Intellectual property in New Zealand:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wellington
LexisNexis NZ
2011
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LXVI, 900 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780408718356 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 035 | |a (DE-599)BSZ351507159 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-M382 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Frankel, Susy |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Intellectual property in New Zealand |c Susy Frankel |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Wellington |b LexisNexis NZ |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a LXVI, 900 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE VDEDICATION VIISUMMARY OF CONTENTS IXTABLE OF CASES XXIXTABLE OF
STATUTES LIII PART
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 3
1.2 THE PURPOSES OF THIS BOOK 4
1.3 THE SCOPE OF THIS BOOK * 6
1.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 7
1.4.1 A MODERN LEGAL SUBJECT 7
1.4.2 THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND THE ARTS 8
(A) SUPPORTING OR HINDERING DEVELOPMENT 8
(B) APPLYING OLD LAW TO EVER-CHANGING TECHNOLOGY 8
1.4.3 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 11
1.5 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND BROADER LEGAL REGIMES 11
1.5.1 TRADE LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 12
1.5.2 (UNFAIR) COMPETITION LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 13
1.5.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND CONTRACT LAW 14
1.6 WHY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ? 15
1.6.1 THE STATUTORY DEEMING OF PROPERTY 15
(A) COPYRIGHT - DEFINITELY PROPERTY 15
(B) TRADE MARKS 16
(C) PATENTS 16
1.6.2 THE ADVANTAGE AND PROBLEMS OF THE PROPERTY LABEL 17
1.6.3 PROPERTY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REMEDIES 18
1.6.4 INJUNCTIONS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CASES 18
(A) INTERIM INJUNCTIONS IN NEW ZEALAND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 18
(B) FINAL INJUNCTIONS AS A REFLECTION OF THE PROPERTY NATURE OF
COPYRIGHT 19
(C) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, FREE EXPRESSION AND INJUNCTIONS 19
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CHAPTER 2: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ACROSS BORDERS
2.1 INTRODUCTION 23
2.1.1 BRITISH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW IN NEW ZEALAND 23
(A) THE BOOK WARS AND THE IMPERIAL COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 23
(B) PATENTS 24
2.1.2 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 25
(A) THE WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION 25
(B) THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 27
2.1.3 THE ESSENTIALLY TERRITORIAL NATURE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 28
2.2 THE PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW SYSTEM 30
2.2.1 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS IN GENERAL 30
(A) NATIONAL TREATMENT 31
(B) MOST-FAVOURED-NATION TREATMENT 33
(C) APPLYING A HIGHER STANDARD OF PROTECTION 34
(D) IMPLEMENTING TREATIES INTO LAW 35
2.2.2 THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 35
(A) GENERAL OBJECTIVES 35
(B) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES 37
2.2.3 INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION 38
(A) GENERAL . 38
(B) COPYRIGHT COVERAGE OF BERNE AND TRIPS 38
(C) INTERNATIONALLY CONDONED EXCEPTIONS TO COPYRIGHT PROTECTION 40 (D)
CRITERIA FOR PERMITTED USES 42
2.2.4 OTHER COPYRIGHT TREATIES 43
(A) THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION 43
(B) THE ROME CONVENTION 1961 AND PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION 1971 44
(C) DEVELOPMENTS SUBSEQUENT TO THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 45 (I) THE WIPO
COPYRIGHT TREATY 1996 45
(II) WIPO PRODUCERS OF PHONOGRAMS AND SOUND RECORDINGS TREAT}-1996 46
(D) FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 47
2.2.5 INTERNATIONAL PATENT PROTECTION 48
(A) GENERAL 48
(B) PATENTS AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 48
(C) SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 52
(D) THE PARIS CONVENTION 53
(E) THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY 54
(F) THE UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS 1962 54
(G) THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 1992 54
(H) DURATION OF PATENTS 56
2.2.6 TRADE MARKS, UNFAIR COMPETITION AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
PROTECTION 56
(A) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 56
(B) THE PARIS CONVENTION 58
(I) TRADE MARK PROTECTION 58
(II) UNFAIR COMPETITION 59
(C) THE NICE AGREEMENT ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES 1957
60
(D) THE MADRID SYSTEM 60
2.2.7 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 61
2.3 PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 63
2.3.1 BASIC CONFLICT OF LAWS CONCEPTS 63
2.3.2 CONFLICT OF LAWS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 64
2.3.3 THE NO-JURISDICTION RULE 66
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(A) THE DOUBLE ACTIONABILITY RULE IN PEARCE 69
(B) POSSIBLE LIMITATIONS TO THE PEARCE JURISDICTION RULE 70
(I) DOES IT EXTEND TRADE MARK AND PATENT LAW? 70
(II) DOES PEARCE APPLY TO CASES QUESTIONING THE VALIDITY OF FOREIGN
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS? 71
(C) IN PERSONAM JURISDICTION AS A DEFAULT POSITION 72
2.3.4 INTERNATIONAL ATTEMPTS TO REFORM THE NO-)URISDICTION RULE 74 2.3.5
CHOICE OF LAW - WHAT LAW OUGHT TO BE APPLIED 75
