Wind power plants: fundamentals, design, construction and operation
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2012
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 548 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3642229379 9783642229374 |
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| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 548 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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IMAGE 1
CONTENT
0 QUESTIONNAIRE 87 FROM MAX FRISCH
1 INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY 1
1.1 WIND ENERGY IN THE YEAR 2010 1
1.2 THE DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY 4
1.3 ENERGY POLICY AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTRUMENTS 9
1.4 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 11
2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WINDMILLS 15
2.1 WINDMILLS WITH A VERTICAL AXIS 15
2.2 HORIZONTAL AXIS WINDMILLS 18
2.2.1 FROM THE POST WINDMILL TO THE WESTERN MILL 18
2.2.2 TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS 25
2.2.3 BEGIN AND END OF THE WIND POWER ERA IN THE OCCIDENT 28 2.2.4 THE
PERIOD AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR UNTIL THE END OF THE 1960S 29 2.2.5 THE
RENAISSANCE OF THE WIND ENERGY AFTER 1980 31
2.3 THE PHYSICS OF THE USE OF WIND ENERGY 33
2.3.1 WIND POWER 33
2.3.2 DRAG DRIVEN ROTORS 35
2.3.3 LIFT DRIVEN ROTORS 39
2.3.4 COMPARISON OF ROTORS USING DRAG PRINCIPLE AND LIFT PRINCIPLE 42
3 WIND TURBINES - DESIGN AND COMPONENTS 46
3.1 ROTOR 48
3.1.1 ROTOR BLADE 53
3.1.2 HUB 59
3.1.3 BLADE PITCH SYSTEM 66
3.2 DRIVE TRAIN 69
3.2.1 CONCEPTS 69
3.2.2 GEARBOX 77
3.2.3 COUPLINGS AND BRAKES 84
3.2.4 GENERATORS 86
3.3 AUXILIARY AGGREGATES AND OTHER COMPONENTS 86
3.3.1 YAW SYSTEM 86
3.3.2 HEATING AND COOLING 89
3.3.3 LIGHTNING PROTECTION 90
3.3.4 LIFTING DEVICES 92
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1013326784
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
X CONTENT
3.3.5 SENSORS 93
3.4 TOWER AND FOUNDATION 94
3.4.1 TOWER 94
3.4.2 FOUNDATION 102
3.5 ASSEMBLY AND PRODUCTION 103
3.6 CHARACTERISTIC WIND TURBINE DATA 106
4 THE WIND 114
4.1 ORIGINS OF THE WIND 114
4.1.1 GLOBAL WIND SYSTEMS 114
4.1.2 GEOSTROPHIC WIND 115
4.1.3 LOCAL WIND SYSTEMS 116
4.2 ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER 118
4.2.1 SURFACE BOUNDARY LAYER 119
4.2.2 VERTICAL WIND PROFILE 120
4.2.3 TURBULENCE INTENSITY 127
4.2.4 REPRESENTATION OF MEASURED WIND SPEEDS IN THE TIME DOMAIN BY
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 131 4.2.5 SPECTRAL
REPRESENTATION OF THE WIND 138
4.3 DETERMINATION OF POWER, YIELD AND LOADS 141
4.3.1 YIELD CALCULATION USING WIND SPEED HISTOGRAM AND TURBINE POWER
CURVE 141
4.3.2 YIELD CALCULATION FROM DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION AND TURBINE POWER
CURVE 143
4.3.3 POWER CURVE MEASUREMENT 143
4.3.4 YIELD PREDICTION OF A WIND FARM 145
4.3.5 EFFECTS OF WIND AND SITE ON THE WIND TURBINE LOADING 147 4.4 WIND
MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION 155
4.4.1 CUP ANEMOMETER 157
4.4.2 ULTRASONIC ANEMOMETER 158
4.4.3 SODAR 159
4.5 PREDICTION OF THE WIND REGIME 161
4.5.1 WIND ATLAS ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION PROGRAMME 161 4.5.2 MESO-SCALE
MODELS 164
4.5.3 MEASURE-CORRELATE-PREDICT-METHODE 164
5 BLADE GEOMETRY ACCORDING TO BETZ AND SCHMITZ 168
5.1 HOW MUCH POWER CAN BE EXTRACTED FROM THE WIND? 168
5.1.1 FROUDE-RANKINE THEOREM 173
5.2 THE AIRFOIL THEORY 175
5.3 FLOW CONDITIONS AND AERODYNAMIC FORCES AT THE ROTATING BLADE 179
5.3.1 TRIANGLES OF VELOCITIES 179
5.3.2 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AT THE ROTATING BLADE 180
