Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku: = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovak |
| Published: |
Bratislava
Filozofická Fak. Univ. Komenského
2010
|
| Edition: | 1. vyd. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in dt., engl. und ungar. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 239 Seiten zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788089236541 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804148417446805504 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | obsah
predhovor
...........................................................................................9
stoličná
sfragistika a heraldika
........................................................17
pečate a znaky stolíc vo vývoji
.........................................................33
abovská stolica
.................................................................................41
abovsko-turnianska stolica
..............................................................46
bratislavská stolica
...........................................................................50
gemerská stolica
...............................................................................58
gemersko-malohontská stolica
.........................................................65
hontianska stolica
............................................................................70
komárňanská stolica
........................................................................76
liptovská stolica
...............................................................................81
liptovsko-oravská stolica
.................................................................90
malohontský dištrikt
........................................................................91
mošonská stolica
..............................................................................94
nitrianska stolica
..............................................................................98
novohradská stolica
.......................................................................103
oravská stolica
................................................................................111
oravsko-turčianska stolica
.............................................................117
ostrihomská stolica
........................................................................118
ostrihomsko-komárňanská
stolica
................................122
rábska
stolica
................................................................123
rábsko-mošonská
stolica
...............................................126
spišská
stolica
................................................................127
stolica desiatich
spišských kopijníkov..........................
139
šarišská
stolica
..............................................................143
tekovská
stolica
.............................................................151
trenčianska
stolica
........................................................161
turčianska
stolica
..........................................................172
turčiansko-zvolenska
stolica
.........................................182
turnianska
stolica
..........................................................183
užská
stolica
..................................................................187
zemplínska
stolica
......................................................... 191
zvolenská
stolica
...........................................................199
anglické
resumé
............................................................207
nemecké
resumé
............................................................211
maďarské resumé
..........................................................215
literatura
.......................................................................219
internet
.........................................................................225
pramene
........................................................................226
skratky
...........................................................................229
zoznam ilustrácií
...........................................................231
vecný register k obsahu pečatí a znakov stolíc
.............235
prílohy
...........................................................................237
summary
SEALS AND COATS OF ARMS
OF THE COUNTIES IN SLOVAKIA
When speaking about county sphragistics, we take into consideration both the prac¬
tice and the science regarded as a complex and all-round study related to various styles of sealing written docu¬
ments produced by the functionaries and self-government offices in the former counties (stolica/zupa in Slovak,
vármegye
in Hungarian, comitatus in Latin), including the county heads, between the first half of the 13th century
and the beginning of the
1
920s. In this paper, the broad spectrum of sphragistic artefacts has been narrowed to a
selection of the most important ones: seals and stamps, both the dies and the impressions, as well as the sealing
wax and various styles of the sealing of written documents. Included in this area are also relations of the county
sphragistics to other phenomena, activities and sciences, mainly to coats of arms (heraldry), written records (dip¬
lomatics) and flags (vexillology).
Sphragistics examining a particular county is very closely related to heraldry of the same county. But as the lat¬
ter is approximately three hundred years younger, it may be referred to only after
1550.
This equally concerns both
Slovakia and the whole Kingdom of Hungary. We are aware of the fact that no really responsible scientific research
into the field of county sphragistics may be conducted without a simultaneous study in heraldry
ofthat
county, and
vice versa. For this reason, we did not treat these two areas strictly separately in our research; on the contrary, we
interrelated, compared and contrasted them in a creative way.
Most of the county legal documents preserved from the Middle Ages, but from before the year
1550,
were issued
and jointly sealed by the deputy county heads
{podžupan
in Slovak, vicispan in Hungarian, vicecomes in Latin) and
noble judges
(slúžni
in Slovak,
szolgabírák
in Hungarian, indices nobilium in Latin). The beginning of this tradition
dates back to the first half of the 14th century. At that time, some nobles elected to perform official functions in the
counties did not own any seals. In the 15th century, this situation made the Diet approve of three legal articles order¬
ing that the county heads
{župan
in Slovak,
ispán
in Hungarian, comes in Latin), deputy county heads and noble
judges should hold and use seals with appropriate armorial bearings. In most cases the seals of the county heads and
their deputies could be very easily distinguished from those of noble judges. These were impressed into virgin wax
and jointly attached to the documents issued by the county, whereas theirs were slightly larger or impressed into
green wax or occupied the central position amidst other seals. The seals of the noble judges were aligned on both
sides of the county head s seal or formed a square around it; nevertheless, other arrangements were also possible.