(A) THE LAW OF THE FORUM IS NOT NECESSARILY THE LAW TO BE APPLIED TO THE
CASE 75
(B) SO WHICH LAW? 76
(C) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 77
(I) THE FOREIGN PUBLIC LAW EXCEPTION 78
(II) APPLICABLE LAW 79
2.4 NEW ZEALAND S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS OUTSIDE NEW ZEALAND 80
2.4.1 COPYRIGHT AND PATENTS 80
2.4.2 EXPORTING, THE OPERATION OF THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1986 AND PASSING
OFF. 82
2.5 IMPORTATION RIGHTS 84
2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 84
(A) SCOPE OF THIS SECTION 84
(B) DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PARALLEL IMPORTATION AND IMPORTATION OF
PIRATED GOODS 84
(C) A WIDER CONTEXT FOR THE DEBATE 85
(I) THE ECONOMICS OF THE IMPORTATION RIGHT 86
(II) IMPORTATION INTO CUSTOMS UNIONS AND FREE TRADE AREAS - THE EXAMPLE
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 87
2.5.2 PATENTS AND THE IMPORTATION RIGHT 89
(A) THE BASIC PROHIBITION 89
(B) THE DOCTRINE OF IMPLIED LICENCE 89
(C) COMPULSORY LICENCES AND THE PARALLEL IMPORTATION OF PATENTED
PHARMACEUTICALS 91
2.5.3 THE COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE IMPORTATION RIGHT 94
(A) THE CURRENT NEW ZEALAND IMPORTATION RIGHT 94
(B) PROVISIONS PRIOR TO 1998 94
(C) 1998 CHANGES 95
(D) THE ONUS OF PROOF 97
(E) USES OF COPYRIGHT WORKS AFTER IMPORTATION 97
(F) THE FUTURE OF PARALLEL IMPORTATION RESTRICTIONS IN NEW ZEALAND 99
2.5.4 PARALLEL IMPORTATION AND REGISTERED TRADE MARKS 100
(A) CONFLICTED POLICY LEADS TO CONFLICTED LAW 100
(B) IS IMPORTATION A USE OF THE TRADE MARK? 101
(C) THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONNECTION TO THE REGISTERED PROPRIETOR 103
(I) THE SIMPLE CASES - ONLY ONE COMPANY OR MANY VERY DIFFERENT COMPANIES
104
(II) THE COMPLEX CASES - THE PROBLEM OF DIE PARENT AND SUBSIDIARY 104
(III) THE GAP - INDEPENDENT DISTRIBUTORS 107
(D) THE DISTORTING EFFECT OF THE CURRENT LAW 107
2.5.5 IMPORTATION AND OTHER FORMS OF STATUTORY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 110
(A) PARALLEL IMPORTATION AND REGISTERED DESIGNS 110
(B) THE LAYOUT DESIGNS ACT 1994 110
(C) THE PLANT VARIETY RIGHTS ACT 1987 I LL
2.5.6 PASSING OFF AS A MEANS OF PREVENTING PARALLEL IMPORTATION OF GOODS
I LL
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(A) SELLING IMPORTED GOODS CAN INFRINGE NEW ZEALAND GOODWILL I LL (B)
SAME TRADE MARK BUT GOODS OF DIFFERENT QUALITY HI
(C) SAME TRADE MARK ON SAME GOODS 112
CHAPTER 3: THE KNOWLEDGE ASSETS OF MAORI A ND
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
3.1 INTRODUCTION H6
3.2 CULTURAL CONCERNS VERSUS FINANCIAL CONCERNS 119
3.3 TE TIRITI O WAITANGI- THE TREATY OF WAITANGI 120
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION 120
3.3.2 THE TREATY PRINCIPLES APPROACH 121
3.3.3 THE TREATY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 122
3.3.4 MAORI VALUES 123
3.4 INTERNATIONAL BODIES AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 125
3.4.1 WIPO AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 126
3.4.2 THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 129
(A) ARTICLE 8(J) * 129
(B) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CBD AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 130
3.4.3 THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
131
3.5 SPECIFIC CHALLENGES TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND POSSIBLE REFORMS
132 3.5.1 INTRODUCTION 132
3.5.2 AUTHORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP 133
3.5.3 DURATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 135
3.5.4 PATENT NOVELTY AND INVENTIVE STEPS 136
3.5.5 EXCLUSIONS FROM PATENTABILITY 139
(A) THE MORALITY- EXCLUSION FOR PATENTS 139
(B) ANORDRE PUBLIC EXCEPTION 141
(C) A MAORI ADVISORY COMMITTEE 143
3.5.6 PLANT VARIETY RIGHTS 144
3.5.7 COPYRIGHT ORIGINALITY 145
3.5.8 THE FIXATION REQUIREMENT FOR COPYRIGHT WORKS 146
3.5.9 PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF PATENTED INVENTIONS AND COPYRIGHT WORKS 146
3.5.10 COPYRIGHT LAW REFORM 147
(A) PAST REFORM 147
(B) MORAL RIGHTS IN COPYRIGHT LAW 147
3.5.11 TRADE MARKS 148
3.5.12 EXPLOITATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY WORKS 151
3.6 THE POTENTIAL OF SM GENERIS REFORM TO PROTECT MAORI INTERESTS 152
CHAPTER 4: COMPETITION LAW, LICENSING AND THE COPYRIGHT TRIBUNAL
4.1 INTRODUCTION 154
4-2 COMPETITION AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 155
4.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COMPETITION STATUTES 156
4.3.1 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND NETWORK EFFECTS 156
4.3.2 THE COMMERCE ACT 1986 . 1 58
(A) BACKGROUND J JG
(B) ANTI-COMPETITIVE AGREEMENTS 159
(C) TAKING ADVANTAGE OF SUBSTANTIAL MARKET POWER 159
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(D) MARKET DEFINITION 161
(E) SUBSTANTIAL DEGREE OF POWER IN A MARKET AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
164
(F) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY EXCEPTIONS 166
4.3.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AS AN ESSENTIAL FACILITY 167
(A) INTRODUCTION 167
(B) MAGILL 168
(C) THE NEED TO ALLOW RECOUPMENT OF INVESTMENTS 170
(D) THE PROPERTY PART OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 172
(E) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ANTITRUST IN THE UNITED STATES CASES 173
4.3.4 GOVERNMENT, DRUG PURCHASING AND PHARMAC 176
(A) INTRODUCTION 176
(B) THE SETTING OF THE DRUG TARIFF WAS NOT IN TRADE 177
(C) HEALTH REFORMS AND THE COMMERCE ACT 177
4.4 POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO THE COMPETITION VERSUS EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS
BALANCE 178 4.4.1 GETTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW RIGHT 178
4.4.2 RESTRAINT OF TRADE AND THE PRIME NECESSITY DOCTRINES 179
4.4.3 THE SPARE PARTS EXCEPTION 179
4.4.4 COMPULSORY LICENCES 179
4.5 COPYRIGHT LICENSING AND THE COPYRIGHT TRIBUNAL 182
4.5.1 INTRODUCTION 182
4.5.2 THE COPYRIGHT TRIBUNAL S JURISDICTION 184
(A) INTRODUCTION 184
(B) THE ROLE OF THE COPYRIGHT TRIBUNAL 185
(C) THE TRIBUNAL DOES NOT ORDER COMPULSORY LICENCES 186
(D) VARYING THE TERMS RATHER THAN ADDING WHOLLY NEW SUBJECT MATTER 187
4.5.3 LICENSING SCHEMES AND LICENSING BODIES 188
(A) DEFINITIONS 188
(B) THE SATURN CASE AND THE MEANING OF LICENSING SCHEME 189 4.5.4
POWERS OF THE TRIBUNAL 192
(A) INTRODUCTION 192
(B) THE LICENSING SCHEME AND LICENSING BODY PROVISIONS 193 (C) FACTORS
THAT APPLY TO APPLICATIONS TO THE TRIBUNAL 194
(I) REASONABLE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES 194
(D) EFFECTS OF ORDERS OF THE TRIBUNAL 195
PART II
CHAPTER 5: COPYRIGHT
WITH GEOFF MCLAY
INTRODUCTION 201
5.1 HISTORY OF AND JUSTIFICATIONS FOR COPYRIGHT 201
5.1.1 NEW ZEALAND S COPYRIGHT LAWS 205
5.2 THE COPYRIGHT ATTITUDE 206
5.3 CHAPTER OUTLINE 209
ECONOMIC RIGHTS 209
5.4 INTRODUCTION 209
5.5 CATEGORIES OF WORK 211
5.5.1 LITERARY WORKS 212
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(A) TABLES AND COMPILATIONS 214
5.5.2 DRAMATIC WORKS 216
5.5.3 MUSICAL WORK 217
5.5.4 ARTISTIC WORK 218
(A) GRAPHIC WORK 219
(B) PHOTOGRAPH 219
(C) SCULPTURE 220
(D) COLLAGE 220
(E) MODEL 221
(F) WORK OF ARCHITECTURE 221
(G) ARTISTIC CRAFTSMANSHIP 222
(H) CORRECT CLASSIFICATION OF ARTISTIC WORK 222
5.5.5 SOUND RECORDINGS 223
5.5.6 FILM 223
5.5.7 COMMUNICATION WORKS 225
(A) BROADCASTS 228
(B) CABLE PROGRAMMES 229
5.5.8 TYPOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF PUBLISHED EDITIONS 230
5.5.9 ADAPTATION AS A CATEGORY OF WORK 233
5.6 ORIGINALITY 233
5.6.1 NOT COPIED 234
5.6.2 INDEPENDENTLY CREATED 236
5.6.3 IDEAS AND EXPRESSION 236
5.6.4 THE CREATIVITY/LABOUR DISTINCTION 239
5.6.5 NO DISSECTION FOR ORIGINALITY PURPOSES 242
5.7 ORIGINALITY IN RELATION TO PARTICULAR WORKS 243
5.7.1 ORIGINAL LITERARY, DRAMATIC OR MUSICAL WORK 243
5.7.2 ORIGINAL ARTISTIC WORK 244
5.7.3 ORIGINAL SOUND RECORDING, FILM AND COMMUNICATION WOIK 245 5.7.4
ORIGINAL TYPOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT 247
5.8 OWNERSHIP AND AUTHORSHIP 247
5.8.1 PRIMARY RULES 247
(A) THE MEANING OF IN THE COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT 249
(B) THE MEANING OF COMMISSION 250
5.8.2 CROWN COPYRIGHT 251
5.8.3 JOINT AUDIORSHIP AND CO-OWNERSHIP 254
3.9 DURATION 256
510 FIXATION 260
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT 261
5.11 PRIMARY INFRINGEMENT 261
5.11.1 INFRINGING ACTS 261
5.11.2 INFRINGEMENT BY COPYING 262
(A) THE MEANING OF COPYING 262
(B) IDENTIFYING THE WORK THAT IS COPIED 264
(C) DIRECT OR INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT 264
(D) TEST FOR INFRINGEMENT BY COPYING 265
(I) ENTIRE WORK OR SUBSTANTIAL PART 266
(II) OBJECTIVE SIMILARITY 268
(IN) SUBSTANTIAL PART OF A LITERARY OR DRAMATIC WORK 268
(IV) SUBSTANTIAL PART OF A COMPILATION, DATABASE OR DIRECTORY 269 (V)
SUBSTANTIAL PART OF A MUSICAL WORK 269
(VI) SUBSTANTIAL PART OF AN ARTISTIC WORK 270
(VII) SUBSTANTIAL PART OF A FILM, SOUND RECORDING OR COMMUNICATION WORK
271
(VII) SUBSTANTIAL PART OF A TYPOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT 271 (IX) CAUSAL
CONNECTION 273
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5.11.3 ISSUING COPIES OF THE WORK TO THE PUBLIC 273
(A) THE FIRST SALE PRINCIPLE 273
(B) THE RENTAL RIGHT 274
(C) THE PUBLIC LENDING RIGHT 274
(I) THE PUBLIC LENDING RIGHT SYSTEM IN NEW ZEALAND 275 (II) A RESALE
ROYALTY RIGHT FOR ARTISTS 278
5.11.4 INFRINGEMENT BY PERFORMING, PLAYING OR SHOWING A WORK IN PUBLIC
279 5.11.5 INFRINGEMENT BY COMMUNICATING A WORK TO THE PUBLIC 279 5.11.6
INFRINGEMENT BY ADAPTATION 280
5.11.7 AUTHORISATION 282
(A) AN UNDEFINED, EXCLUSIVE RIGHT? 282
(B) AUTHORISATIONS MADE OVERSEAS TO INFRINGE COPYRIGHTS IN NEW ZEALAND
283
(I) THE TIMING OF THE AUTHORISATION 284
(C) AUTHORISATION AS INFRINGEMENT - CATCH-ALL OR CIRCUMSCRIBED
PROHIBITION? 284
5.12 SECONDARY INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT 288
5.12.1 INTRODUCTION 288
5.12.2 RELATIONSHIP WITH AUTHORISATION 288
5.12.3 PROHIBITIONS 289
5.12.4 ACTUAL OR CONSTRUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE 291
5.13 TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES 295
5.13.1 THE DEFINITION OF TPM 296
5.13.2 THE PROHIBITED CONDUCT 297
MORAL RIGHTS 299
5.14 INTRODUCTION 299
5.15 THE RIGHT TO BE IDENTIFIED AS THE AUTHOR OR DIRECTOR 301
5.15.1 INTRODUCTION 301
5.15.2 OWNERSHIP AND DURATION OF THE RIGHT 301
5.15.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE RIGHT 302
5.16 RIGHT TO OBJECT TO DEROGATORY TREATMENT OF A WORK 305
5.16.1 INTRODUCTION 305
5.16.2 MEANING OF DEROGATORY 305
5.16.3 MEANING OF TREATMENT 305
5.16.4 OWNERSHIP AND DURATION OF THE RIGHT 306
5.16.5 SCOPE OF THE RIGHT 307
5.16.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE RIGHT 307
5.17 RIGHTS AGAINST FALSE REPRESENTATION AND FALSE ATTRIBUTION 310
5.17.1 FALSE REPRESENTATION 310
5.17.2 FALSE ATTRIBUTION 310
5.17.3 SCOPE OF THE RIGHT 311
5.18 THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY OF CERTAIN PHOTOGRAPHS AND FILMS 311
PERFORMERS RIGHTS 313
5.19 INTRODUCTION 313
5.20 WHAT IS A PERFORMANCE? 314
5.21 WIPO PERFORMERS RIGHTS TREAT 314
CONSEQUENCES OF COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT 315
5.22 INTRODUCTION 315
5.23 CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 316
