Gas hydrates: immense energy potential and environmental challenges
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Springer
2011
|
| Series: | Green energy and technology
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 175 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780857299550 9780857299567 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
1 The Evolution
of
Energy
Sources
........................ 1
1.1
Conventional Fossil Fuels
.......................... 1
1.1.1
Crude Oil
............................... 1
1.1.2
Natural Gas
.............................. 4
1.1.3
Coal
................................... 6
1.2
Nuclear Power and Renewable Energy Sources
........... 7
1.2.1
Nuclear Power
............................ 7
1.2.2
Renewable Energy Sources
................... 8
1.3
Non-Conventional Fossil Fuel Sources
................. 8
1.4
The Evolution of the Global Energy Market
............. 11
References
......................................... 11
2
The Clathrate Hydrates of Gases
........................ 13
2.1
What are Gas Hydrates?
........................... 13
2.2
A Little Historical Information
....................... 16
2.3
Research Efforts and the Potential of Gas Hydrates
........ 17
References
......................................... 20
3
The Structure and Formation of Gas Hydrates
.............. 23
3.1
A Strange Mixture: Water
.......................... 23
3.2
The Formation of Gas Hydrates
...................... 24
3.3
The Crystal Structures of Gas Hydrates
................. 25
3.4
Other Possibilities and Curiosities
.................... 30
3.5
The Conditions for Hydrate Formation
................. 32
3.5.1
Pressure-Temperature Phase Diagrams
........... 32
3.5.2
Compositional Phase Diagrams
................ 37
3.6
Hydrate Formation Kinetics
......................... 39
3.7
Influence of Inhibitors and Multiple Hydrate Components.
... 44
References
......................................... 46
Contents
Methods to Predict Hydrate Formation Conditions
and Formation Rate
.................................. 49
4.1
Methods to Predict Hydrate Formation Conditions
......... 49
4.1.1
Hand Calculation Methods
.................... 49
4.1.2
Computer-Based Thermodynamic Models
......... 52
4.1.3
Software Packages for Hydrate Prediction
......... 54
4.2
Hydrate Formation Kinetics
......................... 54
4.2.1
Modeling of Hydrate Formation Kinetics
.......... 55
References
......................................... 56
Physical Properties of Hydrates
......................... 59
5.1
Introduction
.................................... 59
5.2
Hydrate Formation in the Laboratory
.................. 59
5.3
Techniques Used to Investigate Hydrates
................ 60
5.3.1
X-ray Diffraction
.......................... 60
5.3.2
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
........ 62
5.3.3
Raman Spectroscopy
........................ 63
5.3.4
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
.............. 64
5.4
Some Key Hydrate Physical Properties
................. 65
5.4.1
Hydrate Density
........................... 65
5.4.2
Thermal Properties of Hydrates
................ 66
5.4.3
Mechanical Properties of Hydrates
.............. 70
5.4.4
Electrical Properties of Hydrates
............... 70
5.4.5
Hydrate Morphologies
....................... 72
5.4.6
Safety-Related Properties
..................... 72
References
......................................... 73
Hydrates in Nature
................................... 75
6.1
Introduction
.................................... 75
6.2
Where Gas Hydrates are Found in Nature
............... 75
6.2.1
Where Gas Hydrates are Stable
................ 76
6.2.2
Where the Gas in Hydrates Comes From
.......... 78
6.3
Field Techniques to Study Natural Hydrates
............. 81
6.3.1
Remote Sensing Techniques
.................. 81
6.3.2
Direct Sampling
........................... 82
6.3.3
Well Logging
............................. 84
6.4
How Gas Hydrates Occupy the Sediment Pore Space
....... 85
6.4.1
Shallow Gas Hydrate Deposits
................. 85
6.4.2
Deeper Gas Hydrate Deposits
................. 88
6.5
How Much Methane is Trapped in Natural Hydrates
....... 88
6.6
The Ecology of Gas Hydrates: Ice Worms
............... 89
6.7
Natural Hydrates in Popular Culture
................... 92
References
......................................... 94
Contents
Hydrates Seen
as a
Problem
for the Oil and Gas Industry
...... 97
7.1
The Problems Caused by Gas Hydrates for Industry
........ 97
7.1.1
Role of Hydrates in the BP Deep Water Horizon
Oil Spill
................................ 99
7.2
Hydrate Formation and Where it Occurs
................ 101
7.3
Ways to Prevent Hydrates
.......................... 103
7.3.1
Water Removal
........................... 103
7.3.2
Temperature Control
........................ 103
7.3.3
Addition of Inhibitors
....................... 104
7.4
Hydrate Inhibitors
................................ 105
7.4.1
Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors
.............. 105
7.4.2
Low-Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors
................ 110
7.4.3
How to Use the Inhibitors
.................... 114
7.5
Remediation and Removal of Hydrate Plugs
............. 114
References
......................................... 116
Hydrates as an Energy Source
.......................... 117
8.1
Why Gas Hydrates?
