Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim: rekonfiguracje krytyczne
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
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Toruń
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika
2011
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| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Europe in Polish, Czech and Croatian discourse |
| Physical Description: | 427 s. 23 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788323126072 |
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Record in the Search Index
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SPIS TREŚCI
WSTĘP
1.
Prowokacje, ironia,
(anty)utopìe
i Europa marzeń
. 11
2.
Nie-klasyczna komparatystka
. 21
3.
Od geografii do historii
. 35
CZĘŚĆ I
JAKA EUROPA?
1.
Młodsza Europa w cieniu Jałty
. 45
2.
Nostalgia kresowa, czyli w poszukiwaniu zaginionej Atlantydy
. 61
3.
Axis mundi
w raju serca
. 78
4.
Rzesza małych narodów Europy Środkowej
. 87
5.
Chorwacji rejterada z Bałkanów
. 104
6.
Śródziemnomorze
. 136
CZĘŚĆ
II
KORZENIE EUROPY
1.
Śródziemnomorze
-
starożytność
-
Azja
. 159
2.
Chrześcijaństwo
-
ekumenizm
-
ewangelizacja
.177
3.
Kulturowe granice tego, co europejskie
. 199
4.
Sarmacja imperialna
-
Europa neośredniowieczna
.205
5.
Oświeceni barbarzyńcy
-
między pogańskim, świętym a świeckim
.224
6.
Chorwackie zmagania z przeszłością
.236
7.
Iliria
-
Jugosławia
-
jugoslawizm
-
Europa
.252
8.
Bałkańskie idole
.272
9.
Od sporu o sens czeskich dziejów do dyskusji o korzeniach Europy
.284
10.
Europejski etos duchowy i polityczny
.315
11.
Od natury do sztucznego świata (i powrót do ekologii)
.328
8
Spis treści
ZAKOŃCZENIE
1.
Wnioski
.339
2.
Brak wspólnych korzeni czy „korzeni"?
.352
BIBLIOGRAFIA
.361
INDEKS NAZWISK
.409
EUROPE
IN POLISH,
CZECH
AND CROATIAN DISCOURSE.
THE CRITICAL RECONFIGURATION (SUMMARY)
.419
EUROPE
IN POLISH, CZECH AND CROATIAN
DISCOURSE.
THE CRITICAL RECONFIGURATION
Summary
The book's purpose is to describe and interpret various con¬
ceptions of Europe in contemporary Polish, Czech and Croatian
discourses. The period under discussion includes the
15
years af¬
ter the fall of the communist regime, i.e. since
1989,
until
2004.
However, to depict the defined idea in proper cultural-political con¬
text I consider conceptions worked out before
1989
and also ideas
created after
2004.
Literature holds a significant position in the book, although it is
treated not as an autonomous branch of art, or wider
-
as a product
of human activity, but as a part in the discourse and
-
after Maria
Dąbrowska-Partyka
(2005b)
-
as a metalanguage enabling cultural
description. Upon studying the discourse
-
what was stressed by
Michel
Foucault
-
is that we do not automatically transfer our
speculations to individual field, abandoning subject category (the
author), although the last one is not perceived from the biographis-
tical perspective, but the discursive one. The aim is to establish the
position and function which has been taken up by the subject (par¬
ticular authors, historians, politicians) towards the category of Eu¬
rope (and which
de
facto position they assume) in the wide range
of discourses in Poland, Czech Republic and Croatia. This suggest¬
ed attitude is supported by the blurring of borders in contempo¬
rary humanities between academic disciplines, but also between
traditionally defined spheres of art.
420
Summary
Expanding the research field is in accordance with the cultur¬
al paradigm present in contemporary humanities. It also steps into
the history of modern literature and Slavic studies. The problem
concerns the priority of culture not only in the sense of its situat¬
ing as a supreme category in research practice (in this case the
definition "cultural studies" is more adequate), but the superiority
of culture in general. The Slavic studies' model presented here, es¬
caping from the tightly closed borders of philology, approaches
cultures, or cultural studies, open to new subjects, attitudes and re¬
search perspectives. Moreover, the neopragmatic rule of metho¬
dological pluralism and the superiority of purpose in reference,
with the means which lead to it, were accepted. This discussion
also contributes towards the program of engaged humanities.
