 2.3.5.1
NIGERIA S EXTERNAL RESERVE AND DEBT PROBLEMS 37
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1010780956
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
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CONTENTS
2.3.5.2 NIGERIA S EXTERNAL DEBT 38
2.3.5.3 EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE AND AID DEPENDENCY 40
2.3.6 RELATIVE PRICES CHANGES AND INTEREST RATE IN NIGERIAN ECONOMY 42
2.3.6.1 INFLATION RATE IN NIGERIA S ECONOMY 42
2.3.6.2 FOOD PRICE INDEX IN NIGERIA 43
2.3.6.3 INTEREST RATE 43
2.4 LABOUR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA 44
2.5 STRUCTURE OF NIGERIA S INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND MANUFACTURING
ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA 46
2.6 THE POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN NIGERIA 52
2.6.1 POVERTY IN NIGERIA 52
2.6.2 INCOME INEQUALITY IN NIGERIA 55
2.6.3 HEALTH CARE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 56 2.6.4
INTERDEPENDENCY OF EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 60
2.6.4.1 NIGERIA S EDUCATION OUTCOME 60
2.6.4.2 PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT 61
2.6.4.3 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COMMITMENT TO EDUCATION 63
2.6.5 ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 64 2.6.5.1 TRENDS
AND INPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN NIGERIAN ECONOMY 64
2.6.5.2 THE ROLE OF SMES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 65 2.7 POVERTY
REDUCTION STRATEGIES IN NIGERIA AND INDUSTRIAL 67 DEVELOPMENT 67
2.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 71
CHAPTER 3: SMES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH DISCOURSE 73 3.1
INTRODUCTION 73
3.2 DEFINITIONS AND THEORETICAL CONCEPTUAL OF SMALL ENTERPRISES 75 3.3
LITERATURE REVIEW ON SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 77
3.4 THE POLITICAL ECONOMIC WEAKNESSES IN THE PROMOTION OF SMES IN AFRICA
82
3.4.1 MARKET FAILURE AND SMALL ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS 82 3.4.2
INSTITUTIONAL FAILURE AND SMALL ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN
AFRICA 84
3.4.3 GOOD GOVERNANCE AND SMALL ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT 86 3.4.4
MOBILISATION OF DOMESTIC CAPITAL FOR THE PROMOTION OF SMES 88 3.5
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) AND SMALL ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT 93
3.5.1 FDI IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE 93
3.5.2 FDI AND SME DEVELOPMENT 96
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CONTENTS
3.5.2.1 FDI AND SME DEVELOPMENT THROUGH LINKAGES 96
3.5.2.2 FDI AND SME DEVELOPMENT THROUGH FRANCHISING AND JOINT
VENTURES.... 100 3.5.3 THE DETERMINANTS OF FDI INFLOW 101
3.5.3.1 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND MICRO-DETERMINANTS OF FDI 101 3.5.3.2
MACRO MANAGEMENT AS DETERMINANTS OF FDI 103
3.5.3.3 HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AS A DETERMINANT OF FDI 104 3.5.3.4
FDI AND SMES IN NIGERIA S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 105 3.6 SMES IN NIGERIA S
ECONOMY 107
3.6.1 REVIEW OF SOME STUDIES ON NIGERIAN SMES 107
3.6.2 DEFINITION OF SME IN NIGERIA I LL
3.6.3 STRUCTURE AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NIGERIA S INDUSTRIAL
ESTABLISHMENTS 112
3.6.3.1 DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA 112
3.6.3.2 CONSTRAINTS SURROUNDING NIGERIA S SMALL ENTERPRISES 115
3.6.3.2.1 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT FOR SME DEVELOPMENT 115 3.6.3.2.2
GOVERNMENT 116
3.6.3.2.3 ACCESS TO FINANCIAL CAPITAL AND LIMITATIONS 117
3.6.3.2.4 CAPACITY BUILDING AND THE NEED FOR CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMME
FOR SME DEVELOPMENT 119
3.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 121
CHAPTER 4: SME CLUSTERS IN NIGERIA: PERFORMANCE AND CONSTRAINTS 123 4.1
INTRODUCTION 123
4.2 THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ON SME CLUSTERS 124
4.2.1 DEFINITIONS 124
4.2.2 TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE TERM ENTERPRISE CLUSTERS
125 4.2.3 DETERMINANTS OF CLUSTER GROWTH-PATHS 127
4.2.3.1 SIZE OF THE MARKET AND NATURE OF PRODUCTS 127
4.2.3.2 THE STOCK OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND SCOPE 128
4.2.3.3 THE RATE OF UPGRADING 129
4.2.3.4 THE NATURE OF COLLECTIVE EFFICIENCY EXISTING IN THE CLUSTER 130
4.2.3.5 THE NATURE OF INSTITUTIONS SUPPORTING THE CLUSTER 131 4.2.3.6
THE ROLE OF THE STATE 132
4.2.4 SME CLUSTERS AND POVERTY REDUCTION 133
4.2.5 ARGUMENTS AGAINST FIRM CLUSTERING 135
4.3 LITERATURE REVIEW ON SME CLUSTERS IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 135
4.4 SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISE CLUSTERS PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA 141 4.4.1