From the second half of the 15th century onwards, several counties (the County of
Spiš,
the County of Abov and
others) began to use the so-called clustered seals in which the name of the county was divided into several parts.
The above-mentioned diversity in attesting validity of documents was one of the problems which had to be
resolved. The legal basis for eliminating such a state was provided by Article
62
of
1550,
ordering the counties to
use seals displaying their own county arms. So in the same year some of them received the charters from the King.
It was on
12
February
1550
when Ferdinand I granted them the first charters to use their own arms and seals. Ac¬
cording to the available data, there were seven counties altogether. Five of them,
Hont, Liptov, Nitra, Trenčín
and
Zemplín,
were entirely or partially located in the territory of present-day Slovakia. They were followed by
Novo¬
hrad
(1551),
Tekov
(1552),
Abov
(1558)
and
Orava
(1598).
207
What concerns the looks of the county seals used in Slovakia in the period between the mid-16th century and the
mid- 19th century the round shape was clearly dominant. The only exception was the seal of the County of Turiec
which, after
1790,
was shaped into vertical oval. However, the diameter of the round seals varied substantially
from
17
mm, respectively
27
mm, up to
55
mm. Among the metals used for making seals, silver appeared most
frequently up to the mid-19th century. Several counties used gold or steel covered with silver or copper; seals of lead
were quite rare. After
1867,
other materials, e. g. brass or rubber, were used as well.
What concerns the contents of the coats of arms or emblems of individual counties they bear an enormous va¬
riety of objects. For this reason, no principal element unifying them can be identified: some of them display quite
simple one-, two- or three-figure charges (counties of Abov, Bratislava,
Gemer, Hont),
some are more complex
(the counties of
Tekov, Zemplín
and
Zvolen)
and others depict scenes, e. g. fights (the counties of
Komárno
and
Nitra).
The most complex coats of arms are parted quarterly; others display multiple horizontal or vertical parti¬
tions complemented with a heart-shaped shield (the counties of Turiec after
1709
and
Spiš
after
1805).
The county
coats of arms in Slovakia display a wide range of objects, too, among which there are: various products
(18),
ele¬
ments adopted from the physical environment
(15),
animals
(14)
and plants
(10).
These are followed by depictions
of human figures and parts of human body
(8),
and heraldic figures
(6).
The least frequent are Mythic figures
(3),
celestial bodies
(3),
buildings
(2)
and the small coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary
(2).
The processes during which county coats of arms were coming into existence or became additionally modified
were influenced by various factors that shaped their looks or the composition of the charges borne by them. In sev¬
eral cases the influences are self-evident, in others they are hypothesised and the rest of them remain rather unclear.
The contents of several coats of arms seem to have been simultaneously imported from several sources. There were
probably four of them:
(1)
coats of arms with motifs imported from the family coats of arms of the county authori¬
ties;
(2)
coats of arms with symbols generally representing the county s community of noblemen;
(3)
coats of arms
bearing elements drawn from the natural environment and other features characteristic of the county;
(4)
coats of
arms reflecting legends or tales.
Despite the fact that the above-mentioned law of
1550
ordered that the counties should use their own seals,
many of them delayed the adoption of the devices or began to introduce them only gradually in the following years
or even decades. In the meantime, they pursued the medieval tradition of authenticating documents with personal
seals of the leading functionaries of the county. There were also counties which did not hesitate to authenticate the
documents in the old way although they already owned the required seal. Such ways were detected in the counties
of
Trenčín
and
Zvolen.
This could have happened because somebody had forgotten the die somewhere, in some
other cases it got simply lost and then was found again or perhaps somebody was just keeping it with him without
any special purpose. However, the research revealed much more serious cases when the county seal became an
object of political or juridical manipulations or criminal acts. Such situations required a new device be made.