The idea of interpretive communities and the concept of reader-
response criticism by Stanley Fish, as well as analogous sugges¬
tions from the sociology of literary communication by
Janusz La-
lewicz, are the completion of theoretical frame.
The work accepts the social-regulatory concept of culture
(social-reputational theory of culture) of
Jerzy Kmita,
who states
that "culture is constructed by certain systematically grouped con¬
victions and these are the convictions, which
-
accepted intently or
(as a general rule) respected tacitly by individuals creating a partic¬
ular community
-
commonly regulate, within this community, the
manner of extensive activity class undertaken by them. These ac¬
tivities compose a certain entirety called by us social practice" (Ba-
naszak, Kmita
1994: 5).
Culture is social consciousness manifest¬
ing itself in norms and directives, which determine both action
purposes and their method of implementation. The next stage is
social practice, i.e. all human behavior and activity. The third ele¬
ment of this composition is "products" of culture, i.e. artifacts such
as literary masterpieces, pictures and scientific theories. Conse¬
quently, culture is social consciousness or in other words: mental
reality. The methodological suggestion outlined in this manner en¬
ables us to conduct non-classical comparative studies (Kola
2008).
The part titled
Jaka Europa?
{What Europe?) directs particular
attention to defining the borders of both united (or rather: uniting)
Europe, and also regional communities (e.g. Central Europe) and
Summary
421
local ones (e.g.
Istria).
This part not only highlights sources and
cultural, historical, political or religious backgrounds of particular
concepts of Europe, but also their possible consequences for unity
of the Old Continent were pointed out. The analyses shows the dis¬
cursive character of the category of Europe, and the plurality of
"Europés"
in various contexts and particular fragments of cultural
universe. As I tried to depict, Central Europe and East-Central Eu¬
rope, the Mediterranean and the Balkans, regardless of their decla¬
rations and objections to supporters of particular concepts and
terms, have been politically and historically conditioned and refer
to interests of certain groups.
Moreover, the ideas of Central Europe and East-Central Eu¬
rope must not be identified
-
which is frequently practiced, particu¬
larly in Poland
-
because they were created and have been func¬
tioning in different contexts. As the term Central Europe, although
it had originally been a Czech term, took up strong position in
Poland, particularly in the intellectuals' consciousness, it cannot be
stated, however, that the term East-Central Europe found its right¬
ful place in Czech, or what is more, Croatian intellectual life. It is
essential, at least in Poland's case, to understand that the term
East-Central Europe is a concept popularized mainly by historians
(Halecki,
Kłoczowski, Wandycz, Kamiński, Podraża
and others),
which veils Polish Borderlands' resentments and the positive opin¬
ion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (that is the Republic
of the Two but in fact of Many Nations
[Rzeczpospolitej Obojgal
¡Wielu Narodów]).
When the term Central Europe
-
employed by
writers
(Kundera, Stasiuk,
Andruchowycz and others) and litera¬
ture historians (Baluch, Bobrownicka,
Fiut, Zieliński
and others)
-
came into use it clearly indicated the tendency of valuing
Habsburg
traditions.
For the continental part of Croatia, Central Europe is function¬
ing analogously to the Mediterranean for the coastal region. These
categories unite Croatia with the West and cut it off from the
Balkans. On the one hand there are the
Dubrovnik
and Dalmatian
traditions which connect it with Venice and Italy, and therefore
with the Renaissance and the Mediterranean. On the other hand
there is the
Habsburg
tradition. They both connect Croatian
cul-
422
Summary
ture
with so called "high culture", in contrast to the stereotypical
images of the Balkans functioning in the West, as the exotic, but
also wild, barbarian and dangerous, conflicted area, which is inhab¬
ited by hospitable, although violent and quick-tempered people as
well (similarly to Orient in Edward Said's conceptions; see: Jezer-
nik, Todorova).
During the last decade, due to the aforementioned countries'
aspirations to
EU
membership, the discussion about Europe has
been very dynamic. The debate has not been limited to political
and economic issues. It was, and still is, a discussion concerning
European civilization issues, problems with what is national and
what is universal, identity (national) in the era of post-communism
and on shaping the new European identity. These questions are in¬
cluded in the part titled
Korzenie Europy
{Roots of Europe).