INTRODUCTION 141
4.4.2 ABA SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 142
4.4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 142
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CONTENTS
4.4.2.2 METHODOLOGY 143
4.4.2.3 INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 144
4.4.2.4 COMPETITIVE FACTORS 145
4.4.2.5 FIRM PERFORMANCES IN CLUSTERED AND DISPERSED ABA SMALL SCALE
FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES 147
4.4.2.6 CONSTRAINTS FACED BY ABA SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES
CLUSTER.. 153 4.4.2.7 REMARKS 154
4.4.3 ABA SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE GARMENT ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 155 4.4.3.1
INTRODUCTION 155
4.4.3.2 METHODOLOGY 156
4.4.3.3 INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 156
4.4.3.4 COMPETITIVE FACTORS IN ABA SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE GARMENT
ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 157
4.4.3.5 AVERAGE MONTHLY CASH EARNINGS IN ABA SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE
GARMENT ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 159
4.4.3.6 FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF ABA SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE
GARMENT ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 160
4.4.3.7 REMARKS 161
4.4.4 ENUGU SMALL SCALE WOOD AND FURNITURE ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 162
4.4.4.1 INTRODUCTION 162
4.4.4.2 METHODOLOGY 162
4.4.4.3 SAMPLE STRUCTURE 162
4.4.4.4 INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 163
4.4.4.5 LINKAGES IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE WOOD AND FURNITURE ENTERPRISES
CLUSTERS 164
4.4.4.6 COMPETITIVE FACTORS IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE WOOD CONSTRUCTION AND
FURNITURE ENTERPRISES CLUSTERS 165
4.4.4.7 CONSTRAINTS IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE WOOD CONSTRUCTION AND FURNITURE
ENTERPRISES CLUSTERS 167
4.4.4.8 REMARKS 168
4.4.5 NNEWI SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE LIGHT ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES
CLUSTER.. 169 4.4.5.1 INTRODUCTION 169
4.4.5.2 METHODOLOGY 170
4.4.5.3 INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 170
4.4.5.4 COMPETITIVE FACTORS IN NNEWI SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE LIGHT
ENGINEERING CLUSTER 171
4.4.5.5 CONSTRAINTS IDENTIFIED IN THE CLUSTER 175
4.4.5.6 REMARKS 176
4.4.6 ENUGU SMALL SCALE PALM KERNEL EXTRACTION ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 177
4.4.6.1 INTRODUCTION 177
4.4.6.2 METHODOLOGY 178
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CONTENTS
4.4.6.3 INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 180
4.4.6.4 THE COMPETITIVE FACTORS IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE PKO EXTRACTION
ENTERPRISES 181
4.4.6.5 SMALL FIRM PERFORMANCE IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE PKO EXTRACTION
INDUSTRIES 182
4.4.6.6 CONSTRAINTS IDENTIFIED IN PKO EXTRACTION ENTERPRISES 185 4.4.6.7
REMARKS 188
4.4.7 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CLUSTERS 188
4.4.7.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CLUSTERS 188
4.4.7.2 COMPETITIVENESS PROBLEMS ACROSS THE CLUSTERS BY SECTOR 191 4.5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 192
CHAPTER 5: NETWORKS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA 195
5.1 INTRODUCTION 195
5.2 THEORETICAL CONCEPTION 196
5.2.1 DEFINITIONS 196
5.2.2 FORMS OF NETWORKS 197
5.2.3 NETWORK STRUCTURES 199
5.2.4 FUNCTIONS OF NETWORKS 200
5.2.5 NETWORKS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 203
5.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURES ON SME NETWORKS IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 204
5.4 NETWORKS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA: EMPIRICAL
EVIDENCE 207
5.4.1 METHODOLOGY 207
5.4.2 THE STRUCTURE OF BUSINESS RELATED ASSOCIATIONS THE ENTREPRENEURS
BELONG 208
5.4.3 NETWORK FUNCTIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON FIRM PERFORMANCE 219 5.4.4
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NETWORKS EFFECTS 225
5.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 227
CHAPTER 6: INNOVATION IN NIGERIAN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES 229
6.1 INTRODUCTION 229
6.2 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS 230
6.2.1 DEFINITIONS AND THEORETICAL EXPLANATION OF INNOVATION 230 6.2.2
INNOVATION IN SMALL ENTERPRISES AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION 232 6.2.3
FACTORS INFLUENCING INNOVATIVE MILIEU IN AFRICA 234
6.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON INNOVATION IN SME IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES...
