Atomistic properties of solids:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2011
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| Series: | Springer series in materials science
147 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 617 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783642199707 9783642199714 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Sirdeshmukh, Dinker B. |d 1935- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)123042909 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Atomistic properties of solids |c Dinker B. Sirdeshmukh ; L. Sirdeshmukh ; K. G. Subhadra |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 617 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| _version_ | 1805145220614979584 |
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 GROWTH OF CRYSTALS 1
1.3 SYMMETRY IN CRYSTALS 3
1.4 STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS 4
1.5 INTERATOMIC FORCES 4
1.6 TENSOR NATURE OF CRYSTAL PROPERTIES 6
1.7 ATOMISTIC NATURE OF CRYSTAL PROPERTIES 6
1.8 DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS 7
1.9 THEORIES 8
1.10 OTHER CRYSTALLINE FORMS 9
1.11 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLIDS 9
2 CRYSTAL GROWTH 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM SOLUTION 11
2.2.1 NORMAL SOLUTION GROWTH 11
2.2.2 FLUX GROWTH 18
2.2.3 HYDROTHERMAL GROWTH 22
2.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM MELT 27
2.3.1 GENERAL 27
2.3.2 CONVENTIONAL MELT GROWTH METHODS 27
2.3.3 VERNEUIL METHOD 32
2.3.4 FLOATING ZONE MELTING METHOD 35
2.3.5 MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES USED IN MELT GROWTH 37 2.4 CRYSTAL
GROWTH FROM VAPOUR 39
2.4.1 GENERAL 39
2.4.2 VAPOUR GROWTH BY CONDENSATION 39
2.4.3 VAPOUR GROWTH BY CHEMICAL TRANSPORT 40
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1010287397
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
2.5 EPITAXIAL GROWTH 42
2.5.1 EPITAXIAL GROWTH FROM SOLUTION 43
2.5.2 EPITAXIAL GROWTH FROM MELT 43
2.5.3 EPITAXIAL GROWTH FROM VAPOUR 44
2.6 CRYSTAL GROWTH BY GEL METHOD 44
2.7 MISCELLANEOUS METHODS 46
2.7.1 CRYSTAL GROWTH BY ELECTROLYSIS 46
2.7.2 RECRYSTALLISATION 47
2.7.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH OF DIAMOND 48
2.8 ZONE REFINEMENT 50
2.8.1 PRINCIPLES 50
2.8.2 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 54
2.8.3 APPLICATIONS OF ZONE REFINEMENT 55
2.9 CRYSTAL GROWTH THEORY 55
2.9.1 GENERAL 55
2.9.2 GROWTH FROM VAPOUR AND SOLUTION 57
2.9.3 GROWTH FROM MELT 59
2.9.4 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE 60
PROBLEMS 62
REFERENCES 63
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 65
3.1 INTRODUCTION 65
3.2 EXTERNAL FORM AND HABIT OF CRYSTALS 66
3.3 LATTICE AND UNIT CELL 67
3.4 SYMMETRY OPERATIONS AND SYMMETRY ELEMENTS 70
3.4.1 CENTRE OF SYMMETRY 70
3.4.2 PLANES OF SYMMETRY 71
3.4.3 AXES OF SYMMETRY 71
3.4.4 INVERSION AXIS 73
3.5 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS 74
3.6 POINT GROUPS 75
3.7 BRAVAIS LATTICES 80
3.7.1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL BRAVAIS LATTICES 80
3.7.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BRAVAIS LATTICES 81
3.8 CRYSTAL PLANES, DIRECTIONS AND MILLER INDICES 83
3.8.1 DIRECTIONS 83
3.8.2 MILLERLNDICES 86
3.8.3 EQUATION FOR THE PLANE (HKL) 88
3.8.4 INTERPLANAR SPACINGS 89
3.9 SPACE GROUPS 91
3.9.1 SCREW AXES 92
3.9.2 GLIDE PLANES 93