.............................. 117
8.2
Identifying the Ideal Hydrate Reservoirs
................ 118
8.2.1
Hydrate Reservoirs Classified by Types
.......... 119
8.3
Amount of Gas They Trap
.......................... 119
8.4
The Pyramid of Methane Resources in Hydrates
.......... 121
8.5
Some Problems to be Solved
........................ 123
8.6
How Do We Get Gas from the Hydrates?
............... 126
8.6.1
Depressurization
........................... 126
8.6.2
Thermal Stimulation
........................ 128
8.6.3
Use of Inhibitors
.......................... 129
8.6.4
Other Possible Production Techniques
............ 130
8.7
International Projects for Gas Hydrate Production
......... 130
8.7.1
Onshore in the Permafrost
.................... 130
8.7.2
Offshore
................................ 134
8.8
Processing and Transportation of the Gas Produced
........ 136
8.9
Economics of Gas Production from Gas Hydrates
......... 138
References
......................................... 138
Industrial Applications
................................ 141
9.1
Introduction
.................................... 141
9.2
Transportation of Methane
.......................... 141
9.3
Transportation of Gas in the Form of Methane Hydrate
..... 144
9.4
Desalination Using Hydrates
........................ 147
9.5
Sour Gas Separation
.............................. 149
9.6
Carbon dioxide Sequestration and Disposal
.............. 150
9.7
Other Processes
................................. 154
References
......................................... 55
x
Contents
10
Environmental Issues with Gas Hydrates
................... 159
10.1
Why are Hydrates of Environmental Concern?
............ 159
10.2
Gas Hydrates and Climate Change
.................... 160
10.2.1
Methane in the Atmosphere
................... 160
10.2.2
The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis
................. 160
10.3
Destabilization of Submarine Slopes
................... 164
10.3.1
Hydrates as a Possible Cause of Submarine
Landslides
............................... 164
10.3.2
The
Storegga
Slide
......................... 165
10.4
Environmental Impact Studies for Production
from Marine Hydrates
............................. 166
10.5
Carbon dioxide Sequestration
........................ 168
10.6
Hydrates in Outer Space
........................... 170
References
......................................... 171
Index
................................................ 173
Green Energy and Technology
Carlo Giavarini
·
Keith Hester
Gas Hydrates
Immense Energy Potential and Environmental Challenges
Gas hydrates are both a huge energy resource and an environmental challenge. They
have a significant impact on society because ot their applications to the future of energy,
protection of the environment and fuel transportation.
Gas Hvdrata opens up this fascinating, multidisciplinary field to non-specialists. It
provides a scientific study of gas hydrates that considers their potential as an energy
source while assessing the possible risk to the environment. The authors also examine
the feasibility of using these natural compounds for storing and transporting gases such
as methane and carbon dioxide.
Diagrams and photos are used throughout Gas Hydrates to help readers understand
the scientific and technical content. Each section has been designed so it can be read
independently by academics and professionals in the oil and gas industry, as well as
by all those with an interest in how hydrates combine to be an energy resource, an
industrial challenge and a geological hazard.
Climate change, environmental impact and declining natural resources are driving
scientific research and novel technical solutions. Green Energy and Technology serves
as a publishing
piattoni!
for scientific and technological approaches to green —i.e.,
environmentally friendly and sustainable
—
technologies. While the main focus lies on
energy and power supply, the series also covers green solutions in industrial engineering
and engineering design. Green Energy and Technology is a monograph series addressing
researchers, advanced students and technical consultants, as well as decision makers
in industry and politics. The level of presentation ranges from instructional to highly
technical.
Electrical Engineering
ISSN
1865-3529
ISBN
978-0-85729-955-0
►
springer.com
|
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| spelling | Giavarini, Carlo Verfasser aut Gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges Carlo Giavarini ; Keith Hester London Springer 2011 XIV, 175 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Green energy and technology Gashydrate (DE-588)4282527-1 gnd rswk-swf Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd rswk-swf Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 s Gashydrate (DE-588)4282527-1 s DE-604 Hester, Keith Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024470994&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024470994&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Giavarini, Carlo Hester, Keith Gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges Gashydrate (DE-588)4282527-1 gnd Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4282527-1 (DE-588)4070813-5 |
| title | Gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges |
| title_auth | Gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges |
| title_exact_search | Gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges |
| title_full | Gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges Carlo Giavarini ; Keith Hester |
| title_fullStr | Gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges Carlo Giavarini ; Keith Hester |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges Carlo Giavarini ; Keith Hester |
| title_short | Gas hydrates |
| title_sort | gas hydrates immense energy potential and environmental challenges |
| title_sub | immense energy potential and environmental challenges |
| topic | Gashydrate (DE-588)4282527-1 gnd Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gashydrate Energieerzeugung |
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