Kiltsi mõis:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Estonian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kiltsi
VR Kirjastus
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Kiltsi, a country manor in Estonia |
| Beschreibung: | 119 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789985983867 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1814344198689652736 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Sisukord
Järva-
ja Virumaa piiril 17
Asserii te
käest Wrangelitele 18
Kiltsi kerkib linnus 19
Gilsenid
jõua
vad
mõisa
25
Liivi
soja keerises
26
Rootsi aeg
29
Põhjasõda
34
Põhjasõja-jargsed
kümnendid 36
Bergide ja Rosenite valduses 38
Mois
lähebBenckendorf
fide
katte
39
Uus loss kerkib
vanadelemüüridele 41
Dolce far
nien
te
49
Kiltsis kreekapäraselt
56
Krusensternid
64
Adam
Johann
von Krusenstern tuleb
mõisnikuks
70
Elust Adam
Johann
von Krusensterni aegses Kiltsis
72
Admirali viimased
eluaastad
81
Nooremarhitekt vaatab
mõisa
üle
84
Paul Theodor von
Krusensterni päevil
87
Rüdigeride käes 91
Mõisaajalõpp
100
Maailmkõigub
101
Muutunud
ajad
104
Uueleelule
106
Kiltsi,
a Country
Manor in Estonia. Summary
108
Isikuregister
117
Kiltsi,
a Country Manor in
Estonia
Summary
This area on the border of
Järvamaa
(German, Jerwen) and
Virumaa (Wierland) was probably quite densely settled by
the 13th century. For instance, only a few kilometres from
the current heart of Kiltsi Manor there is a low hill, called
Ebavere
Hill, which according to legend is the birthplace of
Tharapita the great god of the people of Saaremaa. In the
late summer of
1220,
the local residents showed this hill to
the priests who came to baptize them
-
and when one of the
priests went and hacked off the figures and faces of the gods that
had been erected there, the people were amazed that blood did not
flow from them.
.
(Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae, XXIV:5).
Of course, we cannot take seriously the year
1292
written on the
façade
of Kiltsi manor house. This is based
on unreliable information presented by the
18th-century
historian
Johann
Gottfried
Arndt;
however, the manor is
very old. The oldest known letter of investiture issued for
this manor
-
which has unfortunately been lost
-
dates
from
1383.
At that time it probably belonged to the
Assen
family, from whom the property acquired its German
name
- Schloß Aß.
The Estonian name for the place is linked
to the Gilsen family, who did not acquire the manor until
the beginning of the 16th century.
It is not known exactly when the medieval vassal castle
that forms the core of the manor house was built. Its
construction was probably started at the beginning of the
15th century, when the manor was owned by the Wrangel
family. They were one of the most influential noble families
in Estonia in the Middle Ages and had many properties in
Virumaa, including nearby
Kärsa (Kersel)
Manor.
Archaeological research has shown that Kiltsi castle was a
limestone structure with a rectangular floor plan and two-
metre-thick walls. It was enlarged at the beginning of the
16th century, when two round towers for weapons were
108
built on the northeast and southeast corners. Since large
springs can be found in the heart of the manor and the
Põltsamaa
River flows through it, it was even possible to
reinforce the castle defences with dams. It is significant that
only one and a half kilometres upstream on this same river,
we find another medieval vassal castle
-
Vao (Wack), built
by the Wedwes family toward the end of the 15th century.
Locals talk of a vaulted underground passageway that
once connected the two castles
-
unfortunately this is just
one of those legends commonly associated with castles that
are located close together.
Although the castle was of purely local importance,
there are some military events linked to Kiltsi. In February
1558,
at the beginning of the
Livonian
War, Robert van
Gilsen, the Kiltsi manor lord, along with a group of
noblemen and a large number of peasants clashed with the
Russians and fled to the castle, which the Russians were not
able to conquer. However, the Russians took all the
noblemen's saddled horses as spoils because the castle did
not have an inner courtyard where they could have been
hidden. Unfortunately, the castle was not able to withstand
subsequent attacks by the Russians, as Virumaa had fallen
into their hands that same summer. In the spring of
1784,
when reconstruction was started on the ruins of the old
castle in order to transform it into a modern manor house, a
small sealed cellar room was discovered in the southeast
wing, in which a large number of skeletons of women and
children were unearthed. These were probably people who
had hidden there during the last Russian attack and who
were unable to escape when the castle caught fire.