3.9.3 SPACE GROUP PI 95
3.9.4 SPACE GROUP P2I 96
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS IX
3.9.5 SPACE GROUP 74 96
3.9.6 SPACE GROUP PNMA 96
3.10 PACKING IN CRYSTALS 97
3.10.1 CALCULATION OF ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR 99
3.11 SOME COMMONLY OCCURRING CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 103
3.11.1 SODIUM CHLORIDE (ROCK-SALT STRUCTURE) 103
3.11.2 CAESIUM CHLORIDE STRUCTURE 104
3.11.3 DIAMOND (C) 105
3.11.4 CUBIC ZINC SULPHIDE OR ZINC BLENDE STRUCTURE (ZNS) 105
3.12 RECIPROCAL LATTICE 106
3.12.1 DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES 106
3.12.2 RECIPROCAL LATTICE TO A SIMPLE CUBIC (SC) LATTICE 110 3.12.3
RECIPROCAL LATTICE TO A BODY-CENTRED CUBIC (BCC) LATTICE I LL
3.12.4 RECIPROCAL LATTICE TO A FACE-CENTRED CUBIC (FEE) LATTICE 112
3.12.5 USE OF RECIPROCAL LATTICES IN CRYSTAL GEOMETRY 112 PROBLEMS 113
REFERENCES 114
4 DIFFRACTION OF RADIATION BY CRYSTALS (PRINCIPLES AND EXPERIMENTAL
METHODS) 115
4.1 INTRODUCTION 115
PART A: X-RAY DIFFRACTION 116
4.2 DISCOVERY OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION 116
4.3 BRAGG'S LAW 117
4.3.1 BRAGG'S DERIVATION 118
4.3.2 LAUE'S DERIVATION 119
4.3.3 REFRACTION CORRECTION FOR BRAGG'S LAW 123
4.3.4 BRAGG'S LAW IN RECIPROCAL LATTICE 124
4.4 EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS 125
4.4.1 GENERAL 125
4.4.2 LAUE METHOD 128
4.4.3 DEBYE-SCHERRER METHOD 130
4.4.4 ROTATING CRYSTAL METHOD 132
4.4.5 WEISSENBERG METHOD 134
4.4.6 PRECESSION METHOD 136
4.4.7 X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER 136
4.5 INTENSITY OF DIFFRACTED X-RAYS 140
4.5.1 ABSORPTION FACTOR 140
4.5.2 MULTIPLICITY FACTOR 140
4.5.3 LORENTZ-POLARIZATION FACTOR 140
4.5.4 STRUCTURE FACTOR 142
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS
4.5.5 THE TEMPERATURE FACTOR 149
4.5.6 INTEGRATED INTENSITY 150
PART B: ELECTRON DIFFRACTION 152
4.6 PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRON DIFFRACTION 152
4.7 EXPERIMENTS 152
4.7.1 DAVISSON AND GERMER'S EXPERIMENT 152
4.7.2 THOMSON'S EXPERIMENT 153
4.7.3 REFINEMENTS 155
4.8 SCATTERING OF ELECTRON WAVES 155
4.9 INTENSITY OF DIFFRACTED ELECTRONS 156
PART C: NEUTRON DIFFRACTION 156
4.10 PRINCIPLE OF NEUTRON DIFFRACTION 156
4.11 EXPERIMENTS 157
4.11.1 EXPERIMENT BY HALBANJUN AND PREIS WERK 157
4.11.2 EXPERIMENT BY MITCHELL AND POWERS 158
4.11.3 REFINEMENTS 159
4.12 NUCLEAR SCATTERING OF NEUTRONS 160
4.13 INTENSITY OF DIFFRACTED NEUTRONS 162
4.14 MAGNETIC SCATTERING OF NEUTRONS 162
PROBLEMS 162
REFERENCES 163
PRINCIPLES OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 165
5.1 INTRODUCTION 165
5.2 THE UNIT CELL 165
5.2.1 CRYSTAL SYSTEM 165
5.2.2 UNIT CELL PARAMETERS 166
5.2.3 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS 167
5.2.4 FORMULA UNITS PER UNIT CELL 167
5.3 SPACE GROUP DETERMINATION 168
5.3.1 POINT SYMMETRY ELEMENTS 168
5.3.2 TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY ELEMENTS 169
5.3.3 SPACE GROUP ABSENCES 171
5.4 ATOMIC COORDINATES 174
5.4.1 PRELIMINARIES 174
5.4.2 TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD 177
5.4.3 PRINCIPLE OF FOURIER SYNTHESIS 178
5.4.4 FOURIER SYNTHESIS IN PRACTICE 188
5.4.5 REFINEMENT 192
5.5 AMBIGUOUS SPACE GROUPS 195
5.5.1 METHODS BASED ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 196
5.5.2 METHODS BASED ON DIFFRACTION EFFECTS 196
5.6 HYDROGEN ATOM POSITIONS 198
5.6.1 X-RAY DIFFERENCE FOURIER SYNTHESIS 198