This is the story of our civilization in general; both the one
reaching as far as the mythic beginnings and the modern one, hav¬
ing its roots in the Age of Enlightenment. It is not just a narration
of what has passed, but transforms into the project of the future.
All
utopias,
those philosophical, literary and political, although
based on imaginative and persuasive elements (when put into ef¬
fect in life can be a curse, like a communist
utopia),
seem indis¬
pensable for every community. It refers to, not only the ones
which preserve existing status quo and emphasize potential threats
of anti-utopias, but also to
a utopia
indicating possible developmen¬
tal directions. Literature, in turn, owing to the power of imagina¬
tion and the lack of limitation by political correctness, has always
been able to anticipate the coming world. Its prophetic power, al¬
though relatively resistant to conceptualization, is the might
strengthening common imagination and the sense of social con¬
nectivity; hence the importance of European projects discussed in
the book which create possibilities for the description of potential
changes in the directions of our "common civilization".
Europe as a construct seems to be a phantasmat, but also
seems real. This is where it's strength and the power of idea in¬
fluencing is found. Furthermore, these ideas inscribe into the
constructive model of both
-
social, common identity (and the indi¬
vidual one), in accordance with rules of inclusion and exclusion, be-
Summary
423
longing to the center or the periphery (or the semi-periphery).
Ideas can in a real way affect reality. Therefore "everyone" wishes
to have his own Europe. Hence
-
Polish East-Central Europe,
Czech
-
Central Europe or Croatian South Eastern Europe. Thus,
we find constant multiplications of formations called Europe. Ev¬
eryone marks out its borders anew, defines identity and character,
and directs functioning rules. Success or failure of particular ideas
depend, to a large extent, not only on the strength of a rhetorical
argument, but also on current geopolitical situations, local political
interests, resources (intellectual, political but also marketing and
advertising) and allies, which the author is able to organize.
All attempts of precisely defining the roots of Europe are
bound to fail. Citing many conceptions has the ability to indicate
a variety of propositions and multi-faceted nature of Europe's
roots. It also makes us look with favor at all ideas, which do not
hide in the narrow peripheries of basic categories and simplified
schedules and do not copy truisms, but which
-
on the contrary
-
point at new questions not studied until now. Let us recall: since
the mythic beginnings connected with the Rape of
Europa,
by par¬
allels to Asian and all other (not only ancient) Mediterranean civi¬
lizations (including Greek, Roman, but also Judeo-Christian, Byzan¬
tine, Muslim, and barbarian traditions, taking also into account
their diversity). Furthermore, the Middle Ages are discussed with
particular stress on early mediaeval monastery net including the
scholastic, knight and burgers' cultures of mediaeval christianitas.
The role played by the idea of evangelism and bringing the good
news to pagans (with all positive and negative consequences of
those activities) was very important. Tradition, which requires cita¬
tion in the European context, is the heritage of Cathars and
troubadours. The cultural role, social relations, and status of an
artist in the world owe much to this very tradition. Cathars can
constitute a kind of a keyword for all heretical movements (e.g. Bo-
gomilism in the Balkans or the Hussites movement in Czech). And
it is not only religion which matters in this aspect, but also widely
perceived rebellious attitudes and opposition against dominant pat¬
terns. Both traditions, penetrating each other, are predictions of
the approach of liberalization, stressing the role of an individual,
424
Summary
united with defined community. This is a characteristic feature of
Europe. Such a heritage must not be ignored
-
in creating com¬
mon Europe we have to draw from various sources. Further,
République des Lettres
and the Age of Enlightenment appeared
together with the idea of science and rationality and opposition to
the religious domination born in modern times. European roots
also incorporate Renaissance interest in antiquity, which will con¬
stantly accompany Europe. This is also the period when Europe
leaves the Old Continent permanently and directed by scientific in-
quisitiveness, the need of evangelism, the desire for profits and de¬
velopment, and the idea of progress, sets out to conquer the world
for the first time. It will result with positive and negative effects for
both
-
Europe itself and the encountered peoples. Europe and the
world at-large have been mimicking this heritage of great geo¬
graphical discoveries and colonialism until today.