235 6.4 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES IN SMALL ENTERPRISES
IN NIGERIA 241
6.4.1 METHODOLOGY 241
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CONTENTS
6.4.2 THE INCENTIVES SMALL ENTERPRISES FACE 242
6.4.3 INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY IN FOOTWEAR SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
AS SURVIVAL STRATEGY 245
6.4.4 THE INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY AND THE GROWTH OF SMALL ENTERPRISES 254
6.4.4.1 ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL AND SMALL ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT 254
6.4.4.2 MODEL AND DATA SPECIFICATION 256
6.4.4.3 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 259
6.4.4.4 PEARSON LINEAR CORRELATION OF OUTPUT AND THE EXPLANATORY
VARIABLES 261
6.4.4.5 RESULT OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS 262
6.4.4.6 THE LEAD EQUATION AND RESULTS 266
6.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 266
CHAPTER 7: THE SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDY 269
7.1 INTRODUCTION 269
7.2 INVESTMENT AND SME DEVELOPMENT (ISMED) MODEL 270 7.2.1 THE
MOTIVATION OF THE ISMED MODEL 270
7.2.2 THE ISMED MODEL 271
7.3 DECOMPOSITION OF THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND THE ISMED -MODEL 7.3.1
CAPABILITY FACTOR 281
7.3.1.1 INVESTMENT IN SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES 281
7.3.1.2 INVESTMENT IN PHYSICAL CAPITAL 283
7.3.2 PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT FACTOR 284
7.3.2.1 PRODUCTIVITY PER WORKER ENHANCEMENT 284
7.3.2.2 OPENNESS AND TRADE 285
7.3.2.3 THE POLITICAL GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT 286 7.3.3
GROWTH ENHANCEMENT FACTOR 288
7.3.3.1 RISK AND UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION 288
7.3.3.2 CAPACITY BUILDING 289
7.4 REMARKS 290
CHAPTER 8: INDUSTRIAL POLICIES AND SME DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 293 8.1
INTRODUCTION 293
8.2 REVIEW OF NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL POLICIES 293 8.2.1
NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL POLICIES FROM 1900 TO 1954 293
8.2.2 NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL POLICIES FROM 1954 TO 1958 295
8.2.3 NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL POLICIES FROM 1958 TO 1972 296
8.2.4 NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL POLICIES FROM 1972 TO 1985 298
8.2.5 NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL POLICIES FROM 1985 TO 1988 300
8.2.6 NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL POLICIES FROM 1988 TO 1999 301
8.2.7 NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL POLICIES FROM 1999 TO 2007 302
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CONTENTS
8.3 NIGERIAN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 304
8.4 LESSONS FROM NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES 307 8.5 THE
DYNAMIC POLICY FOR SME DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 310
8.5.1 POLICY ON PROMOTING SMES CLUSTERS IN NIGERIA 310
8.5.1.1 GENERAL POLICIES ON PROMOTING SME CLUSTERS IN NIGERIA 310
8.5.1.2 SPECIFIC POLICIES FOR PROMOTION OF SME CLUSTERS IN NIGERIA 312
8.5.2 POLICY ON SME NETWORKS IN NIGERIA 314
8.5.2.1 GENERAL POLICY MEASURES ON SME NETWORKS IN NIGERIA 314 8.5.2.2
SECTOR SPECIFIC MEASURES ON SME NETWORKS IN NIGERIA 316 8.5.3 POLICY ON
INNOVATION AND SMES CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA..317 8.5.4 POLICY
MATRIX FOR SME DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 320
CHAPTER 9: GENERAL CONCLUSION 323
9.1 THE RESUME OF THE RESEARCH CONCEPT 323
9.2 THE EMPIRICAL CONCLUSION 323
9.2.1 SME CLUSTERS IN NIGERIA 323
9.2.2 SME NETWORKS IN NIGERIA 325
9.2.3 INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES IN SMALL ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA 327
9.3 CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS 328
ABBREVIATIONS 331
REFERENCES 337
APPENDIX 373
APPENDIX 1: MAP OF NIGERIA 373
APPENDIX 2: MAP OF RESEARCH AREA 374
APPENDIX 3: GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT 375
APPENDIX 4: EVALUTATION OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE 376
APPENDIX 4.1 : CALCULATION OF ARITHMETIC MEAN FOR MONTHLY PRODUCTION
OUTPUT PER WORKER AND ENTERPRISES EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL (EEP) IN
CLUSTERED SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY 376
APPENDIX 4.1A: CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) OF THE PRODUCTION
OUTPUT PER WORKER IN CLUSTERED SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY... 377
APPENDIX 4.2: CALCULATION OF ARITHMETIC MEAN FOR THE GROSS SALES PER
WORKER IN CLUSTERED SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY 378
APPENDIX 4.2A: CALCULATION STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) OF THE MONTHLY SALES
PER WORKER 379
APPENDIX 4.3: CALCULATION OF ARITHMETIC MEAN FOR MONTHLY PRODUCTION
OUTPUT PER WORKER AND ENTERPRISES EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL (EEP) IN
DISPERSED SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY 380
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CONTENTS
APPENDIX 4.3A: CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) FOR THE MONTHLY