5.6.2 NEUTRON DIFFRACTION 199
5.7 RIETVELD METHOD 201
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS
5.8 FLOW SHEET OF STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 203
5.9 AN UPDATE 205
PROBLEMS 206
REFERENCES 207
COHESION 209
6.1 INTRODUCTION 209
6.2 TYPES OF BONDS 210
6.2.1 IONIC BOND 210
6.2.2 COVALENTBOND 211
6.2.3 PARTIALLY IONIC (PARTIALLY COVALENT) BOND 214
6.2.4 METALLIC BOND 215
6.2.5 VAN DER WAALS BOND 216
6.2.6 HYDROGEN BOND 217
6.3 COHESIVE ENERGY 218
6.3.1 GENERAL 218
6.3.2 IONIC CRYSTALS 219
6.3.3 VAN DER WAALS CRYSTALS 224
6.3.4 METALS AND COVALENT CRYSTALS 225
6.3.5 HYDROGEN-BONDED CRYSTALS 225
6.4 BONDING AND CRYSTAL PROPERTIES 226
6.5 STRUCTURES WITH COMPLEX BONDING 226
6.5.1 GRAPHITE 226
6.5.2 TELLURIUM 227
6.5.3 CADMIUM IODIDE 229
6.5.4 CALCITE 229
6.5.5 ICE 229
6.5.6 POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE 231
PROBLEMS 231
REFERENCES 232
TENSOR NATURE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 233
7.1 INTRODUCTION 233
7.2 MATRICES AND TENSORS 233
7.2.1 THE TRANSFORMATION MATRIX 233
7.2.2 REPRESENTATION OF A SYMMETRY OPERATION BY A MATRIX 235
7.2.3 DEFINITION AND TRANSFORMATION LAWS OF TENSORS 236 7.3 SECOND-RANK
TENSOR PROPERTIES 238
7.3.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES RELATING TWO VECTORS 238
7.3.2 THE REPRESENTATION QUADRIC 239
7.4 FIELD TENSORS (STRESS AND STRAIN TENSORS) 242
7.4.1 THE STRESS TENSOR 242
7.4.2 THE STRAIN TENSOR 245
7.5 CRYSTAL PROPERTIES WHICH ARE TENSORS OF HIGHER RANK 249
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
7.6 EFFECT OF CRYSTAL SYMMETRY ON CRYSTAL PROPERTIES 249
7.6.1 PRINCIPLES 249
7.6.2 CRYSTAL SYMMETRY AND CRYSTAL PROPERTIES (NON-TENSOR PHENOMENA) 250
7.6.3 EFFECT OF CRYSTAL SYMMETRY ON CRYSTAL PROPERTIES (TENSOR
PROPERTIES) 254
PROBLEMS 259
REFERENCES 259
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 261
8.1 INTRODUCTION 261
8.2 ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ISOTROPIE SOLIDS 261
8.2.1 DEFINITIONS 261
8.2.2 INTERRELATIONS 263
8.2.3 NUMERICAL VALUES 263
8.3 COMPRESSIBILITY 264
8.3.1 DEFINITION 264
8.3.2 EQUATION OF STATE PARAMETERS 264
8.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT 265
8.3.4 NUMERICAL DATA ON EQUATION-OF-STATE PARAMETERS 266 8.4
SINGLE-CRYSTAL ELASTIC CONSTANTS 266
8.4.1 DEFINITIONS 266
8.4.2 EFFECT OF SYMMETRY 269
8.4.3 SOME USEFUL INTERRELATIONS 271
8.5 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS 277
8.5.1 PRINCIPLE 277
8.5.2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 278
8.5.3 NUMERICAL VALUES OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS 282
8.6 THEORY OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS 282
8.7 HIGHER ORDER ELASTIC CONSTANTS (HOEC) 283
8.7.1 DEFINITIONS 283
8.7.2 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION 284
8.7.3 NUMERICAL DATA ON HOEC 285
8.8 ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF POLYCRYSTALLINE AGGREGATES 286
PROBLEMS 288
REFERENCES 289
THERMAL PROPERTIES 291
9.1 INTRODUCTION 291
9.2 SPECIFIC HEAT 291
9.2.1 GENERAL 291
9.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 292
9.2.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND TRENDS 294
9.2.4 THEORIES 295
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XIUE
9.3 THERMAL EXPANSION 304
9.3.1 GENERAL 304
9.3.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 306