Creating national movements, which transformed from ful¬
filled aspirations to imperial power or dreams of the past and fu¬
ture power of a single nation or state, is also a part of European
heritage. In this spirit in the beginning of 19th century concepts of
supranational communities, which particularly among Slavic peo¬
ples gained great popularity (Slavophilism) are born. As a result of
these processes, the 20th century brought it's own countries to the
majority of nations in the Old Continent, was also the time of cre¬
ating multinational formations; which turned out to be very fragile
and all belonged to the past with the turn of 20th century. The de¬
composition of some of them was particularly violent and bloody,
which makes us remember about the dangers hidden within all
supranational projects. It is a very meaningful lesson for uniting
Europe, but more so as both processes
-
collapse of supranational
formation, such as the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia or Yugoslavia
and creating new Union
-
took place in the same period. For good
of Europe, it is worth observing our part of the Old Continent and
analyze precisely the process, which took place (and is still taking
place). It will help us to build a better, stronger community, avoid¬
ing mistakes from the past.
All we would like to forget and leave unsaid, brought by 20th
century, is also an inalienable part of our heritage. It mainly refers
Summary
425
to troublesome memories of WWII, like, e.g. the French Vichy
government collaborating with German oppressors, the crimes of
III Reich, but also Stalin's Soviet Union and Fascist Italy dependent
on Nazi Germany, the Independent State of Croatian, Poles' partici¬
pation in Holocaust crimes or
Edvard
Beneš's
treaties. The behav¬
ior of the Allies before and after the war (Yalta and the division of
Europe) is of great significance. The role of the Catholic Church
and Pope Pius
XII
cannot be forgotten either. In the local, Croatian
context
-
the support of archbishop Alojzije Stepinac of the crimi¬
nal regime of Ante Pavelic must also be mentioned. It generally
concerns the Catholic and autocephalous Orthodox Churches' par¬
ticipation in the reconstruction of national identities and, conse¬
quently, the waking of nationalistic movements.
The discussion around European roots should concentrate not
only on what unites us, but probably
-
with hope to overcome prej¬
udice
-
on what in fact still separates us, i.e. on questions connect¬
ed with the tragic history of the 20th century. If memory and his¬
toric policy have any sense, it has the meaning in reference not to
the faraway times, but to the events from the former century. Peo¬
ple who remember WWII, who suffered unimaginable calamities
are still alive. The guilty frequently have not been punished, the
responsibility has been washed away, the words of apology have
not been expressed. Moreover, the persons who are justifiably sus¬
pected of having acted blame worthily are frequently put on a
pedestal, and promoted as patterns. It evokes justified opposition
and scratches unhealed wounds. It causes a situation where ghosts
of the past still haunt and demons of memory still provoke evil
emotions. If the discussion on European roots is to be something
more than academic dispute, it should concentrate on the not so
distant past and touch the issues which are important to all con¬
temporary Europeans. If we want to build a common Europe, not
to mention constructing the European identity, we must speak
about all of these difficult, painful, and shameful matters. We must
not confine them between the covers of national history textbooks,
which concentrate on glorious, heroic events and keep silent on
what is detrimental; what was unworthy. Only the attempts of rec¬
onciliation observed at present can lead to European unity. History
426
Summary
-
although everyone should defend his own and be proud of it in
the spirit of pure patriotism
-
should be subjected to rereading and
reinterpreting also to those people which will make it possible to
build united Europe. It requires, however, much heroism, abandon¬
ing national egoisms and particular thinking. Uniting vision, based
on common history, is necessary.
It does not mean that we have to search once more, frequently
by force, for the elements which unite us. It is essential, but it is
not the only strategy, the only strategy. Promoting our own history
not only due to patriotic reasons but also general European ones is
indispensable. A chance for unity in Europe, avoiding the mistakes
of the past
-
cases of the states which attempted, contrary to local
contexts, to unify the nations (creating a new Soviet or Yugoslavian
man)
-
is learning and adopting from all national traditions. The
power of the Old Continent lies in variety and multitude. It is im¬
portant for us to be able to make a patchwork composed of multi¬
color elements. In this respect recalling different conceptions of
European roots is a vital activity. We should rather entertain all
projects, which are taking into account their entrenching in vari¬
ous (not only national) cultures and traditions.