5.23.1 UNJUSTIFIED PROCEEDINGS 316
5.23.2 INTERLOCUTORY REMEDIES 316
(A) INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS 316
(B) ANTON PILLER ORDERS 317
5.23.3 FINAL REMEDIES 319
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(A) INJUNCTIONS 319
(B) DAMAGES AND ACCOUNTS OF PROFITS 320
(I) INNOCENT INFRINGEMENT 321
(II) NOMINAL DAMAGES 321
(III) COMPENSATORY DAMAGES 322
(IV) ADDITIONAL DAMAGES 323
(V) WHAT IS FLAGRANT? 325
(VI) EFFECT OF DELAY ON DAMAGES 326
(C) DELIVERY UP 326
5.24 CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 327
CHAPTER 6: COPYRIGHT - PERMITTED USES
WITH GEOFF MCLAY
6.1 INTRODUCTION 330
6.2 INCIDENTAL COPYING 330
6.3 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND THE NEW ZEALAND BILL OF RIGHTS ACT 1990
331
6.4 EXCEPTIONS TO COPYRIGHT LAW AND NEW ZEALAND S INTERNATIONAL
OBLIGATIONS 335
6.5 FAIR USE OR FAIR DEALING 335
6.6 COMMON LAW DEFENCES 338
6.6.1 INTRODUCTION 338
6.6.2 THE COMMON LAW PUBLIC INTEREST DEFENCE 339
6.6.3 THE PUBLIC INTEREST DEFENCE IN AUSTRALIA 339
6.6.4 THE PUBLIC INTEREST DEFENCE IN THE ENGLISH COURTS 341
(A) HYDE PARK 342
(B) ASHDOWN 343
6.7 FAIR DEALING PROVISIONS 344
6.7.1 THE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF FAIR DEALING 344
6.7.2 CURRENT FAIR DEALING PROVISIONS 345
(A) FAIR DEALING - THE AMOUNT THAT CAN BE TAKEN 346
(B) FAIR DEALING - THE DEFENDANT S INTENTIONS 348
(C) FAIR DEALING - THE EFFECT ON THE COPYRIGHT OWNER S LEGITIMATE
EXPECTATION 350
(D) PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED WORKS 350
(E) NEED FOR ACKNOWLEDGMENT 351
6.7.3 CRITICISM AND REVIEW 352
(A) MEANING OF CRITICISM AND REVIEW 352
(B) AMOUNT THAT MAY BE TAKEN 353
(C) THE PROBLEM WITH PARODY 354
6.7.4 NEWS REPORTING 357
(A) CURRENT EVENTS 357
(B) LIMITATION ON THE RIGHT 358
6.7.5 RESEARCH AND PRIVATE STUDY 359
(A) THE MEANING OF RESEARCH AND PRIVATE STUDY 360
(B) NO FAIR DEALING FOR RESEARCH CONDUCTED ON BEHALF OF OTHERS 360 (C)
THE S 43(3) DEFINITION OF FAIR DEALING 361
6.7.6 SPECIFIC STATUTORY AUTHORISATION 363
6.7.7 OFFICIAL INFORMATION AND PRIVACY LEGISLATION 364
6.7.8 COPYING FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES 364
(A) CARRINGTON 354
(B) SECTIONS 44 AND 46 - LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL OR ARTISTIC WORKS
OR TYPOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENTS 365
(C) LICENSING SCHEMES FOR REPROGRAPHIC COPYING 367
(D) SECTIONS 45, 47 AND 48 - COPYING OTHER WORKS 367
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6.7.9 LIBRARY AND ARCHIVE PROVISIONS 369
(A) WHICH LIBRARIES QUALIFY? 369
(B) WHAT PRESCRIBED LIBRARIES CAN DO 370
(C) THE RESEARCH AND PRIVATE STUDY PROVISION 370
(D) RESEARCH AND PRIVATE STUDY REQUIREMENTS 371
(E) THE MEANING OF REASONABLE PROPORTION OF A WORK 372 (F) CHARGING
373
(G) THE PERIODICAL SAME SUBJECT REQUIREMENT 373
(H) LIBRARY-FOCUSED COPYING 374
(I) RENTAL OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS, SOUND RECORDINGS OR FILMS 375 6.7.10
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 375
6.7.11 AD HOC PROVISIONS 377
(A) INTRODUCTION 377
(B) LITERARY, DRAMATIC AND MUSICAL WORKS 378
(C) RECORDING COMMUNICATION WORKS 384
6.7.12 PERMITTED USES AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES 386
CHAPTER 7: PATENTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION 388
7.1.1 THE NATURE OF PATENT LAW 389
7.1.2 REFORM IN NEW ZEALAND 390
7.1.3 JUSTIFICATIONS FOR AND THE HISTORY OF PATENT LAW 391
7.2 THE REGISTRATION PROCESS 393
7.2.1 GENERAL 393
7.2.2 THE STRUCTURE OF A PATENT 394
7.2.3 THE STANDARD OF EXAMINATION 394
7.2.4 INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION 396
7.2.5 THE EFFECT OF REGISTRATION 397
7.2.6 PATENT AMENDMENT 400
7.2.7 PATENT TERM 402
7.3 INVENTION 404
7.3.1 THE STATUTE OF MONOPOLIES AND ITS PROVISO 405
7.3.2 THE MEANING OF MANNER OF NEW MANUFACTURE 407
7.3.3 VENDIBLE PRODUCT 408
7.3.4 EXCEPTIONS 408
(A) GENERAL 408
(B) MEDICAL TREATMENT OF HUMANS 409
7.3.5 SWISS CLAIMS 412
(A) UNDERSTANDING SWISS CLAIMS 412
(B) GAULTJ S APPROACH 413
(C) WHAT THE TRIPS AGREEMENT REQUIRES 414
(D) THE SO-CALLED SWISS-STYLE CLAIM 416
7.4 PATENT VALIDITY: OPPOSITION AND REVOCATION 421
7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 421
(A) OPPOSITION 422
(B) REVOCATION 422
7.4.2 NOVELTY 423
7.4.3 PRIOR PUBLICATION 426
7.4.4 OBVIOUSNESS AND LACKING INVENTIVE STEP 427
(A) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NOVELTY AND OBVIOUSNESS 427
(B) THE TEST FOR OBVIOUSNESS 428
(C) OBVIOUSNESS AND SELECTION PATENTS 430
(D) OBVIOUSNESS WHERE THERE IS A COMBINATION OF KNOWN ELEMENTS 431
7.4.5 LACK OF UTILITY 433
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7.4.6 SUFFICIENCY OF SPECIFICATION 434
7.5 EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS AND INFRINGEMENT 434
7.5.1 EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 434
7.5.2 EXHAUSTION OF PATENT RIGHTS 435
7.5.3 INTERPRETING A PATENT SPECIFICATION 435
7.5.4 OTHER CANONS OF CONSTRUCTION 441
7.5.5 METHOD OF INTERPRETATION 442
7.5.6 INFRINGEMENT 443
(A) EQUIVALENTS 443
(B) EXPERIMENTAL USE 443
7.5.7 REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT 446
(A) INJUNCTIONS 446
(B) DAMAGES 446
(C) ACCOUNT OF PROFITS 447
(D) INNOCENT INFRINGEMENT 448
7.6 SPECIAL TOPICS 449
7.6.1 CONTRACT AND PATENT LAW 449
7.6.2 PLANT VARIETY RIGHTS 450
CHAPTER 8: DESIGN LAW
8.1 INTRODUCTION 453
8.2 THE DESIGNS ACT 1953 456
8.2.1 THE COMMISSIONER AND THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM 456
8.2.2 QUALIFICATIONS FOR DESIGN PROTECTION 456
(A) DEFINITION OF DESIGN 456
(B) ARTICLE 458
(C) FUNCTIONAL DESIGNS 458
(D) DESIGN MUST BE NEW OR ORIGINAL 461