Besides these special events, the seal was also changed because of quite prosaic reasons. After some time, the
matrix became worn out, and so it had to be substituted by a new, more modern one. On such occasions, some
details in the arms were modified. Another reason for taking this step was a deliberate modification of the county
coat of arms. The devices were also altered under the impact of the personal armorial bearings of the hereditary
county heads. An unparalleled alteration of the seal design occurred in Turiec at the turn of the
181
0s and the
1
820s.
After the original seal and other symbols of the County of Turiec were demonstratively destroyed by the
Rákócsi
insurgents at the so-called Diet of
Ónod,
they were restored by King Joseph I. In the 19th century, the need for
changing county coats of arms and seals was explained by the fact that some counties were legally merged into a
larger territorial unit. One of these events may be evidenced by the appearance of the arms originally owned by the
County of Ten Lancers in the coat of arms of the County of
Spiš
in
1805.
Such developments evidently constituted
the background against which many counties changed their seals several times from the mid-16th century to the
mid-19lh century. For instance, the County of
Gemer
introduced a new seal at least six times over that period.
Nevertheless, not every county was inclined to change its seal so often. For instance, the County of
Komárno
substituted its first seal by a new one only once, in
1625,
and that one was retained in use up to the mid-19th century.
Similarly, the County of Turiec used its second seal from the 1810s up to the mid-19th century.
The practice of using historical county seals in the Kingdom of Hungary was abolished in
1786,
when Joseph
II ordered that seals be carved after a single pattern bearing the so-called small coat of arms of the Kingdom. But
after his death in spring
1790,
the previous practice was restored.
In the
1
830s and
1
840s, the counties were affected by a wave of massive transition from seals inscribed in Latin
to those inscribed in Hungarian. This process, except several cases, was encouraged by charters granted by Ferdi¬
nand V. In accordance with them, several county seals had to be slightly corrected.
208
The practice of authenticating legal documents with the county seal was interrupted once again in
1849,
when
Alexander Bach, the Minister of the Interior, ordered they be exchanged for new ones bearing the Austrian double-
headed imperial eagle located in the middle of the device and inscribed with a legend in German. At that time, the
original county seals seemed to have lost their legal power and become converted into mere monuments of the
past. For this reason, many counties handed them over to museums, preferably to the Hungarian National Museum
in Pest. However, another wave of changes rose after the fall of Alexander Bach in August
1859
and the issuance
of the October Diploma by Emperor Francis Joseph II. The following revival of self-government in the individual
counties accompanied by the official validation of the old county seal manifested spontaneous efforts of the nobil¬
ity and exponents of the Hungarian political parties aiming at the restoration of the Hungarian constitution .
These attempts to restore the county self-government were only short-lived. At the beginning of
1861,
the Em¬
peror issued the so-called February Patent and installed the Provisional Government headed by Anton
Schmerling,
the Secretary of State. At the end of the year, the county self-government offices were dissolved and royal com¬
missioners were installed instead of them. Although the former deputy county heads were obliged to hand over the
county seals to the new functionaries, many of them did not do so and simply kept the devices with them. Neverthe¬
less, most of them deposited the seals with the county archivists.
A new development in the official use of county seals bearing historical arms unfolded after the Austro-Hun-
garian Compromise in
1867.
After that year, the use of seals became widespread in an unprecedented way. For
instance, the law entitled the noble judges, performing the function of the district head, to dispose of a seal bearing
the county arms. At that time, nearly every higher-ranking official disposed of his own seal or stamp. However, in
many cases the dies were only inscribed; the county coat of arms was absent.
In the second half of the 19th century, the county coat of arms could be altered under specific circumstances, for
example, when several counties were merged into a higher territorial unit, which required a new coat of arms. The
design of the heraldic device was then expertly assessed by the Archaeological
(!)
Committee of the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences. Regarding present-day Slovakia, only the County of Abov and
Turňa
was involved in these
processes. Its coat of arms came into existence in
1882
and consisted of the original coats of arms of these two
counties.