PRODUCTION OUTPUT IN DISPERSED SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY .381
APPENDIX 4.4: CALCULATION OF THE ARITHMETIC MEAN FOR GROSS SALES PER
WORKER IN DISPERSED SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY 382
APPENDIX 4.4A: CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) FOR THE MONTHLY
GROSS SALES PER WORKER IN DISPERSED SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY 383
APPENDIX 4.5: STATISTICAL TEST OF SIGNIFICANCES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TWO SAMPLE MEANS 384
APPENDIX 4.6: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR MAJOR
CONSTRAINTS IN ABA SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES CLUSTER IN % OF
SAMPLE SIZE 386
APPENDIX 4.7: AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGE EARNINGS OF ENTREPRENEURS/WORKERS IN
ABA SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE GARMENT ENTERPRISES (IN US$). 387 APPENDIX
4.8: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR MAJOR
CONSTRAINTSIN ABA SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE GARMENT ENTERPRISES
CLUSTER IN % OF SAMPLE SIZE 387
APPENDIX 4.9: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR MAJOR
CONSTRAINTS IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE WOOD CONSTRUCTION AND FURNITURE
ENTERPRISES CLUSTERS 387
APPENDIX 4.10: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR MAJOR
CONSTRAINTS IN NNEWI LIGHT ENGINEERING CLUSTER IN % OF SAMPLE SIZE 387
APPENDIX 4.11 : THE AGGREGATE MEAN MONTHLY OUTPUT PER WORKER IN
CLUSTERED SMALL SCALE PALM KERNEL OIL (PKO) EXTRACTION INDUSTRY (IN
TONNES) 388
APPENDIX 4.11A: COMPUTATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) FOR MONTHLY
PRODUCTION OUTPUT PER WORKER IN CLUSTERED SAMPLE SCALE PKO EXTRACTION
INDUSTRY 388
APPENDIX 4.12: THE AGGREGATE MEAN MONTHLY OUTPUT PER WORKER IN DISPERSED
SMALL SCALE PKO EXTRACTION INDUSTRY (IN TONNES) .... 389 APPENDIX 4.12A:
COMPUTATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) FOR MONTHLY PRODUCTION OUTPUT PER
WORKER IN DISPERSED SMALL SCALE PKO
EXTRACTION INDUSTRY 389
APPENDIX 4.13: STATISTICAL TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE INDICATOR OF
FIRM PERFORMANCE HYPOTHESIS 390
APPENDIX 4.14: COMPUTATION OF MEAN NO. OF MAJOR START UP AND ADDITIONAL
INVESTMENT INTRODUCED (EXPELLER AND TOASTER) IN CLUSTERED SMALL SCALE
PKO EXTRACTION INDUSTRY 392
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CONTENTS
APPENDIX 4.15: COMPUTATION OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAJOR INVESTMENT AND OUT PUT PER WORKER IN
CLUSTERED ENTERPRISES 392
APPENDIX 4.16: COMPUTATION OF MEAN NO. OF MAJOR START UP AND ADDITIONAL
INVESTMENT INTRODUCED (EXPELLER AND TOASTER) IN DISPERSED ENTERPRISES
393
APPENDIX 4.17: COMPUTATION OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAJOR INVESTMENT AND OUT PUT PER WORKER IN
DISPERSED ENTERPRISES 394
APPENDIX 4.18: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR MAJOR
CONSTRAINTS IN ENUGU PKO ENTERPRISES CLUSTERS IN % SAMPLE SIZE 394
APPENDIX 4.19: TAXATION SCENE IN PKO EXTRACTION ENTERPRISES 394 APPENDIX
5 EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE NETWORKS 395
APPENDIX 5.1: THE STRUCTURE OF ENTREPRENEURS BELONGING TO SUB-SECTORAL
ASSOCIATION, BUSINESS ASSOCIATION, AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION
EXPRESSED IN % OF THE SUB-SECTORAL AND TOTAL SAMPLE SIZE 395 APPENDIX
5.2: THE STRUCTURE OF ENTREPRENEURS BELONGING TO ASSOCIATION OUTSIDE
THE SUB-SECTORAL ASSOCIATION, BUSINESS ASSOCIATION, AND PROFESSIONAL
ASSOCIATION EXPRESSED IN % OF THE SUB-SECTORAL AND TOTAL SAMPLE SIZE 395
APPENDIX 5.3: PERCEPTION OF ENTREPRENEURS TO THE ASSOCIATION THEY BELONG
WITH THEIR BUSINESS BY SECTOR 396
APPENDIX 5.4: PERCEPTION OF ENTREPRENEURS TO THE ASSOCIATION THEY BELONG
IN BY FIRM SIZE 397
APPENDIX 5.5: INSTITUTIONALISED NETWORKS IN THE SUB-SECTORS 397
APPENDIX 5.6: INSTITUTIONALISED NETWORKS BY FIRM SIZE 398
APPENDIX 5.7: DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS OF SMES BY SUB-SECTOR 398
APPENDIX 5.8: METHODS OF EFFECTING DISTRIBUTIONS OF PRODUCTS 398
APPENDIX 5.9: DERIVATION OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF SALES ORDER OF AFRICAN 399
REGIONAL CUSTOMERS BY COUNTRY IN ABA SHOE CLUSTER 399 APPENDIX 5.10:
EXPORT DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS (DERIVED FROM APPENDIX LA) 399 APPENDIX
5.11: NETWORK FUNCTIONS ASSESSMENT BY SUB-SECTOR 400 APPENDIX 5.12:
NETWORK FUNCTIONS ASSESSMENT BY FIRM SIZE 400
APPENDIX 5.13: NETWORKS AND RISK/UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION BY SUB-SECTOR 401
APPENDIX.5.14: NETWORKS AND RISK/UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION BY FIRM SIZE 401
APPENDIX 5.15: NETWORKS AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT BY
SUB-SECTOR. 402 APPENDIX.5.16: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT NETWORK ASSESSMENT BY
FIRM SIZE 402
APPENDIX 6: EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVITY ACTIVITIES IN SMES 403
IMAGE 10
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 6.1 : CALCULATION OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF NEW AND SUCCESSFUL
PRODUCT DESIGNS INTRODUCED IN THE MARKET BY CLUSTERED FOOTWEAR (INNAIRA)
403
APPENDIX 6.2: CALCULATION OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF NEW AND SUCCESSFUL