9.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND TRENDS 311
9.3.4 THEORIES 312
9.4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 318
9.4.1 GENERAL 318
9.4.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 318
9.4.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND TRENDS 320
9.4.4 THEORY 321
9.5 REVIEW OF CONCEPTS 324
9.5.1 PHONONS 324
PROBLEMS 326
REFERENCES 326
10 LATTICE VIBRATIONS 329
10.1 INTRODUCTION 329
10.2 VIBRATIONS OF LINEAR LATTICES 330
10.2.1 SIMPLE MONATOMIC CHAIN 330
10.2.2 LINEAR MONATOMIC LATTICE WITH A BASIS 335
10.2.3 A LINEAR DIATOMIC LATTICE 338
10.2.4 POLYATOMIC LINEAR CHAIN 343
10.2.5 LINEAR LATTICE WITH AN IMPURITY (LOCAL MODES) 345 10.3 VIBRATIONS
OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE 347
10.4 VIBRATIONS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICES 351
10.5 SUMMARY OF VIBRATION SPECTRA 353
10.6 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF PHONON DISPERSION CURVE 355 10.6.1
X-RAY TEMPERATURE DIFFUSE SCATTERING 356
10.6.2 NEUTRON INELASTIC SCATTERING 357
10.7 SOME RELATED TOPICS 359
10.7.1 BRILLOUIN ZONES 360
10.7.2 BORN'S CYCLIC (OR PERIODIC) BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 360 10.7.3
NORMALMODES 363
10.7.4 QUANTISATION OF NORMAL MODES 363
10.7.5 FORCE CONSTANTS 364
10.8 EFFECT OF LATTICE VIBRATIONS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 365 10.8.1
THERMAL EXPANSION 365
10.8.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 367
10.8.3 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES 367
10.8.4 ELASTIC PROPERTIES 368
10.8.5 INFRARED ABSORPTION 368
10.8.6 X-RAY DIFFRACTION INTENSITIES 369
PROBLEMS 371
REFERENCES 371
IMAGE 8
XIV CONTENTS
11 DIELECTRICS 373
11.1 INTRODUCTION 373
11.2 DIELECTRIC IN A STATIC FIELD 374
11.2.1 DIELECTRIC POLARIZATION 374
11.2.2 LOCAL ELECTRIC FIELD (LORENTZ INTERNAL FIELD) 379 11.2.3
POLARIZABILITY AND DIELECTRIC CONSTANT 380
11.3 DIELECTRIC IN AN ALTERNATING FIELD 383
11.3.1 COMPLEX DIELECTRIC FUNCTION 383
11.3.2 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND LOSS 385
11.3.3 DIELECTRIC DISPERSION 387
11.4 POLARIZATION AND SPECTRAL ABSORPTION 389
11.4.1 ELECTRONIC POLARIZABILITY AND OPTICAL ABSORPTION 389 11.4.2 IONIC
POLARIZATION AND INFRARED ABSORPTION 391 11.4.3 POLARIZATION WAVES IN
IONIC CRYSTALS 393
11.5 EXPERIMENTAL 395
11.5.1 MEASUREMENT IN AUDIO FREQUENCY AND RADIO FREQUENCY RANGE 396
11.5.2 MEASUREMENTS IN THE MICROWAVE RANGE 397
11.5.3 NUMERICAL DATA ON STATIC DIELECTRIC CONSTANT 398 PROBLEMS 399
REFERENCES 404
12 PIEZO-, PYRO- AND FERROELECTRICITY 405
12.1 INTRODUCTION 405
PART A: PIEZO- AND PYROELECTRICITY 405
12.2 PIEZOELECTRICITY 405
12.2.1 DEFINITIONS 405
12.2.2 THE PIEZOELECTRIC TENSOR AND MATRIX 406
12.2.3 EFFECT OF CRYSTAL SYMMETRY 408
12.2.4 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT 409
12.2.5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 411
12.2.6 APPLICATIONS 413
12.3 PYROELECTRICITY 413
PART B: FERROELECTRICITY 414
12.4 GENERAL 414
12.5 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF FERROELECTRICS 414
12.5.1 SPONTANEOUS POLARIZATION 414
12.5.2 PHASE TRANSITION 415
12.5.3 TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT 415 12.5.4 SYMMETRY
CONSIDERATIONS 415
12.6 CLASSIFICATION OF FERROELECTRICS 417
12.6.1 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CRYSTAL SYMMETRY 417 12.6.2
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTY 417 12.6.3