8.2.3 RIGHTS ARISING FROM REGISTRATION 464
(A) EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 464
(B) OWNERSHIP OF RIGHTS 464
(C) DURATION OF REGISTERED RIGHTS 465
8.2.4 INFRINGEMENT 465
(A) COMPARING THE REGISTRATION TO THE ALLEGED INFRINGEMENT 465 (B)
CAUSAL CONNECTION NOT REQUIRED 467
8.2.5 CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION AND RECTIFICATION OF THE REGISTER 467
8.3 COPYRIGHT LAW AND DESIGNS 468
8.3.1 INTRODUCTION 468
(A) LIMITING THE SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT 468
(B) DURATION OF COPYRIGHT WORKS THAT ARE INDUSTRIALLY APPLIED 469 8.3.2
CATEGORISATION OF DESIGNS AS COPYRIGHT ARTISTIC WORKS 470
(A) DRAWINGS 471
(B) ENGRAVING 472
(C) SCULPTURE 473
(D) MODEL Z Z Z . Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZI 474
(E) ARTISTIC CRAFTSMANSHIP 475
8.3.3 SPARE PARTS EXCEPTION TO INFRINGEMENT 476
(A) THE ENGLISH RULE 476
(B) NEW ZEALAND S REJECTION OF THE SPARE PARTS EXCEPTION 477
(C) THE PRIVY COUNCIL AND THE TRUE MEANING OF THE EXCEPTION 478 8.4
MARKETING LAW AND DESIGNS 4GO
8.4.1 REGISTERED TTADE MARKS AND DESIGNS 480
8.4.2 PASSING OFF, THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1986 AND DESIGNS Z Z Z Z Z . Z
ZZ 480
XX
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PART
CHAPTER 9.THE RUDIMENTS OF MARKETING LAW: TRADE MARKS, PASSING OFF AND
THE FAIR TRADING ACT
9.1 INTRODUCTION 489
9.1.1 TRADEMARKS, PASSING OFF AND THE FAIR TRADING ACT 489
9.1.2 NO GENERAL LAW OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 490
9.1.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TRADE MARK LAW 492
9.1.4 SCOPE AND ORGANISATION OF THIS CHAPTER 492
9.1.5 TERMINOLOGY 493
9.2 REGISTERED TRADEMARKS 494
9.2.1 INTRODUCTION 494
9.2.2 STATUTORY ORIGINS 494
9.2.3 THE REGISTER, THE COMMISSIONER OF TRADE MARKS AND IPONZ 495 9.2.4
FUNCTIONS OF TRADEMARKS 497
9.2.5 THE DEFINITION OF TRADE MARK 499
(A) SIGN 499
(I) BRANDS, HEADINGS, LABELS, LETTERS, NAMES, NUMERALS, TICKETS AND
WORDS 500
(II) DEVICES AND SIGNATURES 500
(III) COLOURS 500
(IV) SHAPES 501
(V) SMELLS, SOUNDS AND TASTES 501
(B) CAPABLE OF BEING REPRESENTED GRAPHICALLY 502
(C) CAPABLE OF DISTINGUISHING GOODS OR SERVICES 504
9.2.6 REGISTRABILITY OF TRADE MARKS 504
9.2.7 TRADE MARK IS LIKELY TO DECEIVE OR CAUSE CONFUSION 507
(A) ONUS OF PROOF 508
(B) OPPONENT S REPUTATION 509
(C) THE TEST FOR CONFUSION AND DECEPTION 510
(D) MEANING OF, AND ASSESSING, CONFUSION AND DECEPTION 511 (E) NUMBER OF
CONSUMERS THAT MUST BE CONFUSED OR DECEIVED 512 (F) GOODS OR SERVICES
513
9.2.8 COMPARING TRADE MARKS TO ESTABLISH CONFUSION OR DECEPTION 515 (A)
THE OVERALL COMPARISON TEST.. 515
(B) THE IDEA OF THE TRADE MARK 518
(C) THE WHOLE OF THE MARK 520
(D) IMPERFECT RECOLLECTION AND THE ARTIFICIALITY OF SIDE-BY-SIDE
COMPARISON 520
9.2.9 JUDICIAL IMPRESSION 521
9.2.10 ACTUAL CONFUSION EVIDENCE 522
9.2.11 NON-DISTINCTIVENESS 523
(A) A SIGN THAT IS NOT A TRADE MARK 523
(B) DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 524
(C) DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER THROUGH USE 525
(D) DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER NOT DEPENDENT ON USE 526
(E) MEANING OF DESIGNATE 529
(F) DESIGNATIONS OF KIND 529
(G) DESIGNATIONS OF QUALITY OR LAUDATORY WORDS CANNOT BE REGISTERED 530
9.2.12 TYPES OF TRADE MARK 531
(A) GEOGRAPHICAL TRADE MARKS 531
(B) SURNAMES 533
(C) INVENTED WORDS 534
XXI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(D) ADAPTATIONS OF TRADE MARKS AND TRANSLATIONS OF WELL-KNOWN WORDS 537
(E) SHAPES AND PACKAGING 538
(F) SOUNDS 542
(G) SMELLS AND TASTES 543
(H) COLOURS 543
(I) DEVICES 545
(J) LETTERS, NUMBERS, ACRONYMS AND INITIALS 545
9.3 THE REGISTRATION PROCESS 547
9.3.1 THE APPLICATION 547
9.3.2 CLASSES OF GOODS AND SEN-ICES 549
9.3.3 EVIDENCE OF USE 549
9.3.4 PRIORITY OF REGISTRATION 550
(A) GENERAL 550
(B) INTERNATIONA] REGISTRATION 551
9.3.5 TRADE MARK DURATION, RENEWAL AND VALIDITY 552
9.3.6 REVOCATION OF A TRADE MARK AND RECTIFICATION OF THE REGISTER 553
(A) NON-USE 553
(B) GENERAL POWER TO RECTIFY THE REGISTER 555
(C) THE TRADE MARK SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN REGISTERED 555
9.3.7 TRADE MARK OFFICE PRACTICE NOTES 556
9.3.8 OTHER REGISTRATION MATTERS 556
(A) DISCLAIMERS 556
(B) CONDITIONS 557
(I) GEOGRAPHY 557
(II) COLOUR . 558
(C) CERTIFICATION AND COLLECTIVE TRADE MARKS 558
9.4 OPPOSING REGISTRATION 558
9.5 RIGHTS THAT ATTACH TO TRADE MARKS, AND INFRINGEMENT OF THOSE RIGHTS
559 9.5.1 INTRODUCTION 559
9.5.2 IDENTICAL SIGNS 559
9.5.3 SIMILAR SIGNS 561
9.5.4 IDENTICAL OR SIMILAR GOODS OR SERVICES 562
9.5.5 USE AS A TRADE MARK 562
9.5.6 CIRCUMSTANCES NOT AMOUNTING TO INFRINGEMENT 564
9.6 PASSING OFF 564
9.6.1 INTRODUCTION 564
9.6.2 GENERAL TESTS FOR PASSING OFF. 565
9.6.3 COMMON LAW TORT, EQUITABLE WRONG OR BOTH 567
9.6.4 GOODWILL MUST BE DAMAGED 569
9.6.5 EXTENSION OF PASSING OFF. 571
9.7 THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1986 572
9.7.1 STATUTORY PROVISIONS 572
9.7.2 PROVISIONS ALLOWING COMPETITORS TO SUE 574
9.7.3 COMPETITORS ACTIONS IN THE COURT OF APPEAL 576
(A) TAYLORBROS - NO COMMON LAW GLOSS 576
(B) NO NEED TO ESTABLISH LOSS BY THE COMPETITOR 576
(C) NO NEED TO ESTABLISH ACTUAL ECONOMIC LOSS BY CONSUMERS 577 (D) A
TEMPORARY, REMEDIED DECEPTION IS STILL A DECEPTION 578 (E) NEUMEGEN -
THE COST OF BEING TOO FLEXIBLE? 578
9.7.4 THE APPLICABILITY OF AUSTRALIAN CASE LAW 581
9.8 MISREPRESENTATION -G2
9.8.1 INTRODUCTION COO
9.8.2 INTENTION TO DECEIVE NOT NECESSARY 582
9.8.3 THE VERY UNREASONABLE, REASONABLE CONSUMER.. 583
9.8.4 PRE-SALE AND POST-SALE PASSING OFF AND TRADE MARK M F R I N G E M
E N T I II 587
XXII