PRODUCT DESIGNS INTRODUCED IN THE MARKET BY DISPERSED FOOTWEAR (INNAIRA)
404
APPENDIX 6.3: DERIVATION OF FIRMS SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR NEW DESIGN
(IN %) 405
APPENDIX 6.4: CALCULATION OF FIRM INVESTMENT ON LOCAL MACHINES IN PKO
ENTERPRISES . . 405
APPENDIX 6.5: FIRMS PERCEPTION OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT BY SUB-SECTOR 406
APPENDIX 6.6: FIRMS ASSESSMENT OF GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES BY FIRM SIZE
406 APPENDIX 6.7: CAPACITY BUILDING ASSESSMENT NEED BY SUB-SECTOR 406
APPENDIX 6.8: CAPACITY BUILDING ASSESSMENT NEED BY FIRM SIZE 407
APPENDIX 6.9: FORMS OF TAXATION IN PKO EXTRACTION ENTERPRISES 407
APPENDIX 6.10: MEAN YEAR OF SCHOOLING OF ENTERPRISES HEAD AND WORKERS IN
PKO EXTRACTION ENTERPRISES 408
APPENDIX 6.10: CONTINUES 409
APPENDIX 6.11 : AVERAGE YEAR OF SCHOOLING OF ENTERPRISES HEAD AND
WORKERS IN ABA FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES 410
APPENDIX 6.11: CONTINUES 411
QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW STRUCTURE 413
TABLES
TABLE 1.1: STRUCTURE OF THE SCALE USED FOR SURVEY SAMPLE DESIGN 12
TABLE 1.2 DERIVATION OF THE SAMPLE POPULATION 13
TABLE 1.3: STRUCTURE OF THE SURVEYED SAMPLE BY SECTOR AND LOCATION 13
TABLE 1.4: STRUCTURE OF THE ENTERPRISES INVESTIGATED IN THE CLUSTER BY
SIZE AND SECTOR 14
TABLE 1.5: LEATHER/FOOTWEAR 14
TABLE 1.6: GARMENTS 15
TABLE 1.7: WOOD/FURNITURE 15
TABLE 1.8: PALM KERNEL OIL (PKO) EXTRACTION 15
TABLE 1.9: LIGHT ENGINEERING 16
TABLE 1.10: REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF CLUSTERED AND DISPERSED SMALL
ENTERPRISES BY SECTOR 16
TABLE 2.1: GDP IN MILLION US$ AND THE STRUCTURE OF OUTPUT EXPRESSES AS %
OF GDP 27
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS
TABLE 2.2: AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF GDP, THE SECTORS AND
POPULATION (JN%) 28
TABLE 2.3: NIGERIA EXPORTS OF OIL AND NON-OIL COMMODITIES 1995-2006 (IN
BILLION NAIRA) 30
TABLE 2.4: NIGERIA IMPORT OF OIL AND NON-OIL COMMODITIES 1995-2006 (IN
BILLION NAIRA) 31
TABLE 2.5: BALANCE OF PAYMENT CURRENT ACCOUNT (1990-2006) 32
TABLE 2.6: STRUCTURE OF DEMAND OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY 1990-2006
(%OFGDP) 33
TABLE 2.7: FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE FROM 1990 TO 2006 (IN MILLIONS OF
NAIRA) 34
TABLE 2.8: SELECTED INDICATORS OF MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE (1995-2006)
36 TABLE 2.9: INTERNATIONAL LIQUIDITY (MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS) 37
TABLE 2.11 : EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE/ AID DEPENDENCY OF NIGERIAN ECONOMY
1990-2006 41
TABLE 2.12: FOOD PRICE INDEX (1985=100) 43
TABLE 2.13: INTEREST RATE FROM 1995 TO 2006 (% PER ANNUM) 44
TABLE 2.14: NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATES 45
TABLE 2.15: NIGERIAN LABOUR FORCE AND THE AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE 46
TABLE 2.16: THE STRUCTURE OF NIGERIA S INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AT 1990
CONSTANT BASIC PRICE IN MILLIONS OF NAIRA 47
TABLE 2.16: CONTINUES 48
TABLE 2.17: STRUCTURE OF NIGERIA S MANUFACTURING OUTPUT 2001-2005
(IN 000 NAIRA) 49
TABLE 2.18: NIGERIA S INCOME POVERTY ESTIMATE 53
TABLE 2.19: NIGERIA S HUMAN POVERTY ESTIMATE (1998-2005) 54
TABLE 2.20: NIGERIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX TRENDS (1975-2005) 55 TABLE
2.21: PERCENTAGE SHARE OF EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA 55
TABLE 2.22: THE RATIO OF INCOME IN NIGERIA 56
TABLE 2.23: THE POVERTY IN TERMS OF THE HEALTH STATUS AND GENDER 56
TABLE 2.24: SOME INDICATORS OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA 58
TABLE 2.25: HEALTH SERVICES IN NIGERIA 59
TABLE 2.26: NIGERIA S EDUCATION OUTCOME (%) 61
TABLE 2.27: PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT AS % TOTAL ENROLMENT AND RATIO OF
TEACHER PER PUPILS 1996 AND 2005 62
TABLE 2.28: SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT AS % TOTAL ENROLMENT AND RATIO OF
62 TEACHER PER STUDENT 62
TABLE 2.29: FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION 63
TABLE 2.30: TOTAL EDUCATION EXPENDITURE AS A % OF GDP 64
TABLE 2.31: SOME SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS 65
IMAGE 12
CONTENTS
TABLE 2.32: SOME SELECTED POVERTY REDUCTION RELATED PROGRAMMES IN
PRE-SAP PERIOD (1962-1980) AND IN % 69
TABLE 3.1: DOMESTIC CREDIT TO PRIVATE SECTOR IN FOUR SELECTED COUNTRIES
89 IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AS % OF GDP BETWEEN 1990 AND 2006 89 TABLE 3.2:
CAPITAL MARKET POSITION IN FOUR SELECTED COUNTRIES IN SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICAN 90
TABLE 3.3: NIGERIA S GROSS DOMESTIC SAVINGS (GDS) AND GROSS DOMESTIC 92
INVESTMENT (GDI) AS A % OF GDP, 1990-2006 92
TABLE 3.4: FDI INFLOWS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA) IN MILLIONS OF US
DOLLARS... 96 AND IN PERCENTAGE 96
TABLE 3.5: NIGERIA S FDI INWARD STOCK IN MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS AS A %
106 OF GDP AND GFCF 106
TABLE 3.6: DEFINITION OF SMES BY NIGERIAN INSTITUTIONS 112
TABLE 3.7: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL
ESTABLISHMENT BY SIZE 113
TABLE 4.1: SOME REGULATORY INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 144