IMAGE 3
CONTENT XI
5.4 THE BETZ OPTIMUM BLADE DIMENSIONS 181
5.5 LOSSES 186
5.5.1 PROFILE LOSSES 186
5.5.2 TIP LOSSES 188
5.5.3 LOSSES DUE TO WAKE ROTATION 191
5.6 THE SCHMITZ DIMENSIONING TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ROTATIONAL WAKE 192
5.6.1 LOSSES DUE TO WAKE ROTATION 198
5.7 WIND TURBINE DESIGN IN PRACTICE 199
5.8 FINAL REMARK 203
6 CALCULATION OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND PARTIAL LOAD BEHAVIOUR.
208 6.1 METHOD OF CALCULATION (BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM METHOD) 208 6.2
DIMENSIONLESS PRESENTATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES 211 6.3
DIMENSIONLESS CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF A TURBINE
WITH A HIGH TIP SPEED RATIO 212
6.4 DIMENSIONLESS CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF A TURBINE WITH A LOW TIP
SPEED RATIO 215
6.5 TURBINE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 217
6.6 FLOW CONDITIONS 219
6.6.1 TURBINES WITH HIGH AND LOW TIP SPEED RATIO: A SUMMARY 219 6.6.2
FLOW CONDITIONS IN A TURBINE WITH A LOW DESIGN TIP SPEED RATIO 222 6.6.3
FLOW CONDITIONS IN A TURBINE WITH A HIGH DESIGN TIP SPEED RATIO 224 6.7
BEHAVIOUR OF TURBINES WITH HIGH TIP SPEED RATIO AND BLADE PITCHING 226
6.8 EXTENDING THE CALCULATION METHOD 231
6.8.1 START-UP RANGE OF X X D (HIGH LIFT COEFFICIENTS) 232
6.8.2 IDLING RANGE OF X X D (GLAUERT'S EMPIRICAL FORMULA) 234 6.8.3
THE PROFILE DRAG 236
6.8.4 THE EXTENDED ITERATION ALGORITHM 238
6.9 LIMITS OF THE BLADE ELEMENT THEORY AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL CALCULATION
METHODS 240
6.9.1 LIFT DISTRIBUTION AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS 240
6.9.2 DYNAMIC FLOW SEPARATION (DYNAMIC STALL) 244
6.9.3 METHOD OF SINGULARITIES 245
6.9.4 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS APPLIED TO WIND TURBINES 246 6.9.5
EXAMPLES OF CFD APPLICATION TO WIND TURBINES 248
7 SCALING WIND TURBINES AND RULES OF SIMILARITY 257
7.1 APPLICATION AND LIMITS OF THE THEORY OF SIMILARITY 257
7.2 BENDING STRESS IN THE BLADE ROOT FROM AERODYNAMIC FORCES 261 7.3
TENSILE STRESS IN THE BLADE ROOT RESULTING FROM CENTRIFUGAL FORCES 262
7.4 BENDING STRESSES IN THE BLADE ROOT DUE TO WEIGHT 264
7.5 CHANGE IN THE NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF THE BLADE AND IN THE FREQUENCY
RATIOS 265
IMAGE 4
XII CONTENT
7.6 AERODYNAMIC DAMPING 267
7.7 LIMITATIONS OF UP-SCALING - HOW LARGE CAN WIND TURBINES BE? 270
8 STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS 272
8.1 DYNAMIC EXCITATIONS 273
8.1.1 MASS, INERTIA AND GRAVITATIONAL FORCES 274
8.1.2 AERODYNAMIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC LOADS 276
8.1.3 TRANSIENT EXCITATIONS BY MANOEUVRES AND MALFUNCTIONS 282 8.2 FREE
AND FORCED VIBRATIONS OF WIND TURBINES - EXAMPLES AND PHENOMENOLOGY 283
8.2.1 DYNAMICS OF THE TOWER-NACELLE SYSTEM 283
8.2.2 BLADE VIBRATIONS 289
8.2.3 DRIVE TRAIN VIBRATIONS 292
8.2.4 SUB-MODELS - OVERALL SYSTEM 294
8.2.5 INSTABILITIES AND FURTHER AEROELASTIC PROBLEMS 297
8.3 SIMULATION OF THE OVERALL SYSTEM DYNAMICS 299
8.3.1 MODELLING IN SIMULATION PROGRAMS 300
8.3.2 APPLICATION OF SIMULATION PROGRAMS 303
8.4 VALIDATION BY MEASUREMENT 304
9 GUIDELINES AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 307
9.1 CERTIFICATION 307
9.1.1 STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION: IEC 61400 308
9.1.2 GUIDELINES FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF WIND TURBINES BY GERMANISCHER
LLOYD 309
9.1.3 GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN OF WIND TURBINES BY DNV 309 9.1.4 REGULATION
FOR WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS, ACTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FOR TOWER AND FOUNDATION BYDIBT 309
9.1.5 FURTHER STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 309
9.1.6 WIND CLASSES AND SITE CATEGORIES 310
9.1.7 LOAD CASE DEFINITIONS 311
9.2 ANALYSIS CONCEPTS 312
9.2.1 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE AND THE CONCEPT OF PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS 312
9.2.2 SERVICEABILITY ANALYSIS 313
9.2.3 BASICS OF FATIGUE ANALYSIS 314
9.3 EXAMPLE: TUBULAR STEEL TOWER ANALYSIS - MONO-AXIAL STRESS STATE AND
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL 317