The question posed in
Zakończenie
{Conclusion)
-
the lack of
common roots or "roots"?
-
is not only and solely intellectual game
fashionable in postmodern humanities with quotation mark. It di¬
rects our attention to the discursive character of the category of
European roots. It allows us to recognize that each of the sugges¬
tions can be subjected to discussion. None of them is free from
personal baggage or community experience, including worldview
(political, religious, ethical), and the involvement of the author.
We do not reach any revealed truth. The roots are constructed, not
discovered. Therefore roots are "roots". It does not, however, di¬
minish our responsibility for them. It does not diminish our politi¬
cal decisions and the significance of ethical choices. It points at the
relativity of all categories, their dependence on defined political,
ideological, worldview or religious interests. It presents their con¬
text meaning.
Such a perspective requires rebuilding current policy models
and creating social relations. It is not easy. It can fail. It faces the
Summary
427
determined resistance of all conservative and traditionalist soci¬
eties. It requires the deconstruction of the language implemented
in politics until now. It does not mean negation of what it was, but
again
-
it directs us to contextual involvement and cultural depen¬
dence on public discourse. Instead, a competitive project, which re¬
quires acceptance, should be presented. The neo-mediaeval
paradigm proposed by
Jan Zielonka,
or suggestions of strengthen¬
ing the West by absorbing new ideas and attitudes towards the
world of global reality from Asia (doubting, relativization of general
meanings in time and space, multitude of rationalities, ontologisa-
tion of time) which are discussed by
Jadwiga Staniszkis,
are the
best examples. This type of idea can also include the political con¬
ceptions of Richard Rorty, John Gray or Bruno
Latour. All
these
suggestions
-
from different political worldviews
-
show that we
observed radical change in thinking in the Western world; which
we will be able to describe well only in some time from now. For
the time being it is worth observing it's first forerunners catching
all those signs which bring hope for positive change. Is working
out such a new model of politics and implementing it into the com¬
mon project a chance for Europe? The uniqueness of the concept
of a united Europe in the background of propositions worked until
now, which concerned only the elite, makes us believe that accept¬
ing rules for cooperation will be possible. It is a chance for giving
up worn out metaphors and replacing them with the new ones.
Language, being a tool with causative power, constitutes a perfect
starting point for serious change. We should start, however, from
realizing that the quotation mark has significance.
Translation:
Ewa Józefowicz |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kola, Adam F. |
| author_facet | Kola, Adam F. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kola, Adam F. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039610536 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)756371310 (DE-599)BVBBV039610536 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kroatien Tschechien Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV039610536 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:25:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323126072 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024461184 |
| oclc_num | 756371310 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 427 s. 23 cm. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kola, Adam F. Verfasser aut Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne Adam F. Kola Wyd. 1. Toruń Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika 2011 427 s. 23 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Europe in Polish, Czech and Croatian discourse Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd rswk-swf Musealisierung (DE-588)4281014-0 gnd rswk-swf Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd rswk-swf Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 g Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 g Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 s Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 s Musealisierung (DE-588)4281014-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024461184&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024461184&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kola, Adam F. Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd Musealisierung (DE-588)4281014-0 gnd Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071013-0 (DE-588)4281014-0 (DE-588)4043152-6 (DE-588)4073841-3 (DE-588)4303381-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne |
| title_auth | Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne |
| title_exact_search | Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne |
| title_full | Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne Adam F. Kola |
| title_fullStr | Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne Adam F. Kola |
| title_full_unstemmed | Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne Adam F. Kola |
| title_short | Europa w dyskursie polskim, czeskim i chorwackim |
| title_sort | europa w dyskursie polskim czeskim i chorwackim rekonfiguracje krytyczne |
| title_sub | rekonfiguracje krytyczne |
| topic | Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd Musealisierung (DE-588)4281014-0 gnd Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Integration Musealisierung Öffentliche Meinung Kroatien Tschechien Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024461184&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024461184&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kolaadamf europawdyskursiepolskimczeskimichorwackimrekonfiguracjekrytyczne |