TABLE 4.2: SOME LABOUR FORCE INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS
145 TABLE 4.3: EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND IN PERCENTAGE OF ENTERPRISES HEADS
AND WORKERS 145
TABLE 4.4: INTER-FIRM RELATIONSHIP IDENTIFIED IN THE CLUSTER 147
TABLE 4.5: MEAN MONTHLY OUTPUT PER WORKER IN FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES 148
TABLE 4.6: ENTERPRISES EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL (EEP) IN THE FOOTWEAR 149
TABLE 4.7: MEAN MONTHLY SALES PER WORKER IN FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES 150
TABLE 4.8: CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SALES VOLUME AND ENTERPRISES
EMPLOYMENT
INTAKE 151
TABLE 4.9: MEAN MONTHLY CASH EARNINGS OF ENTREPRENEURS/WORKERS IN ABA
152 SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES CLUSTER (IN US$) 152
TABLE 4.10: REGULATORY INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 156
TABLE 4.11: LABOUR FORCE INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 157
TABLE 4.12: EDUCATION LEVEL OF ENTERPRISES HEADS AND WORKERS EXPRESSED
IN 158 PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLE NUMBER ACROSS FIRM SIZE 158
TABLE 4.13: NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY 159
TABLE 4.14: THE MEAN AGE OF EQUIPMENT 159
TABLE 4.15: AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGE EARNINGS OF ENTREPRENEURS/WORKERS IN
ABA.. 160 SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE GARMENT ENTERPRISES (IN US$) 160 TABLE
4.16: STRUCTURE OF SAMPLED ENTERPRISES IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE WOOD AND
FURNITURE 163
TABLE 4.17: SOME REGULATORY INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS
163 TABLE 4.18: LABOUR FORCE INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS
164 TABLE 4.19: SPECIALISATION IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE WOOD AND FURNITURE
165 ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 165
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS
TABLE 4.20: EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF ENTERPRISES HEADS AND WORKERS EXPRESSED
166 IN PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLE NUMBER ACROSS FIRM SIZE 166
TABLE 4.21: NATURE AND LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY 166
TABLE 4.22: INTER-FIRMS RELATIONSHIPS AND FORMS OF JOINT ACTION IN ENUGU
167 SMALL SCALE FURNITURE ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 167
TABLE 4.23: STRUCTURE OF SAMPLED ENTERPRISES IN NNEWI SMALL AND MEDIUM
170 SCALE LIGHT ENGINEERING CLUSTER 170
TABLE 4.24: SOME REGULATORY INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS
171 TABLE 4.25: LABOUR FORCE INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS
171 TABLE 4.26: EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE ENTERPRISES HEADS AND WORKERS
EXPRESSED... 172 IN PERCENTAGE 172
TABLE 4.27: NATURE OF RAW MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY IN USE 173
TABLE 4.28: SAMPLED STRUCTURE OF ENUGU PALM KERNEL EXTRACTION
ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 179
TABLE 4.29: SOME REGULATORY INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS 1
80 TABLE 4.30: LABOUR FORCE INDICATORS AS INFORMALITY CHARACTERISTICS
180 TABLE 4.31 : EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF ENTERPRISES HEADS AND WORKERS
EXPRESSED IN PERCENTAGE 181
TABLE 4.32: THE AGGREGATE MEAN MONTHLY OUTPUT PER WORKER IN CLUSTERED
AND DISPERSED IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE PKO EXTRACTION ENTERPRISES FIN
TONNES) 183
TABLE 4.33: MEAN OF MAJOR EQUIPMENT (EXPELLER AND TOASTER) IN USE BY
FIRMS 184 TABLE 4.34: CORRELATION VALUES OF TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION
OUTPUT PER WORKER 185
TABLE 4.35: THE LEVEL, CHARACTERISTICS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE CLUSTERS BY
190 SUB-SECTOR AND LOCATION 190
TABLE 4.36: LEVEL AND NATURE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BY SECTOR (%) 191
TABLE 4.37: THE LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY AND LINKAGES IN CLUSTERS BY
SUB-SECTOR 192 TABLE 5.1: THE STRUCTURE OF ENTREPRENEURS BELONGING TO
BUSINESS RELATED 208 ASSOCIATIONS 100 % BY SUB-SECTOR AND SIZE 208
TABLE 5.2: THE STRUCTURE OF ENTREPRENEURS BELONGING TO NON-BUSINESS
RELATED ..210 ASSOCIATIONS BY SUB-SECTOR 210
TABLE 5.3: PERCEPTION OF ENTREPRENEURS TO THE ASSOCIATION THEY BELONGED
212 WITH THEIR BUSINESS BY SUB-SECTOR 212
TABLE 5.4: PERCEPTION OF ENTREPRENEURS TO THE ASSOCIATION THEY BELONG BY
FIRM SIZE 213
TABLE 5.5: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANISATIONAL NETWORKS IN THE
SUB-SECTORS 215 TABLE 5.6: THE STRUCTURE OF ORGANISATIONAL NETWORKS BY
FIRM SIZE 216 TABLE 5.7: DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS OF SMES BY SUB-SECTOR 216
TABLE 5.8: AFRICAN REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS OF ABA FOOTWEAR SMALL
217 SCALE INDUSTRIES (IN AVERAGE NO. AND % OF YEARLY ORDER) 217
IMAGE 14
CONTENTS
TABLE 5.9: METHODS OF DISTRIBUTING PRODUCTS 219
TABLE 5.10: ASSESSMENT OF NETWORK FUNCTIONS BY SUB-SECTOR 220
TABLE 5.11: ASSESSMENT OF NETWORK FUNCTIONS BY FIRM SIZE 221
TABLE 5.12: NETWORKS AS RISK REDUCTION INSTRUMENT BY SUB-SECTOR 222
TABLE 5.13: RISK REDUCTION NETWORKS BY FIRM SIZE 223
TABLE 5.14: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT BY SUB-SECTOR 224