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9.8.5 FAIR TRADING ACT BREACHES NOT REMEDIED AT POINT OF SALE 588
(A) MISREPRESENTATION IN RELATION TO PASSING OFF 590
9.8.6 MISREPRESENTATION UNDER THE FAIR TRADING ACT 592
(A) THE COURT OF APPEAL S HOLISTIC APPROACH 592
(B) THE FAIR TRADING ACT DOES NOT REQUIRE AN INTENTIONAL (OR EVEN
ACTIVE) MISREPRESENTATION 594
(C) CONDUCT LIKELY TO DECEIVE OR MISLEAD 596
9.9 COMPARING THE THREE PROTECTIONS 597
9.9.1 REGISTRATION V NON-REGISTRATION 597
9.9.2 DISTINCTION BETWEEN A PROPERTY RIGHT AND A RIGHT TO COMPLAIN 597
9.9.3 TRADE MARKS ARE EASIER TO PROTECT IN SOME SITUATIONS 597
9.9.4 TRANSFERRING MARKS OR NAMES 598
9.9.5 STANDING TO BRING ACTIONS 601
(A) THE FAIR TRADING ACT IS MORE FLEXIBLE 601
(B) STANDING TO SUE FOR LOSS OF GROUP DISTINCTIVENESS 601
(C) CONFLICTS BETWEEN REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED TRADE MARKS 602
CHAPTER 10: MARKETING IN CONTEXT
10.1 OVERSEAS REPUTATIONS 607
10.1.1 INTRODUCTION 607
10.1.2 PASSING OFFS TRADITIONAL TERRITORIAL VIEW OF REPUTATION 607
10.1.3 TRANS-TASMAN REPUTATION - PASSING OFF AND TRADE MARKS 608 10.1.4
OVERSEAS REPUTATION AND THE FAIR TRADING ACT 613
10.1.5 REPUTATIONS OVERFLOWING INTO NEW ZEALAND OR COEXISTING WITH NEW
ZEALAND REPUTATIONS 613
10.2 PROTECTING NAMES 616
10.2.1 INTRODUCTION 616
10.2.2 THE LIMITED OWN NAME EXCEPTION 617
(A) INTRODUCTION 617
(B) OWN NAMES AND REGISTERED TRADE MARKS 618
(C) OWN NAMES AND PASSING OFF 621
(D) OWN NAMES AND THE FAIR TRADING ACT 623
(E) CONCURRENT RIGHTS TO USE BUSINESS OWN NAMES 625
10.2.3 THE SACRED, THE GOOD, THE INTERNATIONAL AND THE ROYAL 628
(A) INTRODUCTION 628
(B) THE PROTECTION OF ANZAC 628
(C) ROYAL AND GOVERNMENTAL PATRONAGE 629
(D) OLYMPIC (AND COMMONWEALTH) GAMES PROTECTION 630 (E) PROTECTION OF
(SEMI-) COMMERCIAL AND (SEMI-) GOVERNMENTAL NAMES 631
(F) INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 632
10.2.4 SPECIAL PROTECTION OF COMPANY NAMES UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT 632
(A) INTRODUCTION 632
(B) NAMES OF PRE-1993 COMPANIES 633
(C) THE 1993 ACT S FOCUS ON IDENTICAL RATHER THAN CONFUSING 633 (D)
NAMES THAT WOULD CONTRAVENE AN ENACTMENT 634
(E) IDENTICAL (OR ALMOST IDENTICAL) NAMES 635
(F) OFFENSIVE NAMES 637
(G) NON-IDENTICAL COMPANY NAMES UNDER THE FAIR TRADING ACT 637
10.3 PROTECTING THE DESCRIPTIVE 640
10.3.1 INTRODUCTION 640
10.3.2 REGISTERED TRADE MARKS AND DESCRIPTIVENESS 640
(A) DESCRIPTIVE MARKS CANNOT BE REGISTERED 641
(B) USING REGISTERED TRADE MARKS DESCRIPTIVELY 641
10.3.3 PASSING OFF OF DESCRIPTIVE NAMES 646
XXIII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.4
10.3
10.6
10.7
(A) THE BASTE RULE AND ITS COMPLICATIONS 646
(B) WHAT WAS ONCE DESCRIPTIVE CAN BECOME DISTINCTIVE 647
10.3.4 THE FAIT TRADING ACT 1986 AND DESCRIPTIVE NAMES 648
(A) GENERAL 6 48
(B) DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN WORDS AND THE
WAY THEY ARE DISPLAYED 648
10.3.5 EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE WORDS 649
10.3.6 DESCRIPTIVE WORDS BEING HELD TO BE DISTINCTIVE 650
10.3.7 DISTINCTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE WORDS IN THE MEDIA CONTEXT 651
PROTECTING GET-UP 653
10.4.1 INTRODUCTION 653
10.4.2 WHAT CAN BE ACTIONABLE GET-UP? 654
10.4.3 WHETHER GET-UP IS REALLY DISTINCTIVE OR COMMON IN TRADE 655
10.4.4 THE EFFECT OF LABELS OR NAMES 656
PROTECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 658
10.5.1 INTRODUCTION 658
10.5.2 REGISTERED TRADE MARKS AND PASSING OFF 659
10.5.3 EXTENDED PASSING OFF AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 660
(A) THE DESIGNATION MUST NOT HAVE BECOME A GENERIC TERM 661
(B) THE INDUSTRY MUST NOT TARNISH ITS OWN DISTINCTIVE REPUTATION 662 (C)
IS A DEFINITE RECIPE NECESSARY? 662
(D) NOT A COMPLETE MONOPOLY 664
10.5.4 THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1986 . 664
10.5.5 THE TRIPS AGREEMENT, GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS, AND WINES AND
SPIRITS 665
(A) INTRODUCTION - NEW ZEALAND S INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS 665 (B)
PASSING OFF AND THE PROTECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 666 (C) THE
BASICS OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS (WINE AND SPIRITS) REGISTRATION
ACT 2006 667
(I) DEFINITIONS OF WINE AND SPIRIT 667
(II) THE NATURE OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 667
(III) REGISTRATION 668
(IV) RESTRICTIONS 668
DILUTION 669
10.6.1 INTRODUCTION 669
10.6.2 THE AUSTRALIAN APPROACH TO PASSING OFF- NIKE 671
10.6.3 IS THE AUSTRALIAN APPROACH ALSO THE NEW ZEALAND APPROACH? 672
10.6.4 REGISTERED TRADE MARKS AND DILUTION 674
(A) GENERAL 674
(B) INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS RELATED TO DILUTION 674
(C) TRADE MARK DILUTION IN THE UNITED STATES 676
(D) TRADE MARK DILUTION IN AUSTRALIA 678
(E) TRADE MARK DILUTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 678
(!) TRADE MARK DILUTION IN NEW ZEALAND 679
(I) WELL KNOWN IN NEW ZEALAND 680
(II) TAKING UNFAIR ADVANTAGE OF, OR BEING DETRIMENTAL TO, THE
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER OR THE REPUTE OF THE MARK 681
10.6.5 PASSING OFF AND THE FAIR TRADING ACT AND THE DILUTION OF FAMOUS
NAMES OR MARKS 681
MERCHANDISING, ENDORSEMENT AND CELEBRITY PHOTOGRAPHS 682
10.7.1 INTRODUCTION 682
10.7.2 REGISTERED TRADE MARKS 684
10.7.3 PASSING OFF AND THE FAIR TRADING ACT 685
(A) THE TRADITIONAL ENGLISH SCEPTICISM OF USING PASSING OFF 685 (B) THE
CROCODILE DUNDEE CASES IN AUSTRALIA 686
(C) AMBIGUOUS NEW ZEALAND REACTION TO THE AUSTRALIAN CASES 688
XXIV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.7.4 SPORTS MARKETING 691