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THEORETICAL CONCEPTS 417
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XV
12.7 BEHAVIOUR OF SOME REPRESENTATIVE FERROELECTRICS 417
12.7.1 POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE KH 2 PO 4 417
12.7.2 ROCHELLE SALT 419
12.7.3 BARIUM TITANATE (BATIO 3 ) 420
12.8 THEORETICAL ASPECTS 421
12.8.1 DIPOLE THEORY 421
12.8.2 THEORY BASED ON IONIC DISPLACEMENTS 423
12.8.3 THERMODYNAMIC THEORY 425
12.8.4 LATTICE DYNAMICAL THEORY 429
12.9 FERROELECTRIC DOMAINS 431
12.9.1 DESCRIPTION OF DOMAIN STRUCTURE 431
12.9.2 DOMAINS AND HYSTERESIS 433
12.9.3 DISPLAY OF HYSTERESIS LOOP 434
12.9.4 METHODS FOR OBSERVATION OF DOMAIN STRUCTURE 435 12.10
APPLICATIONS 436
12.10.1 CAPACITORS 437
12.10.2 HIGH CAPACITY COMPUTER MEMORIES 437
12.10.3 THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY 437
12.11 ANTIFERROELECTRICITY 437
12.11.1 LEAD ZIRCONATE (PBZRO 3 ) 439
12.11.2 TUNGSTEN OXIDE (WO 3 ) 441
PROBLEMS 442
REFERENCES 442
13 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATORS 445
13.1 INTRODUCTION 445
13.2 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH CRYSTALS 445
13.2.1 THE OPTICAL INDICATRIX 446
13.2.2 PROPAGATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT THROUGH CRYSTALS 447 13.2.3
OBSERVATION OF OPTICAL ANISOTROPY 451
13.3 PHOTOELASTIC EFFECT 452
13.3.1 THE NATURE OF THE PHOTOELASTIC EFFECT 453
13.3.2 EFFECT OF SYMMETRY ON NUMBER OF CONSTANTS 454 13.3.3
STRESS-INDUCED BIREFRINGENCE IN A CUBIC CRYSTAL 454 13.3.4 EXPERIMENTAL
METHOD AND RESULTS 457
13.4 ELECTRO-OPTIC EFFECT 459
13.5 OPTICAL ACTIVITY 460
13.5.1 THE MECHANISM OF OPTICAL ACTIVITY 460
13.5.2 THE NATURE OF OPTICAL ACTIVITY 460
13.5.3 EFFECT OF SYMMETRY 461
13.5.4 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND RESULTS 461
13.6 SOLID STATE LASERS 463
13.6.1 MODELS OF LASER ACTION 463
13.6.2 SOME SOLID STATE LASERS 464
IMAGE 10
XVI CONTENTS
13.7 NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 465
13.7.1 HARMONIC GENERATION 466
13.7.2 OBSERVATION OF HARMONICS 467
13.7.3 MEASUREMENT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 468
13.7.4 EFFICIENCY OF SHG CONVERSION 469
PROBLEMS 469
REFERENCES 470
14 DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS I (POINT DEFECTS) 471
PART A: PRIMARY POINT DEFECTS 471
14.1 GENERAL 471
14.2 TYPES OF POINT DEFECTS 472
14.3 EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATION OF DEFECTS 474
14.3.1 QUALITATIVE TREATMENT 474
14.3.2 QUANTITATIVE TREATMENT 475
14.4 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 477
14.4.1 CONDUCTIVITY DUE TO SCHOTTKY AND FRENKEL DEFECTS . 478 14.4.2
COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT 480
14.4.3 CONDUCTIVITY OF DOPED IONIC CRYSTALS 481
14.4.4 RESISTIVITY OF METALS 481
14.5 EFFECT ON OTHER PROPERTIES 483
14.5.1 DIFFUSION 483
14.5.2 VOLUME 485
14.5.3 THERMAL EXPANSION 487
14.5.4 SPECIFIC HEAT 488
14.6 THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF ENERGY OF FORMATION OF DEFECTS 492 14.7
COMPARISON OF FORMATION ENERGY VALUES 494
14.8 DIRECT EVIDENCE OF POINT DEFECTS 495
PART B: INDUCED POINT DEFECTS 496
14.9 COLOUR CENTRES 496
14.10 PRODUCTION OF COLOUR CENTRES 497
14.10.1 IRRADIATION 497
14.10.2 ADDITIVE COLOURATION 497
14.10.3 ELECTROLYSIS 497
14.11 FCENTRES 499
14.11.1 GENERAL 499
14.11.2 THE F CENTRE MODEL 500
14.11.3 MOLLOW-IVEY RELATION 501
14.11.4 SMAKULA'S EQUATION 502