TABLE 5.15: SUB-SECTORAL COMPARISON OF THE NETWORK EFFECTS BY
SUB-SECTORS 225 TABLE 5.16: FORMS OF NETWORKS BY SUB-SECTOR AND THEIR
EFFECTS 226
TABLE 6.1: THE NUMBER OF SUPPORT RECEIVED BY SUB-SECTOR 243
TABLE 6.2: FIRMS ASSESSMENT OF GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES BY FIRM SIZE 244
TABLE 6.3: CAPACITY BUILDING ASSESSMENT NEEDS BY SUB-SECTOR 244
TABLE 6.4: CAPACITY BUILDING ASSESSMENT NEEDS BY FIRM SIZE 245
TABLE 6.5: CALCULATION OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF SUCCESSFUL DESIGNS IN THE
246 MARKET IN CLUSTERED ABA MICRO AND SMALL FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES (LNN)
246
TABLE 6.6: CALCULATION OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF SUCCESSFUL IN DISPERSED ABA
247 MICRO AND SMALL FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES (IN N) 247
TABLE 6.7: CALCULATION OF SURVIVAL COST AND SUCCESSFUL IN ABA MICRO AND
249 SMALL FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES (INNAIRA) 249
TABLE 6.7: CONTINUES 250
TABLE 6.8: SUMMARY STATISTICS 260
TABLE 6.9: PEARSON LINEAR CORRELATION OF OUTPUT IN PKO AND FOOTWEAR
ENTERPRISES 261
TABLE 6.10: OUTPUT REGRESSION IN PKO ENTERPRISES 264
TABLE 6.10A: OUTPUT REGRESSION IN FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES 265
TABLE 8.1 : SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INITIATIVES
(1900-2007) 305
TABLE 8.1: (CONTED.) 306
TABLE 8.2: POLICY MATRIX FOR SME AND SME CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT IN
NIGERIA.. 321
FIGURES
FIGURE 1: ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY 7
FIGURE 2.1: INFLATION LEVEL IN NIGERIA S ECONOMY BETWEEN 1985 AND 2006
42 FIGURE 2.2: MANUFACTURING CAPACITY UTILISATION (MCU) AND INDEX OF
MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION (IMP) 51
FIGURE 3.1: DETERMINANTS OF LINKAGE FORMATION 98
FIGURE 3.2: FORMS OF CORPORATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR SME DEVELOPMENT 99
FIGURE 4.1: SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION OF VALUE CHAIN 130
FIGURE 4.2: PRODUCTION STRUCTURE IN ABA SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISE
CLUSTER 146
IMAGE 15
CONTENTS
FIGURE 4.3: DISTRIBUTION OF INTERVIEWEES PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR MAJOR
CONSTRAINTS IN ABA SMALL SCALE FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES CLUSTER IN % OF
SAMPLE SIZE .153 FIGURE 4.4: DISTRIBUTION OF INTERVIEWEES PERCEPTIONS
TO THEIR MAJOR CONSTRAINTS IN ABA SMALL SCALE GARMENT ENTERPRISES
CLUSTER IN % OF SAMPLE SIZE ..161 FIGURE 4.5: LINKAGES IN THE ENUGU
SMALL SCALE WOOD AND FURNITURE
ENTERPRISES CLUSTER 164
FIGURE 4.6: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR MAJOR
CONSTRAINTS IN ENUGU SMALL SCALE WOOD CONSTRUCTION AND FURNITURE
ENTERPRISES CLUSTERS 168
FIGURE 4.7: LINKAGES AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN NNEWI LIGHT ENGINEERING
CLUSTER 174
FIGURE 4.8: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR
CONSTRAINTS IN NNEWI LIGHT ENGINEERING CLUSTER IN % OF SAMPLE SIZE 176
FIGURE 4.9: ANNUAL OUTPUT OF PALM OIL AND PALM KERNEL (1970-2002) IN
THOUSAND TONNES 178
FIGURE 4.10: TERRITORIAL INPUT-OUTPUT STRUCTURE IN PALM KERNEL ECONOMY
IN SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA 182
FIGURE 4.11: DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PERCEPTIONS TO THEIR MAJOR
CONSTRAINTS IN ENUGU PKO ENTERPRISES CLUSTERS IN % SAMPLE SIZE.... 186
FIGURE 5:1: REDUNDANT NETWORK STRUCTURE 199
FIGURE 5.2: SIMPLE AND COMPLEX - WEB LIKE NETWORK STRUCTURE 200 FIGURE
5.3: AFRICAN REGIONAL CUSTOMERS ANNUAL ORDER BY COUNTRY IN % 218 FIGURE
6.1: FORMS OF TAXATION EXPERIENCED IN PKO EXTRACTION 242
FIGURE 6.2: THE SURVIVAL COSTS IN SAMPLED ABA FOOTWEAR ENTERPRISES
CLUSTER BY ALL FIRMS 251
FIGURE 6.3: THE COST OF STAYING IN THE MARKET IN SAMPLED ABA LADIES SHOE
PRODUCTION UNIT OF THE FOOTWEAR CLUSTER A BY FIRM 252
FIGURE 6.4: THE COST OF STAYING IN THE MARKET IN SAMPLED ABA MEN SHOE
PRODUCTION UNIT OF THE FOOTWEAR CLUSTER BY FIRM 253
FIGURE 6.5: FIRMS SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR NEW DESIGN IN PERCENTAGE 254
FIGURE 7.1: INVESTMENT AND SME DEVELOPMENT (ISMED) MODEL 272 FIGURE 7.2:
THE OUTCOME OF THE ISMED-MODEL 279
FIGURE 8: POLICY DIAGRAM FOR SME AND SMALL ENTERPRISES CLUSTER
DEVELOPMENT 312
The book presents a new approach towards the promotion of Small and Medium
Scale Enterprises (SMEs). Over three decades there have been controversies
in development policy circles on whether SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa have the
potential to create and sustain employment, generate income, alleviate poverty,
and contribute to economic growth. The concerns were due to the worsening
employment crisis in the region, increasing poverty, structural weakness and
increasing globalisation pressure. Several theoretical approaches with respect
to promoting Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in the region are discussed
in the book, notably the view that certain internal and external constraints are
limiting the growth of SMEs, and the view that specific obstacles, such as ac¬
cess to finance, local and global markets,
entrepreneurship
and management,
human resources and training, information, innovation, and access to networks