After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in
1918,
the seals and stamps previously used in Slovakia lost their legal validity. Despite this fact they would still
appear as official ones on a document of
11
July
1920 (!)
when the representatives of the occupied counties and
municipalities of the demised Hungary used them as a sign of protest against their being torn from their mother¬
land according to the Treaty of Trianon and incorporated into succession states, including Czechoslovakia.
From
1919
onwards, the Czechoslovak state officials stationed in individual counties authenticated legal docu¬
ments with seals and stamps bearing the so-called coat of arms of the legionaries
-
a cluster of four shields with
charges of Slovakia, Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. Many seals were only inscribed. Gradually, after the situation
in the Republic became settled in
1920
and after, mainly due to the legally endorsed partial reform of public ad¬
ministration in
1923,
the small Czechoslovak coat of arms
-
the lion of Bohemia showing on his breast the shield
bearing the Slovak double cross
-
got introduced into the seals and stamps of the so-called great counties and their
representatives.
The situation in Hungary was different. The county coats of arms remained valid up to
1949.
In Slovakia, the
historical county coats of arms were officially used once again, but only temporarily, when Hungary under Horthy s
regime occupied several counties here in
1938 - 1945.
For instance, the coat of arms of the County of
Komárno
was
restored due to this situation. The newly created seal of the County of
Tekov
and
Hont
displayed two original coats
of arms of
Hont
and
Tekov,
inclining towards each other. In
1949,
the county coats of arms were abolished and
substituted by the-then coat of arms of the Hungarian Republic. A revived interest in the county armorial bearings
was noticed at the beginning of the
1990s.
In Slovakia, some of the symbols from the historical county coats of arms have reappeared in the public life, too.
The growth of interest in them was encouraged by the establishment of the eight self-governing regions in
2001.
The models for the heraldic designs on their shields, the genesis of the symbols as well as other factors affecting
their looks and circumstances under which they were legally endorsed will definitely remain the topic of many
professional discussions, even a matter of polemics, to be conducted in the future.
Translated by
Svatava Šimková
209
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sokolovský, Leon 1949- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1052027520 |
| author_facet | Sokolovský, Leon 1949- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sokolovský, Leon 1949- |
| author_variant | l s ls |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039584711 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)756324854 (DE-599)BVBBV039584711 |
| edition | 1. vyd. |
| era | Geschichte 1200-1930 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1200-1930 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV039584711 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:06:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788089236541 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024435929 |
| oclc_num | 756324854 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 239 Seiten zahlr. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Filozofická Fak. Univ. Komenského |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sokolovský, Leon 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)1052027520 aut Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei Leon Sokolovský Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei 1. vyd. Bratislava Filozofická Fak. Univ. Komenského 2010 239 Seiten zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in dt., engl. und ungar. Sprache Geschichte 1200-1930 gnd rswk-swf Siegel (DE-588)4054876-4 gnd rswk-swf Komitat (DE-588)4164765-8 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Komitat (DE-588)4164765-8 s Siegel (DE-588)4054876-4 s Geschichte 1200-1930 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024435929&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024435929&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Sokolovský, Leon 1949- Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei Siegel (DE-588)4054876-4 gnd Komitat (DE-588)4164765-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054876-4 (DE-588)4164765-8 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei |
| title_alt | Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei |
| title_auth | Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei |
| title_exact_search | Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei |
| title_full | Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei Leon Sokolovský |
| title_fullStr | Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei Leon Sokolovský |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei Leon Sokolovský |
| title_short | Pečate a znaky stolíc na Slovensku |
| title_sort | pecate a znaky stolic na slovensku siegel und symbole der komitate in der slowakei |
| title_sub | = Siegel und Symbole der Komitate in der Slowakei |
| topic | Siegel (DE-588)4054876-4 gnd Komitat (DE-588)4164765-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Siegel Komitat Slowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024435929&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024435929&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sokolovskyleon pecateaznakystolicnaslovenskusiegelundsymbolederkomitateinderslowakei AT sokolovskyleon siegelundsymbolederkomitateinderslowakei |