14.11.5 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 503
14.12 OTHER COLOUR CENTRES 504
PROBLEMS 508
REFERENCES 5O8
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XVUE
15 DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS II: DISLOCATIONS 511
15.1 INTRODUCTION 511
15.2 CONCEPT OF DISLOCATIONS 511
15.2.1 CRITICAL RESOLVED SHEAR STRESS (CRSS) 511
15.2.2 CONCEPT OF DISLOCATIONS 515
15.2.3 THE BURGERS VECTOR 517
15.2.4 MOTION OF DISLOCATIONS 520
15.2.5 DISLOCATION AS AN AID TO PLASTIC DEFORMATION 521 15.3 STRESS
FIELDS AROUND DISLOCATIONS 521
15.3.1 STRESS FIELD AROUND A SCREW DISLOCATION 522
15.3.2 STRESS FIELD AROUND AN EDGE DISLOCATION 523
15.4 FORCES ON DISLOCATIONS 525
15.4.1 FORCES ON EDGE DISLOCATIONS AND DISLOCATION CLIMB 525
15.4.2 FORCE ON A SCREW DISLOCATION 527
15.4.3 FORCE ON A MIXED DISLOCATION 527
15.4.4 THE PEACH-KOEHLER EQUATION 528
15.5 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DISLOCATIONS 529
15.5.1 INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL SCREW DISLOCATIONS 530
15.5.2 INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL EDGE DISLOCATIONS 530
15.6 SOME DISLOCATION RELATED TOPICS 531
15.6.1 PEIERLS STRESS 531
15.6.2 DISLOCATION-POINT DEFECT INTERACTION (COTTRELL PINNING) 533
15.6.3 MULTIPLICATION OF DISLOCATIONS 534
15.6.4 LOW ANGLE GRAIN BOUNDARY (LAGB) 537
15.6.5 OBSTACLES TO DISLOCATION MOTION 538
15.7 OBSERVATION OF DISLOCATIONS 539
15.7.1 THE ETCH PIT METHOD 539
15.7.2 DECORATION METHOD 543
15.7.3 FIELD ION MICROSCOPE 544
15.7.4 STRESS BIREFRINGENCE METHOD 544
15.7.5 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 546
15.7.6 X-RAY TOPOGRAPHY 547
15.7.7 COMPARISON OF METHODS 549
15.8 DISLOCATION DENSITIES 549
15.8.1 DISLOCATION DENSITIES IN AS-GROWN CRYSTALS 549 15.8.2 DISLOCATION
DENSITIES IN NEARLY PERFECT CRYSTALS 550 15.8.3 DISLOCATION DENSITIES IN
DEFORMED CRYSTALS 551 15.9 EFFECT OF DISLOCATIONS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
552
15.9.1 HARDNESS 552
15.9.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES 554
15.9.3 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 555
IMAGE 12
XVIII CONTENTS
15.9.4 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 556
15.9.5 CHEMICAL EFFECTS 557
15.9.6 CRYSTAL GROWTH 557
PROBLEMS 558
REFERENCES 559
16 OTHER CRYSTALLINE FORMS 561
16.1 INTRODUCTION 561
16.2 NANOCRYSTALS 561
16.2.1 GENERAL 561
16.2.2 SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALS 562
16.2.3 PROPERTIES OF NANOCRYSTALS 567
16.2.4 CARBON NANOSYSTEMS 569
16.3 POLYCRYSTALS 573
16.3.1 GENERAL 573
16.3.2 FABRICATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE AGGREGATES 574 16.3.3 TRENDS IN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 577
16.4 THIN FILMS 579
16.4.1 GENERAL 579
16.4.2 FABRICATION OF FILMS , 580
16.4.3 CHARACTERISATION OF THIN FILMS 582
16.4.4 PROPERTIES OF THIN FILMS 585
16.5 LIQUID CRYSTALS 590
16.5.1 GENERAL 590
16.5.2 BROAD CLASSIFICATION 591
16.5.3 TYPES AMONG THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS 592 16.5.4
CHARACTERISATION OF LIQUID CRYSTALS 595
16.5.5 SOME PROPERTIES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS 597
16.6 QUASICRYSTALS 602
16.6.1 DISCOVERY 602
16.6.2 FURTHER WORK 603
16.6.3 MODELS 604
16.6.4 PENROSE TILING 605
16.6.5 SOME PROPERTIES 606
REFERENCES 608