and technological capability have been extensively investigated.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Uzor, Osmund Osinachi |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1012635740 |
| author_facet | Uzor, Osmund Osinachi |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Uzor, Osmund Osinachi |
| author_variant | o o u oo oou |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039640611 |
| classification_rvk | QY 000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)755867616 (DE-599)DNB1010780956 |
| dewey-full | 332.6722209669 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 332 - Financial economics |
| dewey-raw | 332.6722209669 |
| dewey-search | 332.6722209669 |
| dewey-sort | 3332.6722209669 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Nigeria (DE-588)4042300-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nigeria |
| id | DE-604.BV039640611 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:08:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783631603581 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024490526 |
| oclc_num | 755867616 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-703 |
| physical | XXVIII, 422 S. graph. Darst., Kt. 21 cm |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Lang |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Europäische Hochschulschriften |
| series2 | Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 5, Volks- und Betriebswirtschaft |
| spelling | Uzor, Osmund Osinachi Verfasser (DE-588)1012635740 aut Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria Osmund Osinachi Uzor Frankfurt, M. ; Berlin ; Bern ; Bruxelles ; New York, NY ; Oxford ; Wien Lang 2011 XXVIII, 422 S. graph. Darst., Kt. 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 5, Volks- und Betriebswirtschaft 3373 Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2009 Investition (DE-588)4027556-5 gnd rswk-swf Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd rswk-swf Unternehmensentwicklung (DE-588)4125011-4 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsstruktur (DE-588)4129504-3 gnd rswk-swf Netzwerkmanagement (DE-588)4245322-7 gnd rswk-swf Innovationsmanagement (DE-588)4161817-8 gnd rswk-swf Cluster Wirtschaft (DE-588)7580116-4 gnd rswk-swf Nigeria (DE-588)4042300-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Nigeria (DE-588)4042300-1 g Wirtschaftsstruktur (DE-588)4129504-3 s Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 s Cluster Wirtschaft (DE-588)7580116-4 s Netzwerkmanagement (DE-588)4245322-7 s Innovationsmanagement (DE-588)4161817-8 s Investition (DE-588)4027556-5 s Unternehmensentwicklung (DE-588)4125011-4 s DE-604 Europäische Hochschulschriften Reihe 5, Volks- und Betriebswirtschaft ; 3373 (DE-604)BV000001798 3373 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024490526&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024490526&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Uzor, Osmund Osinachi Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria Europäische Hochschulschriften Investition (DE-588)4027556-5 gnd Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd Unternehmensentwicklung (DE-588)4125011-4 gnd Wirtschaftsstruktur (DE-588)4129504-3 gnd Netzwerkmanagement (DE-588)4245322-7 gnd Innovationsmanagement (DE-588)4161817-8 gnd Cluster Wirtschaft (DE-588)7580116-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027556-5 (DE-588)4031031-0 (DE-588)4125011-4 (DE-588)4129504-3 (DE-588)4245322-7 (DE-588)4161817-8 (DE-588)7580116-4 (DE-588)4042300-1 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria |
| title_auth | Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria |
| title_exact_search | Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria |
| title_full | Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria Osmund Osinachi Uzor |
| title_fullStr | Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria Osmund Osinachi Uzor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria Osmund Osinachi Uzor |
| title_short | Clusters, networks, and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) |
| title_sort | clusters networks and innovation in small and medium scale enterprises smes the role of productive investment in the development of smes in nigeria |
| title_sub | the role of productive investment in the development of SMEs in Nigeria |
| topic | Investition (DE-588)4027556-5 gnd Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd Unternehmensentwicklung (DE-588)4125011-4 gnd Wirtschaftsstruktur (DE-588)4129504-3 gnd Netzwerkmanagement (DE-588)4245322-7 gnd Innovationsmanagement (DE-588)4161817-8 gnd Cluster Wirtschaft (DE-588)7580116-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Investition Klein- und Mittelbetrieb Unternehmensentwicklung Wirtschaftsstruktur Netzwerkmanagement Innovationsmanagement Cluster Wirtschaft Nigeria Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024490526&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024490526&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000001798 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT uzorosmundosinachi clustersnetworksandinnovationinsmallandmediumscaleenterprisessmestheroleofproductiveinvestmentinthedevelopmentofsmesinnigeria |