(A) INTRODUCTION 691
(B) THE MISAPPROPRIATION OF THE SPORTS STAR 692
(C) WHO OWNS SPORTING HERITAGE? 695
10.7.5 THE MAJOR EVENTS MANAGEMENT ACT - THE AMBUSH OF AMBUSH MARKETING?
698
(A) BACKGROUND TO THE MAJOR EVENTS MANAGEMENT ACT 699 (B) THE
ASSOCIATION PROHIBITION 701
(C) DEFENCES TO THE ASSOCIATION PROHIBITION 702
(D) THE CLEAN ZONE PROHIBITIONS 703
(E) THE ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS 704
(F) THE CIVIL REMEDIES 704
(G) LEGITIMATE COMPETITION AND FREE SPEECH 704
10.7.6 UNAUTHORISED CELEBRITY PHOTOGRAPHS 705
10.8 COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 707
10.8.1 INTRODUCTION 707
10.8.2 NEW ZEALAND CASE LAW ON COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 708
(A) THE LAW BEFORE 2002 708
(B) NO INJUNCTION FOR COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING INFRINGEMENT 709 (C) WHAT
AMOUNTS TO A COMPARATIVE ADVERTISEMENT UNDER THE 2002 ACT? 711
(D) COPYRIGHT AND COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 713
10.9 SURVEY AND EXPERT EVIDENCE 713
10.9.1 INTRODUCTION 713
10.9.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF SURVEY DESIGN 714
10.9.3 SELECTION OF THE SURVEY S UNIVERSE 716
(A) DANGER OF CHOOSING THE WRONG UNIVERSE 716
(B) SURVEYS NEED NOT BE NATIONWIDE 716
(C) THE NATURE OF SURVEY QUESTIONS 717
PART IV
CHAPTER 11: PROTECTION OF INFORMATION WITH GEOFF MCLAY
11.1 INTRODUCTION 722
11.2 PROTECTING REPORTS OF CURRENT EVENTS 724
11.2.1 INTRODUCTION 724
11.2.2 THE UNITED STATES HOT NEWS MISAPPROPRIATION DOCTRINE 724 (A)
INVENTION AND SCOPE OF PROTECTION FOR HOT NEWS 724
(B) BRANDEIS J S DISSENT AND ITS COMMONWEALTH LEGACY 726 11.2.3
AUSTRALASIA S OWN HOT NEWS EXCEPTION? 726
11.3 COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF INFORMATION 727
11.3.1 INTRODUCTION 727
11.3.2 COMPILATIONS OF DATA 728
11.3.3 TELEPHONE DIRECTORIES, NUMBERS AND DATABASES 731
(A) INTRODUCTION 731
(B) THE IMPORTANCE OF FEIST 732
(C) AUSTRALIAN AND CANADIAN APPROACHES TO FEIST 733
(D) THE SITUATION IN NEW ZEALAND 738
(E) PROTECTING INDIVIDUAL TELEPHONE NUMBERS UNDER PASSING OFF OR THE
FAIR TRADING ACT 1986 739
XXV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
11.3.4 GENERAL PROTECTION OF DATABASES 740
(A) COPYRIGHT PROTECTION 740
(B) SUI GENERIS INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL PROTECTION FOR DATABASES 740
(I) INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR DATABASES 740 (II)
THE EUROPEAN DATABASE DIRECTIVE AND NO UNITED STATES EQUIVALENT 741
11.3.5 PROTECTION OF PRIVATE EDITIONS OF GOVERNMENTAL AND LEGAL MATERIAL
742 (A) INTRODUCTION 742
(B) COPYRIGHT IN LAW REPORTS 743
11.4 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 744
11.4.1 INTRODUCTION 744
11.4.2 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION - BETWEEN LEGAL CATEGORIES 745
(A) NOT PROPERTY 745
(B) NOT NECESSARILY A FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIP 747
11.4.3 BREACH OF CONFIDENCE - ITS DOCTRINAL BASIS 749
(A) THE NECESSARY CHARACTER OF CONFIDENTIALITY 751
(I) THE SIMPLE OR THE COMMERCIALLY COMMON 751
(II) PROOF OF USE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 752
(III) USING ANOTHER S WORK AS A SPRINGBOARD 752
11.4.4 LIABILITY OF THIRD PARTIES 755
11.4.5 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND REVERSE ENGINEERING 756
(A) THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 756
(B) REVERSE ENGINEERING IS NOT NECESSARILY A BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 757
11.4.6 THE PUBLIC INTEREST DEFENCE 758
(A) INTRODUCTION 758
(B) PUBLIC INTEREST AND BREACHING THE GOVERNMENT S CONFIDENCE 760 (C)
PUBLIC INTEREST AND A FOREIGN GOVERNMENT S CONFIDENCE 761 11.4.7
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION HELD BY THE GOVERNMENT AND THE OFFICIAL
INFORMATION ACT 1982 762
(A) INTRODUCTION 762
(B) CONFIDENCE OBLIGATIONS OWED BY CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, AND
GOVERNMENT BODIES 763
(C) PUBLIC INTEREST IN RELEASE CAN OUTWEIGH A CONTRACTUAL CLAIM OF
CONFIDENCE 764
11.4.8 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION IN EMPLOYMENT CONTEXTS 766
(A) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND RESTRAINT OF
TRADE LAW 766
(B) WHICH COURT? 768
(C) FACCENDA CHICKEN - THE BASIC APPROACH IN EMPLOYMENT CASES 769 (D)
APPROACH OF THE NEW ZEALAND COURTS 770
(E) CLIENT INFORMATION 771
(F) TRADE SECRETS 773
(G) HIGH-RANKING EMPLOYEES OR DIRECTORS AND DEFINED BUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES 776
CHAPTER 12: COMPUTER SOFTWARE
12.1 INTRODUCTION 77G
12.1.1 COMPUTER SOFTWARE S CHALLENGE FOR TRADITIONAL INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY 778 12.1.2 SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER -JJG
12.1.3 DESCRIPTION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 780
(A) COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE HIERARCHICAL 780
(B) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) AND READ ONLY
MEMORY (ROM) 780
(C) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOURCE CODE AND OBJECT CODE 780
XXVI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(D) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPERATING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATION PROGRAMS
781
(E) USER INTERFACES 781
(F) COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN PROGRAMS 782
(G) REVERSE ENGINEERING AND PERMITTED ACTS 782
12.2 COPYRIGHT AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE 783
12.2.1 PROTECTING THE PROGRAMS FROM COPYING 783
(A) LITERAL AND NON-LITERAL COPYING 783
(B) PRE-1994 ACT CASES 783
(C) LITERAL COPYING, REVERSE ENGINEERING AND PERMITTED ACTS 785 (D) WHAT
IS A SUBSTANTIAL PART OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM? 788