In
1588,
Kiltsi Manor passed to
Otto von
Uexkiill by
way of Robert
von Gilsen's
daughter
Margaretha,
and the
Uexkiill family retained possession until the end of the 17th
century. Since the majority of the Uexkiill properties were
located in
Läänemaa
County
(Wiek),
they were in no hurry
to complete the reconstruction of Kiltsi manor house from
the ruins. It was
Otto Reinhold
von Uexküll
who finally
built the roof at the beginning of the 1650s. At the same
time, he undertook the restoration of the war-torn
Väike-
109
Maarja (Klein-St.
Marien)
church, donating a new altar in
1647.
At the beginning of the 18th century, when the Great
Northern War broke out, Estonia once again became a
battleground for enemy forces. While the Swedes initially
enjoyed victory, the tide soon turned in favour of the
Russians, who in September
1703
were able to break
through to Rakvere
(Wesenberg).
The heart of Kiltsi Manor
was burned down at that time. In addition, one of the most
virulent plagues in history spread to Estonia during those
years. If we are to believe the information of the
"inquisition" conducted in
1712,
the plague sent almost
three-quarters of the people of
Väike-Maarja
parish to their
graves. So it was that charred ruins and fallow fields lay all
around.
Even so,
Gotthard
Johann von Zöge,
who inherited
Kiltsi Manor at the end of the Great Northern War by way
of his mother,
Reinhold von Uexküll's
daughter
Margaretha
Anna, did not seem to be affected by the
general chaos. He was a man who knew how to keep
increasing his properties, even in difficult times, and he
eventually owned over
10
manors throughout Estonia. In
1759
he decided to secure the title of count through the
Imperial Court in Vienna, and thereafter he was called
Count
von
Manteuff el.
Unfortunately, the wealthy Manteuffels did not visit
Kiltsi often, and in
1770
they decided to sell it. It
subsequently changed hands several times before the
spring of
1778,
when Major Hermann
Johann von
Benckendorff bought the small manor with only some
350
serfs from Captain Joachim
Friedrich von
Rosen.
It was primarily Benckendorff who was responsible
for the appearance of Kiltsi Manor as we know it today.
After the last wounds of the Great Northern War had
healed, the local manor owners were gripped by a kind of
building mania, so that all the new manor centres had to be
larger and more luxurious than the old ones. Thus,
Benckendorff also planned the heart of Kiltsi Manor to be
fancier than any of the neighbouring manors
-
a miniature
110
of the courtyard of St. Peter's Square in Rome. Of course,
where there is an entire basilica in Rome, there is a dwelling
house remodelled from an old castle in Kiltsi; where
Gianlorenzo Bernini designed a famous semi-circular
colonnade in Rome, there is a storehouse and a governor's
house in Kiltsi. Other buildings were also erected: for
example, across the forecourt, directly opposite the manor
house, there is a large, square complex of stables and
livestock barns; there is a distillery and beef cattle barn on
the north side of the manor complex; and there is a
watermill behind the manor house on the other side of the
pond. Designed with lancet openings and small corner
towers, the mill resembles a medieval knight's castle, and
as such is one of the earliest examples of the neo-Gothic
style in local manor architecture. Most of the buildings
were completed before the end of the 18th century, for
example, the manor house in
1790.
By the turn of the
century, most of the buildings were made of stone, only one
workers' house, four threshing barns and the hay barns
were made of wood.
The property remained in the hands of the
Benckendorff family until March
1816,
when it was
transferred to Adam
Johann
von
Krusenstern. He is of
course known today as one of the greatest seafarers of the
Baltic region, having headed the first Russian
circumnavigation of the globe in
1803-1806.
However,
when he acquired Kiltsi, he had already withdrawn from
public service and was eager to settle down. Manor prices
were low at the time due to crop failure and peasant
reform, and he succeeded in acquiring Kiltsi, and Vorsti
(Sternhof)
livestock manor which belonged to it, for a
relatively low price
-
paying only
68,000
gold roubles for
the 2,860-hectare property.
Although it was in reasonably good order, some of the
rooms in the manor house still needed to be remodelled,
and initially Krusenstern and his family had to establish
themselves at Vortsi. They were not able into move to Kiltsi
until Christmas
1817.
Some of the rooms were furnished
with items that
Kursenstern
brought back from his
111
expeditions. For instance, on display in one of the tower
rooms were work and household implements, and
weapons, from the Pacific islands; there was also a
"Chinese Room", where the furniture was made of
bamboo, glass cabinets contained curiosities from China,
also coins, medals and measuring instruments, and the
walls were hung with Chinese embroideries and paintings.