INDEX 611 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sirdeshmukh, Dinker B. 1935- Sirdeshmukh, Lalitha 1935- Subhadra, K. G. 1947- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)123042909 (DE-588)123042941 (DE-588)123042968 |
| author_facet | Sirdeshmukh, Dinker B. 1935- Sirdeshmukh, Lalitha 1935- Subhadra, K. G. 1947- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Sirdeshmukh, Dinker B. 1935- |
| author_variant | d b s db dbs l s ls k g s kg kgs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039591085 |
| classification_rvk | UP 1000 UQ 1000 UQ 1100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)724965186 (DE-599)DNB1010287397 |
| dewey-full | 530.41 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 530 - Physics |
| dewey-raw | 530.41 |
| dewey-search | 530.41 |
| dewey-sort | 3530.41 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039591085 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-21T00:10:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783642199707 9783642199714 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024442180 |
| oclc_num | 724965186 |
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| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-634 |
| physical | XVIII, 617 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Springer series in materials science |
| series2 | Springer series in materials science |
| spelling | Sirdeshmukh, Dinker B. 1935- Verfasser (DE-588)123042909 aut Atomistic properties of solids Dinker B. Sirdeshmukh ; L. Sirdeshmukh ; K. G. Subhadra Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2011 XVIII, 617 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer series in materials science 147 Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd rswk-swf Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 s DE-604 Sirdeshmukh, Lalitha 1935- Verfasser (DE-588)123042941 aut Subhadra, K. G. 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)123042968 aut Springer series in materials science 147 (DE-604)BV000683335 147 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3677696&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024442180&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sirdeshmukh, Dinker B. 1935- Sirdeshmukh, Lalitha 1935- Subhadra, K. G. 1947- Atomistic properties of solids Springer series in materials science Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016921-2 |
| title | Atomistic properties of solids |
| title_auth | Atomistic properties of solids |
| title_exact_search | Atomistic properties of solids |
| title_full | Atomistic properties of solids Dinker B. Sirdeshmukh ; L. Sirdeshmukh ; K. G. Subhadra |
| title_fullStr | Atomistic properties of solids Dinker B. Sirdeshmukh ; L. Sirdeshmukh ; K. G. Subhadra |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atomistic properties of solids Dinker B. Sirdeshmukh ; L. Sirdeshmukh ; K. G. Subhadra |
| title_short | Atomistic properties of solids |
| title_sort | atomistic properties of solids |
| topic | Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Festkörperphysik |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3677696&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024442180&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000683335 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sirdeshmukhdinkerb atomisticpropertiesofsolids AT sirdeshmukhlalitha atomisticpropertiesofsolids AT subhadrakg atomisticpropertiesofsolids |