12.2.2 TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE 790
12.2.3 PROTECTING SOFTWARE FROM NON-LITERAL COPYING 790
(A) THE LOOK AND FEEL OF SCREEN DISPLAYS 790
(B) THE LOOK AND FEEL APPROACH TO NON-LITERAL COPYING 792 (C) THE
ABSTRACTION-FILTRATION-COMPARISON TEST 793
(I) ABSTRACTION 794
(II) FILTRATION 795
(III) COMPARISON 796
(D) PROTECTION OF MENU HIERARCHIES 796
(I) THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 796
(II) LOTUS V BORLAND - MENU COMMAND HIERARCHIES AS UNCOPYNGHTABLE
METHODS OF OPERATION 797
(E) COMMONWEALTH REACTION TO A ITAI AND LOTUS V BORLAND. 797 (I) IBCOS
COMPUTERS - BAKER V SELDON IS NOT PART OF THE LAW OF THE UNITED
KINGDOM 798
(II) ARE AUSTRALIAN COURTS LESS HOSTILE TO UNITED STATES POLICY? 799
(III) THE NEW ZEALAND APPROACH 800
(F) INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 800
12.3 PATENTING COMPUTER SOFTWARE 801
12.3.1 THE ALGORITHM DEBATE IN THE UNITED STATES 802
(A) THE APPROACH OF THE EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE 805
(B) AUSTRALIA ADOPTS A COMMERCIAL USEFUL STANDARD 806
(C) HUGHES A IRCRAFT AND THE PATENTING OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE IN NEW
ZEALAND 808
(D) THE EXCLUSION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE FROM PATENTABILITY IN NEW ZEALAND
809
12.3.2 THE LAYOUT DESIGNS ACT 1994 812
(A) INTRODUCTION 812
(B) THE RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 812 (C)
WHICH DESIGNS ARE PROTECTED? 813
(D) RESTRICTED ACTS 814
(E) INNOCENT COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION 814
(F) FAIR USE OF LAYOUT DESIGNS 815
CHAPTER 13: THE INTERNET
13.1 INTRODUCTION 818
13.1.1 THE INTERNET AS AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUE 818
13.1.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNET 820
13.1.3 MAJOR PLAYERS ON THE INTERNET 821
(A) DOMAIN NAME REGISTRIES 821
(B) INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS 822
(C) INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 822
13.1.4 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 823
13.1.5 JURISDICTION 824
XXVII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
13.2 INTERNET DOMAIN NAMES. 13.2.1 INTRODUCTION.. 13.2.2 13.2.3
825 825
LEGITIMATELY USING OTHER TRADERS NAMES ONLINE 826
REGISTERED TRADE MARKS 826
(A) USE AS A TRADE MARK 826
(I) UNITED STATES CASE LAW 827
(II) WIPO RECOMMENDATION 828
(B) BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS PIC V ONE IN A MILLION LTD. 829 (C) BT V
ONE IN A MILLION IN NEW ZEALAND 829
PASSING OFF 830
(A) MISREPRESENTATION AND CONFUSION 830
(B) BTV ONE IN A MILLION 831
(C) BT V ONE IN A MILLION IN NEW ZEALAND 833
THE FAIR TRADING ACT 1986 836
BAD FAITH ON THE PART OF THE DEFENDANT 836
REMEDIES IN DOMAIN NAME CASES 839
.NZ DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION 840
WIPO DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION 841
13.3 EMBEDDING MARKS IN WEBPAGES: META ELEMENTS 843
13.3.1 INTRODUCTION 843
13.3.2 META TAG AND GOOGLE ADVERTISEMENTS CASE LAW 844
(A) UNITED KINGDOM CASE LAW (B) UNITED STATES CASE LAW OT
13.4 COPYRIGHT 850
13.4.1 INTRODUCTION 850
CATEGORISATION OF COPYRIGHT WORKS 851
COPYING 852
(A) COPYING AS PART OF THE TECHNICAL OPERATIONS OF THE INTERNET 852 (I)
TRANSIENT COPYING 852
(II) SEMI-PERMANENT COPYING (B) MORE PERMANENT COPYING * GENERAL
13.2.4
13.2.5 13.2.6 13.2.7 13.2.8 13.2.9
.844 .846
13.4.2 13.4.3
(C)
853 854
NAPSTER, GROKSTER AND KA^AA O --
ANG AND RELATED ISSUES. OCO
WHAT IS LINKING? 8 ?8
(II) SHETLAND TIMES V MILS 8 58
(IN) TICKETMASTER V TICKETS.COMZZZZ Z. A*
(*)
13.4.4
13.4.5 13.4.6
861
WTPO T MD D I S T R I B U T I ON » THE PUBLIC... . !. . . 8 61 WIPO
TREATY PROVISIONS A
COMMUNICATION AND DISTRIBUTION RIGHTS UNDER NEW ZEALAND LAW.... FAIR
DEALING ONLINE 8 4
(A) (B)
13.5 LIABILITY FOR ONLINE INFO 13.5.1 ACTUAL I FRINGE WGEMENT.
13.6 PATENTS
* 11.1U41 UIRNNGERS..
13.5.2 INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS... . . TTPRN-C
868
868 868
870
INDEX.
.873
XXVIII
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Frankel, Susy |
| author_facet | Frankel, Susy |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Frankel, Susy |
| author_variant | s f sf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039636925 |
| ctrlnum | (DE-599)BSZ351507159 |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039636925 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:07:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780408718356 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024486926 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 |
| physical | LXVI, 900 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | LexisNexis NZ |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Frankel, Susy Verfasser aut Intellectual property in New Zealand Susy Frankel 2. ed. Wellington LexisNexis NZ 2011 LXVI, 900 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024486926&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Frankel, Susy Intellectual property in New Zealand |
| title | Intellectual property in New Zealand |
| title_auth | Intellectual property in New Zealand |
| title_exact_search | Intellectual property in New Zealand |
| title_full | Intellectual property in New Zealand Susy Frankel |
| title_fullStr | Intellectual property in New Zealand Susy Frankel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intellectual property in New Zealand Susy Frankel |
| title_short | Intellectual property in New Zealand |
| title_sort | intellectual property in new zealand |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024486926&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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