Most of the walls in the large hall were covered with
engravings from the picture albums he had compiled on
his circumnavigation of the globe, and one of the adjacent
rooms was furnished as a "gallery of explorers"
- 30
oil
portraits, ranging from Columbus to Krusenstern himself.
Not to mention two library rooms containing over
3,000
volumes, along with many pictures and items related to his
round-the-world voyage.
The main project that Krusenstern worked on at Kiltsi
was the compilation of the Arias of the Pacific (Atlas
de
V
Océan Pacifique).
This included
34
large maps with
accompanying volumes of text and was published in
1824-1827;
it was updated with two additional volumes in
1835.
Since working on the atlas occupied a great deal of
Krusenstern's time, Kiltsi was not open to the endless flow
of visitors that was so typical of Estonian manors.
However, some guests were received, including people
connected to the University of Tartu like
Friedrich
Parrot,
Karl Morgenstern
and Karl Ernst
von Baer.
To find a man so
deeply dedicated to science in the middle of our dear Estonia
-
this
seems so unusual and unexpected to me that it feels like a novel, is
what the latter wrote to Krusenstern at the beginning of
1820,
after his first visit to Kiltsi.
Unfortunately, over the years, Krusenstern had to
make ever more trips to St. Petersburg, especially starting
from the spring of
1822,
when the engraving work for the
plates in the Arias of the Pacific got underway. In
1826
he
accepted the position of Deputy Director of the Sea Cadet
Corps in St. Petersburg, and a year later he became the
director of this prestigious educational institution.
Thereafter, he could only spend a few weeks of each year at
Kiltsi. In May
1845
he was travelling from St. Petersburg to
112
Kiltsi
when he suffered a stroke at the Vaivara (Waiwara)
post station. He died in August
1846.
After the death of Admiral Adam
Johann
von
Krusenstern, the manor passed to his second oldest son,
Julius
von
Krusenstern, who was later a Senator and
member of the State Council. However, he spent most of
his time in Warsaw,
Białystok
and St. Petersburg, and left
his tenants to care for the Kiltsi household. In the spring of
1869,
he transferred it to his younger brother Vice-Admiral
Paul
Theodor von
Krusenstern. The latter was Admiral
Adam
Johann von Krusenstern's
fourth son, who most
devotedly followed in his father's footsteps. At quite a
young age, he completed a circumnavigation of the globe
under the leadership of
Friedrich
Benjamin
Lütke.
He
subsequently organized several expeditions, including one
to the Pechora River, which flows into the Arctic Ocean; for
this reason he is sometimes called "Pechora Krusenstern".
Like his father, Paul
Theodor von
Krusenstern primarily
occupied himself at Kiltsi with working through the
information he brought back from his expeditions, and the
manor library increased by several thousand volumes in
his time.
The last Krusenstern whose name was connected with
Kiltsi was Julius
von
Krusenstern's oldest daughter who
married Count
Friedrich Rüdiger
from
Courland.
The
couple spent most of their time in Warsaw and
Białystok,
and although a Baltic Railway station was opened in Kiltsi
in
1887,
they seldom came to Kiltsi. At the beginning of
1911
they decided to put the manor up for sale and to give
the scientific legacy
-
the books and manuscripts that
belonged to both Adam
Johann von
Krusenstern and his
son Paul Theodore, and the items they collected on their
journeys
-
to the Estonian Knighthood. As we know, in
1915
most of this ended up in the possession of the Naval
Ministry in St. Petersburg.
The last Kiltsi manor owner was Alfred
von Uexküll-
Giildenbandt. He did not move to Kiltsi, but spent most of
his time in Riga, where he worked as the technical director
of the A. Wolf schmidt Company. In spite of this, he had the
113
castle thoroughly refurbished in
1912,
and both a plumbing
system and central heating were installed. He also tried to
modernize the household in other ways: for example, he
established what was a very modern dairy for its day next
to Kiltsi railway station, which sent most of its production
to St. Petersburg.
In the late summer of
1914,
when the First World War
broke out, the local manor owners could see that their
entire world was shaken. Several of them were suspected
of collaborating with the Germans and were therefore
exiled to Russia. Not to mention the fact that the Tsar
abdicated at the beginning of
1917,
and thereafter anything
might be expected.