9.3.1 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE ANALYSIS, ANALYSIS OF EXTREME LOADS 317 9.3.2
FATIGUE STRENGTH ANALYSIS 319
9.3.3 SERVICEABILITY ANALYSIS, NATURAL FREQUENCIES ANALYSIS 319 9.4
EXAMPLE: ROTOR HUB ANALYSIS - MULTI-AXIAL STRESS STATE AND ISOTROPIC
MATERIAL 321
IMAGE 5
CONTENT XIII
9.4.1 GEOMETRIC DESIGN 321
9.4.2 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE ANALYSIS - CRITICAL SECTION PLANE METHOD 322
9.4.3 FATIGUE STRENGTH ANALYSIS - PROCEDURE-DEPENDENT S/N CURVES 323 9.5
EXAMPLE: ROTOR BLADES ANALYSIS - MONO-AXIAL STRESS STATE AND ORTHOTROPIC
MATERIAL 324
9.5.1 CONCEPT OF ADMISSIBLE STRAIN FOR ANALYSIS OF THE CHORDS 325 9.5.2
LOCAL COMPONENT FAILURE 327
9.5.3 CHOICE OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION METHODS 327
10 WIND PUMP SYSTEMS 330
10.1 CHARACTERISTIC APPLICATIONS 330
10.2 TYPES OF WIND-DRIVEN PUMPS 334
10.3 OPERATION BEHAVIOUR OF WIND PUMPS 342
10.3.1 SUITABLE COMBINATIONS OF WIND TURBINES AND PUMPS 342 10.3.2
QUALITATIVE COMPARISON OF WIND PUMP SYSTEMS WITH PISTON PUMP AND
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 345
10.4 DESIGN OF WIND PUMP SYSTEMS 352
10.4.1 DESIGN TARGET 352
10.4.2 SELECTION OF THE RATED WIND SPEED FOR THE WIND PUMP DESIGN 353
10.4.3 DESIGN OF A WIND PUMP SYSTEM WITH A PISTON PUMP 355 10.4.4 DESIGN
OF A WIND PUMP SYSTEM WITH A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 359
11 WIND TURBINES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION - BASICS 363
11.1 THE ALTERNATOR - SINGLE-PHASE AC MACHINE 364
11.1.1 THE ALTERNATOR (DYNAMO) IN STAND-ALONE OPERATION 364 11.1.2 TYPES
OF EXCITATION, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL POLE MACHINE 374 11.1.3 ALTERNATOR
(SINGLE-PHASE AC MACHINE) IN GRID-CONNECTED OPERATION 376
11.2 THREE-PHASE MACHINES 380
11.2.1 THE THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 380
11.2.2 THE THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE 384
11.3 POWER ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINES - CONVERTERS 394
12 SUPERVISORY AND CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR WIND TURBINES 400
12.1 METHODS TO MANIPULATE THE DRIVE DRAIN 404
12.1.1 AERODYNAMIC MANIPULATION MEASURES 405
12.1.2 DRIVE TRAIN MANIPULATION USING THE LOAD 411
12.2 SENSORS AND ACTUATORS 412
12.3 CONTROLLER AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 413
12.4 CONTROL STRATEGY OF A VARIABLE-SPEED WIND TURBINE WITH A BLADE
PITCHING SYSTEM 415
12.5 REMARKS ON CONTROLLER DESIGN 416
IMAGE 6
XIV CONTENT
ANNEX 1 418
ANNEXIL 424
13 CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY WIND TURBINES 428
13.1 GRID-CONNECTED WIND TURBINES 429
13.1.1 THE DANISH CONCEPT: DIRECTLY GRID-CONNECTED ASYNCHRONOUS
GENERATORS 431
13.1.2 DIRECTLY GRID-CONNECTED ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH DYNAMIC SLIP
CONTROL 436
13.1.3 VARIABLE-SPEED WIND TURBINE WITH CONVERTER AND DIRECT VOLTAGE
INTERMEDIATE CIRCUIT 438
13.1.4 VARIABLE-SPEED WIND TURBINE WITH DOUBLY-FEEDING ASYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR AND CONVERTER IN THE ROTOR CIRCUIT 439
13.1.5 POWER CURVES AND POWER COEFFICIENTS OF THREE WIND TURBINE
CONCEPTS- A SMALL COMPARISON 441
13.2 WIND TURBINES FOR STAND-ALONE OPERATION 443
13.2.1 BATTERY CHARGERS 444
13.2.2 RESISTIVE HEATERS WITH SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS 446 13.2.3 WIND
PUMP SYSTEM WITH ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION 448 13.2.4 STAND-ALONE
WIND TURBINES FOR INSULAR GRIDS 451
13.2.5 ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPERATING IN AN INSULAR GRID 453 13.3 WIND
TURBINES IN ISOLATED GRIDS 455
13.3.1 WIND-DIESEL SYSTEM WITH A FLYWHEEL STORAGE 457
13.3.2 WIND-DIESEL SYSTEM WITH A COMMON DC LINE 458
13.3.3 WIND-DIESEL-PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM (MINIMAL GRID) 459 13.3.4 FINAL
REMARK 459
14 WIND TURBINE OPERATION AT THE INTERCONNECTED GRID 461
14.1 THE INTERCONNECTED ELECTRICAL GRID 461
14.1.1 STRUCTURE OF THE INTERCONNECTED ELECTRICAL GRID 461
14.1.2 OPERATION OF THE INTERCONNECTED GRID 465
14.2 WIND TURBINES IN THE INTERCONNECTED ELECTRICAL GRID 470
14.2.1 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE GRID CONNECTION 470
14.2.2 INTERACTION BETWEEN GRID AND WIND TURBINE OPERATION - NETWORK
INTERACTION AND GRID COMPATIBILITY 474
14.2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND TURBINE CONCEPTS FOR GRID-CONNECTED
OPERATION 476
15 PLANNING, OPERATION AND ECONOMICS OF WIND FARM PROJECTS 480 15.1 WIND
FARM PROJECT PLANNING 481
15.1.1 TECHNICAL PLANNING ASPECTS 481
15.1.2 LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE APPROVAL PROCESS 484
IMAGE 7
CONTENT XV
15.1.3 ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY 491
15.2 ERECTION AND OPERATION OF WIND TURBINES 498
15.2.1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF ERECTION AND OPERATION OF WIND TURBINES 498
15.2.2 LEGAL ASPECTS 507
15.2.3 ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF OPERATION 508
15.2.4 INFLUENCE OF THE HUB HEIGHT AND WIND TURBINE CONCEPT ON THE YIELD
511
15.2.5 GENERAL ESTIMATION OF THE ANNUAL ENERGY YIELD OF AN IDEALISED
WIND TURBINE 516
16 OFFSHORE WIND FARMS 520
16.1 OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT 521
16.2 OFFSHORE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 526
16.3 WIND TURBINES 528
16.4 SUPPORT STRUCTURES AND MARINE INSTALLATION 529
16.5 GRID CONNECTION AND WIND FARM LAYOUT 533
16.6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 534
16.7 ECONOMICS 535 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Gasch, Robert 1936- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | r g rg |
| author_GND | (DE-588)107291320 |
| author_facet | Gasch, Robert 1936- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039626142 |
| classification_rvk | ZP 3710 |
| classification_tum | ERG 730f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)760124808 (DE-599)DNB1013326784 |
| dewey-full | 621.45 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.45 |
| dewey-search | 621.45 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.45 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Energietechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039626142 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-21T00:12:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3642229379 9783642229374 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024476415 |
| oclc_num | 760124808 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-859 DE-1028 DE-703 DE-83 DE-29T DE-634 DE-1102 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-859 DE-1028 DE-703 DE-83 DE-29T DE-634 DE-1102 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XVIII, 548 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Wind power plants fundamentals, design, construction and operation Robert Gasch ... (eds.) 2. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2012 XVIII, 548 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd rswk-swf Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 s DE-604 Gasch, Robert 1936- (DE-588)107291320 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-642-22938-1 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3850507&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024476415&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wind power plants fundamentals, design, construction and operation Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4128839-7 |
| title | Wind power plants fundamentals, design, construction and operation |
| title_auth | Wind power plants fundamentals, design, construction and operation |
| title_exact_search | Wind power plants fundamentals, design, construction and operation |
| title_full | Wind power plants fundamentals, design, construction and operation Robert Gasch ... (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Wind power plants fundamentals, design, construction and operation Robert Gasch ... (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wind power plants fundamentals, design, construction and operation Robert Gasch ... (eds.) |
| title_short | Wind power plants |
| title_sort | wind power plants fundamentals design construction and operation |
| title_sub | fundamentals, design, construction and operation |
| topic | Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Windkraftwerk |
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