And so it was. In December of the same year, based on
the land decree announced by the All-Russian Congress of
Soviets, the manors started to be expropriated and the
Republic of Estonia, which was proclaimed in February
1918,
saw the resolution of the land issue as one of its most
pressing tasks. Consequently, the Land Act, which was
114
passed in the summer of
1919
by the Constitutive
Assembly, turned out to be extremely radical
-
almost all
the manor lands were expropriated.
Understandably, the question of the fate of Kiltsi
Manor also came up. The preferred occupant was a local
primary school, which began its activity there on
22
September
1921.
Ownership of the building was
transferred to the rural municipality in
1924.
Since
1980,
there was much debate over the total
renovation of the heart of Kiltsi Manor. All kinds of plans
were drawn up, even some that called for the restoration of
the former stable and coach house that had stood opposite
the main building. In order to expedite matters, the
schoolteachers, at the initiative of their energetic director
Lembit Keerus, formed their own society
-
the A. J.
von
Krusenstern Nonprofit Organization. Their first achieve¬
ment was the opening of an exhibition on the history of the
manor and the life of the famous admiral in one of the
tower rooms in November
1995.
Among other things, the
115
exhibition
included a beautiful selection of engravings of
Krusenstern's round-the-world voyage
-
the society had
managed to acquire quite a few of these by that time.
Renovation of Kiltsi manor house was not undertaken
until the middle of the
1990s,
when the southern wing, i.e.
the former storehouse, was renovated and the primary
school classes moved in. The renovation of the northern
wing had to wait another five years before the school
cafeteria, handicraft classes, etc. were housed there.
In
2002,
the national programme for manor schools
coordinated by the Ministry of Culture was started, with
Kiltsi as an active participant. Work was completed partly
with Ministry of Culture funds, partly with funds from the
Väike-Maarja
Rural Municipality: for example, in
2003
the
heating and electrical systems in the main building were
renovated; in
2004
the foundations were reinforced, etc.
Previously, under the guidance of archaeologist
Tonno
Jonuks, archaeological research had commenced in the
oldest parts of the manor house
-
this was also suspended
for several years. The majority of the project materials were
prepared by
Nele
Rohtla's company
Mõisaprojekt,
and
thorough field studies were carried out under her
direction. In the course of this work, several unexpected
discoveries were made, such as the neoclassical murals that
appeared from under layers of plaster and paint in several
rooms.
A turning point came in
2007,
when the people at Kiltsi
were able to have their restoration project for the manor
house included among projects financed by the Kingdom
of Norway. This was preceded by several years of
preparatory work, for there was stiff competition. On the
basis of the contract signed, Norway Grants agreed to
support the restoration of Kiltsi manor house with
1.16
million euros, to which the
Väike-Maarja
Rural
Municipality was prepared to add over
0.2
million euros.
August
2010
was designated as the deadline for the work
and this book was also completed to meet this deadline.
116 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hein, Ants 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132596385 |
| author_facet | Hein, Ants 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hein, Ants 1952- |
| author_variant | a h ah |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039553461 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)750982526 (DE-599)BVBBV039553461 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Estland |
| id | DE-604.BV039553461 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T13:04:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789985983867 |
| language | Estonian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024405297 |
| oclc_num | 750982526 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 119 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | VR Kirjastus |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hein, Ants 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)132596385 aut Kiltsi mõis Ants Hein Kiltsi VR Kirjastus 2011 119 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Kiltsi, a country manor in Estonia Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Herrenhaus (DE-588)4024581-0 gnd rswk-swf Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 g Herrenhaus (DE-588)4024581-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 https://www.recensio.net/r/3da7808c00a149959c3389a9c0eb7702 rezensiert in: Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, 21 (2013), S. 464-465 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024405297&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024405297&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Hein, Ants 1952- Kiltsi mõis Herrenhaus (DE-588)4024581-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4024581-0 (DE-588)4015587-0 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Kiltsi mõis |
| title_auth | Kiltsi mõis |
| title_exact_search | Kiltsi mõis |
| title_full | Kiltsi mõis Ants Hein |
| title_fullStr | Kiltsi mõis Ants Hein |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kiltsi mõis Ants Hein |
| title_short | Kiltsi mõis |
| title_sort | kiltsi mois |
| topic | Herrenhaus (DE-588)4024581-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Herrenhaus Estland Quelle |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/3da7808c00a149959c3389a9c0eb7702 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024405297&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024405297&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT heinants kiltsimois |